Invitation to LinguisticsPPT課件VIP

1、1Course DescriptionThe Aims of the Course: - mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed, how language operates, how language is used to do things, how language is acquired or learnt, how language changes over time and varies according to the s

2、ituation, etc.; - improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language; - preparation for further study and research about language第1頁/共58頁2Chapter 1 Invitation to LinguisticsChapter 2 Speech SoundsChapter 3 LexiconChapte

3、r 4 From Word to TextChapter 5 MeaningChapter 6 Language and CognitionChapter 7 Language, Culture, and SocietyChapter 8 Language in UseChapter 9 Language and LiteratureChapter 10 Language and ComputerChapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language TeachingChapter 12 Theories and School of Modern Linguis

4、tics第2頁/共58頁3Reference Books1. 胡壯麟.語言學(xué)教程.北京大學(xué)出版社, 20062. 戴煒棟.新編簡明語言學(xué)教程.上海外語教育出版社, 20053. 李延福.英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)讀本.山東大學(xué)出版社,1988. 4. 劉潤清.西方語言學(xué)流派.外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,19955. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Second Edition) 劍橋語言百科全書.北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社 : 劍橋大學(xué)出版社, 2002 6. Stuart C. Poole. An Introduction to

5、Linguistics語言學(xué)入門.外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,1999第3頁/共58頁4Course RequirementsClass attendanceClassroom discussionFulfillment of the assignmentExamination 第4頁/共58頁5Introduction to LinguisticsChapter 1第5頁/共58頁6 Chapter 1 Introduction to LinguisticsTeaching objectives: let the students have the general idea about langu

6、age and linguisticsTeaching Focus: design features of language; some important distinctions in linguisticsTime Allocation: Language 90 minutes Linguistics 45 minutes Task 45 minutesTeaching Methods and Strategies: teacher presentation and class discussion第6頁/共58頁7 Teaching Procedures 1. Language 1.1

7、 Why study language? 1.2 What is language? 1.3 Design features of language 1.4 Functions of language 2. Linguistics 2.1 What is linguistics? 2.2 Micro linguistics 2.3 Macro linguistics 2.4 Important distinctions in linguistics 3. Exercises第7頁/共58頁81. Language1.1 Why study language?A tool for communi

8、cationAn integral part of our life and humanity If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.LTalkets第8頁/共58頁91.2 What is language?what a person says( concrete act of speech)a persons consistent way of speaking

9、or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract systemDifferent senses of language LTalkets第9頁/共58頁10 A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener). Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symb

10、ols used for human communication.What is communication?第10頁/共58頁11第11頁/共58頁12第12頁/共58頁131.3 Design features of language (語言的結(jié)構(gòu)特征) Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. The following 4 are the frequently discus

11、sed ones:第13頁/共58頁14a.Arbitrariness （任意性）b.Duality （二層性 ）c. Creativity （創(chuàng)造性、原創(chuàng)性）d. Displacement （時空移位性）1.3 Design features of language Human language is unique.第14頁/共58頁15 - forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning (Page 4). In other words, it is impossible to predict

12、the meaning from the form, or vice versa. Look at the following diagram. word form meaning 1. Arbitrariness第15頁/共58頁16Question 1: Is onomatopoeia (sound-imitating word) arbitrary? Or do the words such as “cuckoo”, “bang”, “crash” etc. bear a non-arbitrary connection between their form and their mean

13、ings?1. Arbitrariness第16頁/共58頁17Onomatopoeic words Apes gibber. 猴子唧唧叫 Roosters crow. 公雞喔喔叫 Hens cluck. 母雞咯咯嗒 Chicks peep. 小雞唧唧唧 Bulls bellow. Cows moo 老牛哞哞哞 Ducks quack.鴨子嘎嘎嘎 Cats mew. 小貓喵喵叫 Frogs croak.青蛙呱呱呱 Goats bleat. 小羊咩咩咩 Pigs grunt. 小豬呼嚕嚕 Mice squeak. 老鼠吱吱叫 Dogs bark. 小狗汪汪叫第17頁/共58頁18 Animals

14、 make much the same sounds around the world, but each language expresses them differently. English and Chinese cows sound the same, but not in English and Chinese! 第18頁/共58頁19 Arbitrary and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. “It is only when you know the meaning that you infer that the f

15、orm is appropriate.” (Widdowson, 1996:6)Conclusion:1. Arbitrariness第19頁/共58頁20Question 2:Arbitrariness （任意性） The arbitrary link between a linguistic sign and its meaning, however, is also conventional. Read the following joke: By the property of arbitrariness, do we mean that a person can use the la

