魯教溶液的知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納 (2)

1、第三單元溶液第一節(jié)溶液的形成一溶液的概念及特征（重點(diǎn)）定義：一種或幾種物質(zhì)分散到另一種物質(zhì)里形成均一的穩(wěn)定的混合物均一性：溶液里各部分的性質(zhì)相同特征：穩(wěn)定性：條件不改變，溶質(zhì)和溶劑不會(huì)分離出來(lái)混合物：至少含有兩種成分組成溶質(zhì)：被溶解的物質(zhì)，溶質(zhì)可以是固體、液體、氣體溶劑：能溶解其他物質(zhì)的物質(zhì)，水是最常見(jiàn)的溶劑溶液在溶液里進(jìn)行的化學(xué)反應(yīng)經(jīng)常是比較快的用途對(duì)動(dòng)植物生理活動(dòng)的重要意義醫(yī)療上用的葡萄糖溶液和生理鹽水定義：小液滴分散到液體里形成的混合物條件：互不相溶的兩種液體乳濁液特征：不均一，不穩(wěn)定，混合物乳化：洗滌劑能使植物油分散成無(wú)數(shù)細(xì)小的液滴，形成穩(wěn)定的乳濁液注意： a、溶液是均一、穩(wěn)定的混合物

2、，且溶液是透明的。但不一定無(wú)色。有色溶液：藍(lán)色溶液（含Cu2+）：硫酸銅溶液，氯化銅溶液，硝酸銅溶液淺綠色溶液（含F(xiàn)e2+）：硫酸亞鐵溶液，氯化亞鐵溶液，硝酸亞鐵溶液3+黃色溶液（含 Fe ）：硫酸鐵溶液，氯化鐵溶液，硝酸鐵溶液紫紅色溶液：高錳酸鉀溶液紫色溶液：石蕊溶液b 、溶質(zhì)可以是固體、液體或氣體；溶劑可以是液體或氣體，水是最常用的溶劑。c 、溶液的質(zhì)量 = 溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量 + 溶劑的質(zhì)量溶液的體積 溶質(zhì)的體積+ 溶劑的體積d 、均一、穩(wěn)定、透明的未必是溶液，比如水，是純凈物，不是溶液。二溶質(zhì)、溶劑的判斷：（ 1）當(dāng)固體和氣體溶于液體時(shí)，固體、氣體做溶質(zhì)，液體做溶劑（ 2）當(dāng)兩種液體互相溶解時(shí)

3、，把量多的作為溶劑，量少的作為溶質(zhì)。如果有水參與，無(wú)論水的多少，都把水作為溶劑。（ 3）通常，溶液不指明溶劑時(shí)，一般是水溶液。（ 4）當(dāng)物質(zhì)溶解過(guò)程中發(fā)生化學(xué)變化時(shí)，溶質(zhì)是化學(xué)變化生成的新物質(zhì)，不是原物質(zhì)。三溶液的命名：溶質(zhì)的溶劑溶液（如：碘酒碘的酒精溶液）四溶液形成的微觀解釋：溶液的形成是溶質(zhì)的分子（或離子）均勻分散到溶劑分子中的過(guò)程。五溶解時(shí)，吸熱、放熱現(xiàn)象溫度變化物質(zhì)的種類溶解過(guò)程解釋升高強(qiáng)酸，強(qiáng)堿及其對(duì)應(yīng)氧化物擴(kuò)散過(guò)程吸收熱量水合過(guò)程放出熱量降低硝酸銨 ( NH 4NO3 )擴(kuò)散過(guò)程吸收熱量水合過(guò)程放出熱量不變鹽類等擴(kuò)散過(guò)程吸收熱量水合過(guò)程放出熱量六溶液的性質(zhì)常見(jiàn)的酸、堿、鹽的水溶液具