16、nguage as freely as he likes?第20頁/共58頁21 A joke A naughty boy beginning to learn ABC is bothering his teacher repeatedly: “Why we shall read it A?” “Why we shall read it B?” The annoyed teacher pinched his nose. “Ouch, my nose!” The annoyed teacher pinched his ear. “Ouch, my ear!” Then the teacher a

17、sked: “Why you call it your ear and nose?” “It is so named and so called.” “Alright, ABC is so named and so called.”第21頁/共58頁22 -the property of having two levels of structure. The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own princ

18、iples of organization. (Page 6)the lower or the basic level- the sound units or phonemes which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words. the higher level -morphemes and words which are meaningful2. Duality 第22頁/共58頁23 b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level, secondary) Book (m

19、eaningful unit: higher level, primary) Questions: Does animal language have this property? How is this related to communicative power? Read the material on P6 and find the answer.第23頁/共58頁24Duality （二層性 ） Hierarchy of language: stratification as the infinite use of finite means. Sounds syllables mor

20、phemes words phrases clauses sentences/utterances texts/discoursesAdvantage: p6 第24頁/共58頁25 Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have

21、 never come across that usage before. Birds, bees, crabs, spiders, and most other creatures communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages. 3. Creativity 創(chuàng)造性第25頁/共58頁263. creativity Because of duality the human speaker is able to com

22、bine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The recursive nature of language provides a potential to create an infinite number of sentences. For instance: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a schoo

23、l which was known for its graduates who .第26頁/共58頁27 - Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in th

24、e past, present or future, or in far-away places4. Displacement 時空移位性第27頁/共58頁28 Animal communication is normally under “immediate stimulus control”. For instance, a warning cry of a bird instantly announces danger. Human language is stimulus-free. What we are talking about need not be triggered by

25、any external stimulus in the world or any internal state. 第28頁/共58頁29Animal communication system A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days.第29頁/共58頁30 The honeybees dance exhibits displacement a little bit: he c

26、an refer to a source of food, which is remote in time and space when he reports on it. Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.第30頁/共58頁31Benefits: Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.

27、 Once we can talk about physically distant thing, we acquire the ability to understand concepts which denote “non-things”, such as truth and beauty. 4. Displacement 第31頁/共58頁321.4 Functions of language Linguists talk about the FUNCTIONS of language in an abstract sense.(p.10-12) Scholars summarize t

28、he practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language as follows:.第32頁/共58頁33 Jakobson : In his article Linguistics and Poetics (1960) 1. defined six primary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact. 言語行為的六個要素：說話者，受話者

29、， 語境，信息, 語碼，接觸 1.4 Functions of language（Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982）20 世紀(jì)著名的美籍俄裔語言學(xué)家、文藝?yán)碚摷液头枌W(xué)家。作為俄國形式主義、布拉格學(xué)派和紐約語言學(xué)小組的奠基人與領(lǐng)袖之一，他為20世紀(jì)人文科學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，尤其在語言學(xué)和詩學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得了突出的成績。第33頁/共58頁34ContextREFERENTIAL所指AddresserEMOTIVE情感(e.g. intonation showing anger)MessagePOETIC詩學(xué)(e.g. poetry)AddresseeCONATIVE意動(e.g.

30、 imperatives and vocatives)ContactPHATIC交感(e.g. Good morning!)CodeMETALINGUAL元語言(e.g. Hello, do you hear me?)第34頁/共58頁35 1). Referential function-to convey message and information 所指功能 2). Poetic function -to indulge in language for its own sake 詩學(xué)功能 3). Emotive function -to express attitudes, feeli

31、ngs and emotions 感情功能 4). Conative function -to persuade and influence others through 意動功能 commands and entreaties 5). Phatic function -to establish communion with others 交感功能 6). Metalingual function -to clear up intentions, words and 元語言功能 meanings2. established a well-known framework of language

32、functions based on the six key elements of communicationeg: Water boils at 100 degrees. eg: Yuck! / Bah!(呸), Oh! eg: Come here. eg: Good morning! eg: What do you mean by book? eg: Poetry. 第35頁/共58頁36 Halliday1. proposed seven categories of language functions by observing child language development:

33、(In children language, there are seven initial forms) 1.4 Functions of languageM. A. K. Halliday（1925-），英國語言學(xué)家。是J.R.弗斯的學(xué)生，是倫敦學(xué)派的主要成員，系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)的主將，也是新弗斯派的領(lǐng)袖。他的學(xué)術(shù)思想，受弗思和馬林諾夫斯基影響很深，在60年代后期，他接受了布拉格學(xué)派的“功能句子觀”和美國S.拉姆的“語言層次和體系”的理論，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了他的學(xué)說。韓禮德的代表性著作有語言功能探索（1973）、語言的系統(tǒng)和功能（1976）、作為社會符號的語言（1978）和功能語法導(dǎo)論（1985）。