4、有導(dǎo)電性。原因是它們?nèi)苡谒l(fā)生電離，產(chǎn)生能自由移動(dòng)的陽(yáng)離子和陰離子。如氯化鈉溶解發(fā)生電離的電離方程式為：NaCl=Na+CL-少量溶質(zhì)溶于水中，形成得稀溶液的沸點(diǎn)升高，凝固點(diǎn)降低。七飽和溶液、不飽和溶液（ 1）概念：一定溫度下，不能繼續(xù)溶解某物質(zhì)的溶液稱為該物質(zhì)的飽和溶液。還能繼續(xù)溶解此物質(zhì)的溶液稱為該物質(zhì)的不飽和溶液。（ 2）判斷方法：向溶液中加入少量該溶質(zhì)，看能否溶解。不能繼續(xù)溶解為飽和溶液。（ 3）飽和溶液和不飽和溶液之間的轉(zhuǎn)化降溫、蒸發(fā)溶劑、增加溶質(zhì)不飽和溶液飽和溶液升溫、增加溶劑、減少溶質(zhì)注：改變溫度中氫氧化鈣Ca(OH)2 和氣體等除外，它的溶解度隨溫度升高而降低最簡(jiǎn)單可靠的方法

5、是：增加溶質(zhì)、蒸發(fā)溶劑（ 4）濃、稀溶液與飽和不飽和溶液之間的關(guān)系飽和溶液不一定是濃溶液，不飽和溶液不一定是稀溶液，如飽和的石灰水溶液就是稀溶液在一定溫度時(shí)，同一種溶質(zhì)的飽和溶液要比它的不飽和溶液濃。第二節(jié)溶液組成的定量表示一溶液組成的定量表示( 重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) )（ ）溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)m溶質(zhì) ×m溶質(zhì)×100%1m溶液100%m溶劑 )(m溶質(zhì)液質(zhì)劑 ，質(zhì)液×，液質(zhì)÷ m = m+mm =m mm = mm（ 2） m單位為1。溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量是指全部溶解在溶劑中形成溶液的那部分物質(zhì)質(zhì)量，不包括未溶解的或結(jié)晶析出的物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量。物質(zhì)溶解過(guò)程中發(fā)生了反應(yīng)，則應(yīng)以反應(yīng)生成

6、物作為溶質(zhì)。（ 3）物質(zhì)的稀釋與濃縮類計(jì)算題解題關(guān)鍵：溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量不變例題 1：將 4g 氫氧化鈉固體溶解在46g 水中，得到的氫氧化鈉溶液的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是多少？4解：氫氧化鈉的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為：× 100446答：例題 2：若要配制100kg 質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為15%的食鹽溶液，需要食鹽和水各多少千克？解：需要食鹽的質(zhì)量為：100kg×15%=15kg水的質(zhì)量為： 100kg-15kg=85kg答：例題 3：將 100g 質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的氯化鈉溶液制成20%的溶液，需要加入氯化鈉固體或蒸發(fā)多少水？解：設(shè)需要加入氯化鈉的質(zhì)量為Xg100g× 10%+X× 100%=20

7、%100g+XX=12.5g設(shè)需要蒸發(fā)水的質(zhì)量為Yg100g× 10%例題 4：將 100g 質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為20%的氯化鈉溶液制成10%的溶液，需要加水多少克？解：設(shè)需要加入水的質(zhì)量為X100g× 20%（ 100g+X）× 10X=100g答：二配制一定溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的溶液1 步驟：計(jì)算、稱量、溶解、裝瓶2 儀器：天平、藥匙、量筒、滴管、燒杯、玻璃棒3 誤差分析：(1) 導(dǎo)致溶液溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)偏大的原因：量取水時(shí)俯視讀數(shù)；傾倒液體時(shí)，灑在外面。(2) 導(dǎo)致溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)偏小的原因：用天平稱量時(shí)，藥品、砝碼放反( 且使用游碼 ) 等；量取水時(shí)仰視讀數(shù)；溶解時(shí)，用的燒

8、杯內(nèi)含水例題：市售濃鹽酸的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為37%，密度為 1.18g ·cm-3 。如何配制50g 溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的鹽酸溶液？解：設(shè)需要濃鹽酸的體積為XX × 1.18g · cm-3 × 37% = 50g ×5% X=5.73ml-3需要水的體積為：50g-5.73ml × 1.18g · cm1g·cm-3=43.24ml答：100g-YY=50g答：×100%=20%英語(yǔ)萬(wàn)能作文 (模板型）Along with the advance of the society more and more p

9、roblemsare brought to our attention, one of which is that.隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的問(wèn)題，其中之一便是 _。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people takedifferent attitudes.贈(zèng)送以下資料然而，對(duì)于此類問(wèn)題，人們持不同的看法。(Hold differentattitudes 持不同的看 ;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法 )As society develops, people are

10、 attaching much importanceto.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人們開(kāi)始關(guān)注.People are attaching more and more importance to theinterview during job hunting求職的過(guò)程中，人們慢慢意識(shí)到面試的重要性。As to whether it is worthwhile .,there is a long-runningcontroversial debate. It is quite natural that people from differentbackgrounds may have divergent

11、attitudes towards it.關(guān)于是否值得 _的問(wèn)題，一直以來(lái)爭(zhēng)論不休。當(dāng)然，不同的人對(duì)此可能持不同的觀點(diǎn)。In the process of modern urban development, we often findourselves in a dilemma.在都市的發(fā)展中，我們往往會(huì)陷入困境。Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, somepeople are in alarm that.最近，這種現(xiàn)象引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注，有人開(kāi)始擔(dān)心_。The human race has entered a complete

12、ly new stage in its history, with the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.人類進(jìn)入了一個(gè)歷史的嶄新的階段，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、都市化的速度不斷加快，隨之給我們帶來(lái)了很多問(wèn)題。. plays such an important role that it undeniably becomesthe biggest concern of the present world, there comes a

13、question, isit a blessing or a curse?"_顯得非常重要而成為當(dāng)今世界所關(guān)注的最大的問(wèn)題，這是無(wú)可厚非的。不過(guò)，問(wèn)題是："我們?cè)撊绾尉駬??"Now we are entering a new era, fullof opportunities andchallenges,現(xiàn)在我們正在進(jìn)入一個(gè)充滿機(jī)會(huì)和挑戰(zhàn)的新時(shí)代。People fromdifferentbackgrounds wouldputdifferentinterpretations on the same case.不同行業(yè)的人對(duì)同一種問(wèn)題的解釋不盡相同。without

14、 saying that.The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物都有其兩面性，所以，勿庸置疑， _。People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towardsWhen it comes to ., most people believe that ., but otherthe issue.people regard .as .這中極具爭(zhēng)議性的話題往往很受社會(huì)的關(guān)注。不同的人對(duì)提到 _問(wèn)題，很多人認(rèn)為 _，不過(guò)，一些此問(wèn)題的看法也不盡

15、相同。人則認(rèn)為 _是_.When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but other說(shuō)到 _，有人認(rèn)為 _，而另一些人則認(rèn)為people think as._。Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It isquite understandable that views on this issue vary from person top

16、erson.俗話說(shuō)， ""。不同的人對(duì)此有不同的看法是可以理解的。To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題，不同的人持不同的觀點(diǎn)。提到 _問(wèn)題，僅少數(shù)人認(rèn)為 _，但另一些人則認(rèn)為 _。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of .There who criticize .argue that ., they believe that .,but peoplewho favor ., on the other

17、hand, argue that.目前， _問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)議較大。批判_的人認(rèn)為 _，他們認(rèn)為 _，不過(guò)，另一方面，贊同 _的人則認(rèn)為 _。There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goesSome people are ofthe opinionthat.有 些 人 認(rèn) 為_(kāi)。Many people claim that.很多人認(rèn)為 _。A majority of絕大多數(shù)A large number of 很多人Some people contend that . has proved to bring manyadvantages

18、(disadvantages)有些人認(rèn)為 _有很多有利之處 (不利之處 )。Those who argue for . say that .economic development ofthe cities.覺(jué)得 _的人認(rèn)為， _ 城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。Some people advocate that .有些人在堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 _。They hold that . 他們認(rèn)為 _。People, who advocate that ., have their sound reasons(grounds)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 _的人也有其說(shuō)法 (依據(jù) )。Those who have already benefited

19、 from practicing it sing highpraise of it.那些從中受益的人對(duì)此大家褒獎(jiǎng)。Those who strongly approve of . have cogent reasons for it.強(qiáng)烈認(rèn)同 _的人有很多原因 。Many people would claim that.有人會(huì)認(rèn)為 _。People who support . give some or all of the followingreasons.那些支持 _觀點(diǎn)的人列出了如下原因：_。But others hold the view that .但是，另外一些人則認(rèn)為_(kāi)。觀點(diǎn)的用詞：

20、 Attitude, opinion, 與其搭配的動(dòng)詞以及詞組：Take, have, come up with，set forth, put forward 等。But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people whostrongly advocate that.,.不過(guò)，另一方面，也有少部分人堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 _。But people who are ., on the other hand , maintain that.不過(guò)，另一方面， _的人認(rèn)為 _。However, there are a large number of pe

21、ople who hold a different view concerning this case.然而，很多人對(duì)此有不同的看法。問(wèn)題用詞： Issue, phenomenon，后接介詞 , on, over 等。 However, some others argue that. 然而，另一些人則認(rèn)為_(kāi)。However, there are also some others who contend that.然而，也有人認(rèn)為 _。Butother people set forthcompletely totallydifferentargument concerning this case

22、.不過(guò)，對(duì)于此，另一些人則持完全不同的觀點(diǎn)。Some people examine this issue from another angle.有的人用另一角度來(lái)看這一問(wèn)題。On the other hand, there are also many opponents whostrongly .另一方面，也有很多反對(duì)的人，他們認(rèn)為_(kāi)。According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer .rather than.根據(jù)我的個(gè)性以及興趣，我選擇_而不會(huì)選擇_。Personally, I side with the latter (for

23、mer) opinion.就我個(gè)人而言，我支持后者(前者 )_。Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.就我個(gè)人而言，我較同意前一種看法。To my point of view 我認(rèn)為Tomymind,theadvantages faroverweighthedrawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings)我認(rèn)為，優(yōu)點(diǎn)勝過(guò)缺點(diǎn)。For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that.就我而言，我較贊同后一種觀點(diǎn)_。As far as I am

24、concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of thelatter view.在我看來(lái)，我較同意后一種觀點(diǎn)。After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor ofthe latter view that.經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮，我較支持后一種看法，亦即_。If asked to make a decision, I would prefer.如果真的需要作出選擇，我寧愿_。展現(xiàn)問(wèn)題篇問(wèn)題的常用詞： question, problem, issueRecently, the issue of .

25、 has been brought into public focus.近來(lái)， _的問(wèn)題引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities andinnovations, and great changes have taken place in peopletowards some traditional practice.現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入了一個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇和創(chuàng)新的嶄新時(shí)代，很多人對(duì)某些傳統(tǒng)的看法也發(fā)生了很大改變。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in

26、thelimelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.近來(lái)，是否 _的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)非常明確而且引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heateddiscussion all over the country._的利與弊已在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)引起熱烈的討論。At present, some people think .whileothers claim .Bothsides have their merits.目前，一些人認(rèn)為 _而另一些人則認(rèn)為 _。其實(shí)，兩種觀點(diǎn)都其可取之處。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversialissue. s attitude對(duì)于這種極具爭(zhēng)議的話題，我們很難作出絕對(duì)的回答。People fromdifferentbackgrounds wou