34、 韓禮德堅持從系統(tǒng)和功能的角度研究語言，批評喬姆斯基的純形式理論。世界各地圍繞著韓禮德已形成了一支系統(tǒng)功能語法學(xué)家的隊伍，他的理論對我國語法研究的影響也已日漸加深。第36頁/共58頁37 Instrumental 工具功能: eg: I want some water. Regulatory 控制功能 eg: “Do as I tell you.” Represnetational 表達(dá)功能 eg: Ive something to tell you. Interactional 交互功能 eg: “me and you” Personal 自指性功能 eg: Here I come. Heu

35、ristic 教導(dǎo)功能 eg: Tell me why Imaginative 想象功能。 eg: Lets pretend as the prince and the princess.seven categories of language functions in children language :第37頁/共58頁38In adult language, these discrete functions are replaced by three ones: 2. Halliday: a theory of metafunctions of language 語言元功能的理論 ,

36、1994. Ideational function -constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations; (概念功能：建構(gòu)了經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ秃瓦壿嬯P(guān)系) Interpersonal function -enacts social relationships (人際功能：反映了社會關(guān)系) textual functions -creates relevance to context. (語篇功能：創(chuàng)立了語言與語境的關(guān)系)第38頁/共58頁39 Hu (2006) 1. Informative function 信息功能 2

37、. Interpersonal function 人際功能 3. Performative function 施為功能 4. Emotive function 感情功能 5. Phatic communion 交感性談話 6. Recreational function 娛樂性功能 7. Metalingual function 元語言功能 1.4 Functions of language第39頁/共58頁401. - Good morning, Ms Zhang! - Hello, Mary. 2. - Its really cold today. - Yeah, really.3. Le

38、ts begin our class.4. “The design features of languages are arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement”. 5. “I announce that you are husband and wife. And now the bridegroom can kiss the bride.”6. I love this class. 7. what I mean is, I do hope you can enjoy the class.Exercise: Read the mat

39、erial from P10-14 and decide which function the following statements belong to.InterpersonalPhaticPerformativeInformativePerformativeMetalinguisticEmotive第40頁/共58頁41Exercise: Read the material from P10-14 and decide which function the following statements belong to.8. Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! H

40、ow I wonder what youre at! Up above the world you fly! Like a teatray in the sky! 小小蝙蝠眨眼睛， 你在干嘛我說不清， 高高在上把翅展， 好似空中一茶盤。Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are!Up above the world so high.Like a diamond in the sky. parody (仿詞） Recreational第41頁/共58頁422. Linguistics2.1 What is linguistics

41、?-Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. LTalkets第42頁/共58頁43The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1. Phonetics2. Phonology3. Morphology4. Syntax5. Semantics6. Pragmatics2.2 Micro linguistics第43頁/共58頁44Use

42、of linguistics1. Applied linguistics -linguistics and language teaching 2. Sociolinguistics -social factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use 3. Psycholinguistics -linguistic behavior and psychological process 4. Anthropological linguistics -human history and structure of formerly unwritte

43、n languages5. Computational linguistics -the use of computers to process or produce human language; machine translation6. Stylistics- linguistic and literature 7. Neurolinguistics-human brain and language 2.3 Macro linguistics第44頁/共58頁452.4 Important distinctions in linguistics1. Descriptive vs. pre

44、scriptive ( (“描寫式描寫式”與與“規(guī)定式規(guī)定式”）2. Synchronic vs. diachronic ( (“共時共時”與與“歷歷時時”) )3. Langue vs. parole ( (“語言語言”與與“言語言語”) )4. Competence vs. performance ( (“語言能力語言能力”與與“語言運(yùn)用語言運(yùn)用”) )第45頁/共58頁46vs. prescriptive Descriptive(描寫式):a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. eg: American

45、 dont say “Ill give you some color see see.” Prescriptive(規(guī)定式): a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. eg: Dont say “Ill give you some color see see.”(描述事情是怎樣的)(規(guī)定事情應(yīng)該是怎樣的)第46頁/共58頁47They represent two different types of li

46、nguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not

47、say, it is said to be prescriptive.vs. prescriptive 第47頁/共58頁48 Synchronic study - description of a language at some point of time Diachronic study - description of a language through the course of its history (historical development of language over a period of time) 第48頁/共58頁49For example: a study

48、 of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time a study of the changes English has undergone since thena synchronic studya diachronic study第49頁/共58頁50 Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. (說話者的語言能力.) Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances). (語言的實(shí)際現(xiàn)象或語料

49、.)vs. parole (F. de Saussure) The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century. Question: what are the differences between langue and parole?第50頁/共58頁51According to Saussure,(1) Langue is abstract, parole is specific to the speaking situation. (2) Langue is not actually spoken by an individual , parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole