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1、淺析英語(yǔ)中的否定 編講:田老師在教學(xué)中不難看出,影響學(xué)生英語(yǔ)理解和閱讀的除了有單詞和主從句(長(zhǎng)難句)外,還有一些否定句子困擾學(xué)生,嚴(yán)重影響了學(xué)習(xí)興趣。現(xiàn)在就英語(yǔ)中的否定作統(tǒng)一的淺析以便教和學(xué)更輕松。第一篇:否定轉(zhuǎn)移和不轉(zhuǎn)移問(wèn)題否定轉(zhuǎn)移的主句動(dòng)詞在語(yǔ)義上可分: A:表示看法的動(dòng)詞: be supposed to, believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think,fancy,guess,should say等表示主觀意見(jiàn)和猜想的動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)
2、時(shí),按習(xí)慣其賓語(yǔ)從句的否定通常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句。 如: 1. I didnt think I have seen you before. 2. She didnt imagine that we would say anything. B:表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞: 在seem,feel,tast
3、e,sound,appear,look like, feel as if, look as if, sound as if作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞的句子中,特別是seem,按習(xí)慣以它的否定來(lái)代替其他部分的否定。例如: 1. The baby doesnt appear to be awake. 2. It doesnt look (看起來(lái)) like
4、;its (天不會(huì))going to rain. 3English doesn't seem easy to learn. 英語(yǔ)好像不容易學(xué)。 4It didn't seem during those years that there could be anyone else who might share my
5、;own peculiar tastes. 在那些年月里,似乎沒(méi)有人會(huì)有我這樣的特殊情趣。 C類似的情況還有半助動(dòng)詞happen。 例如:He didn't happen to be at home. 他碰巧不在家。D將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know
6、where to go. 看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。 E 有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。 I don't remembe
7、r having ever seen such a man. 我記得從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人。 (not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) having) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the
8、;street. 在這里,人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。)F 狀語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定狀語(yǔ)) 螞蟻不只是為自己采食。 He was not ready to be
9、lieve something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語(yǔ)) 他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何,就輕信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was
10、0;struck by her beauty. (否定狀語(yǔ)many weeks) 她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)月,這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見(jiàn)她了,并對(duì)她的美貌著迷。 G以because引導(dǎo)的從句或because of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其否定常常轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:1I don't teach because teaching is easy for me., and nor do I
11、60;teach because I think I know answers, or I have knowledge I feel compelled to share with others. ( I teach not because neither because) 我當(dāng)教師,并不是因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得教書輕松也不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答各種問(wèn)題,
12、或者因?yàn)槲矣袧M腹學(xué)問(wèn),覺(jué)得非與別人分享不可。 2.I didn't go there because of his request. (I went there not because of his request.) 我不是因?yàn)樗囊蠖サ摹?#160; H 常見(jiàn)的句型1.當(dāng)think, believe, suppose, imagine這一類動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定概念時(shí),通常將引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞think變?yōu)?/p>
13、否定。例如:I dont think youve met my wife. 你大概沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)我的妻子吧。2.結(jié)構(gòu)句型“notbecause”中的not常常是否定because所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,而不是否定主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如:They did not come to the hospital because they wanted to see me.他們來(lái)醫(yī)院不是因?yàn)橐次?。再如:Tom was not unhappy because he was unable to go there.湯姆并不是因?yàn)椴荒苋ツ莾憾械讲桓吲d。比較:He did not go to the lecture
14、 this morning because he was sick.今早他沒(méi)來(lái)參加講座,因?yàn)樗×恕 did not write that letter because of what you told me.由于你給我說(shuō)了,我才沒(méi)有寫那封信。(或:并不是因?yàn)槟愀艺f(shuō)了,我才寫那封信。)再如:You should not lookdown upon a man because he is poor. 誤譯:因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人窮,所以你不應(yīng)該看不起他。 正譯:你不應(yīng)該因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人窮就看不起他。 在這個(gè)句子里,not否定的不是后面的動(dòng)詞look down upon,而是bec
15、ause he is poor。值得注意的是,這種句型是有歧義的,我們要根據(jù)上下文排除歧義。3.notto They dont come to see you laughed at. 誤譯:他們不是來(lái)看你被嘲笑的。 正譯:他們到這兒來(lái)并不是要看你被嘲笑的的。 在這個(gè)句子里,not否定的不是動(dòng)詞 come,而是to see you laughed at。更多的例子:He said, Now, look, I didnt come here to get along with you guys. Youre going to have to get
16、 along with me.他說(shuō):“喂,老弟們,我到這兒來(lái)不是來(lái)聽(tīng)你們的,該是你們來(lái)聽(tīng)我的?!倍?,只表示否定,但不轉(zhuǎn)移下列情況的卻不用進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移 1. 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)。 例如:He thought that it was not his duty to help Tom. 他認(rèn)為幫助湯姆不是他的責(zé)任。 I had thought that he would
17、not come.我原以為他不回來(lái)呢。 2. 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。 例如: Mary was thinking the room was not hot enough.瑪麗在想那房間還不夠熱。 We were thinking they could not receive our demands.我們?cè)谙胨麄儾豢赡芙邮芪覀兊囊蟆?
18、#160;3、主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。例如: We have supposed we will not trouble you again.我們想我們不會(huì)再麻煩你了。 I have been thinking that the sky wont fall down.我相信天不會(huì)塌下來(lái)。 4、當(dāng)think用在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)
19、,一般不要求否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 Why do you think we cant change your note? 你為什么認(rèn)為我們換不開(kāi)你的鈔票呢? Do you think my mother would not permit this? 你認(rèn)為我媽媽不會(huì)答應(yīng)嗎? 5、當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),不屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:&
20、#160; The boss must think I am not fit for the job.老板一定認(rèn)為我不適合這項(xiàng)工作。 You cant think how glad I am to see you. 你無(wú)法想象我見(jiàn)到你是多么高興。 6、當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),不屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象。例如:
21、 I didnt think that they were happy. 我并不認(rèn)為他們是幸福的。 I really think you neednt worry about him.我真認(rèn)為你沒(méi)必要為他擔(dān)心。 7、當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的助動(dòng)詞do, does, did修飾時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如: I do
22、160;think it is wise of her to say so.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為她這么說(shuō)是明智的. I do believe she doesnt tell a lie. 我真的相信她沒(méi)有撒謊。 8、當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中有no, never, hardly等否定詞時(shí),否定通常不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如: We all thi
23、nk that she is a person for nothing.我們都認(rèn)為她是一個(gè)不中用的人。 I believe Tom never tells a lie.我相信湯姆從來(lái)不撒謊。 9、當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中含有not at all, not a bit, notenough, cant help
24、doing等一些固定詞組時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如: I think she is not tired at all.我想她一點(diǎn)也不累。 I think I cant help laughing if I see it.我想我看見(jiàn)它時(shí)會(huì)忍不住大笑。 第二篇,英語(yǔ)中的否定轉(zhuǎn)化(否定形式,肯定意義)
25、 一、轉(zhuǎn)換否定形式上否定而意義上則表肯定的句子。1.cannottoo You cannot be too careful. 誤譯:你不能太小心。 正譯:你越小心越好。 英語(yǔ)說(shuō)的cannottoo,意為“就算再也不過(guò)分”或“越越好”,其中的can表示可能性,too有over之意,可以換用enough或sufficient等字樣。同時(shí),在not的位置換用其他的否定詞,如hardly, scarcely等也是可以的。因此下面5句話的意思同上面這句話的意思是完全一樣的。 You cannot be over careful. Yo
26、u cannot be careful enough. You cannot be sufficiently careful. You cannot take enough care. You cannot take sufficient care.2.It is a good horse that never stumbles. 誤譯:從不失蹄的馬才是好馬。 正譯:再好的馬也有失蹄的時(shí)候。 這個(gè)句子屬于“It be adjective noun that”句型。該句型多出現(xiàn)在一些諺語(yǔ)中, 在某些情況下,這種句型需要從反面解
27、釋。 更多的例子:It is a long lane that has no turning.再長(zhǎng)的胡同也有拐彎。(意思是:凡事總有變化,不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)不變。)3.He must be a fool if he does not know what I mean. 誤譯:如果他不懂我的意思,他肯定是個(gè)傻瓜。 正譯:他就是再傻也會(huì)懂得我的意思。4.She study no harder than me. 誤譯:她學(xué)習(xí)不如我努力。 正譯:她和我學(xué)習(xí)都不努力。 在一些no(not)adj.比較級(jí)的句子里,意思是肯定的。 更多的例子:I
28、couldnt agree with you more .我非常同意你的觀點(diǎn)。5.I never got no sleep in those days. 誤譯:那些日子我從來(lái)沒(méi)有不睡覺(jué)。 正譯:那些日子我怎么也睡不著。 英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)一樣,本來(lái)兩個(gè)否定會(huì)成為一個(gè)肯定,但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)否定的語(yǔ)氣,在通俗的口語(yǔ)中 會(huì)有雙重否定仍表否定的情況。 更多的例子:“I dont know nothing about whats waiting for me,”saidThrash.施臘希說(shuō):“我不知道我未來(lái)的命運(yùn)如何。”二、否定句并非都表示否定(一)含有否定詞n
29、ot, no, nothing, never等或表示部分否定的詞hardly, barely等的句子被稱為否定句。英語(yǔ)的否定句表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣,應(yīng)用十分廣泛,但形式上的否定并不等于意義上的否定,在很多情況下,形式上的否定句表達(dá)的卻是肯定的含義,需注意這類句子的理解和譯法。 1.notuntiltill直到才,只有才 People do not know the importance of friends until they lose them. 人們直到失去了才知道朋友的重要。 You can not learn anything till you g
30、et rid of your complacency. 只有去掉自滿,你才能真正學(xué)點(diǎn)東西。 It was not until midnight that we went to bed. 直到半夜,我們才去睡覺(jué)。 2.notlong before 很快就,不久就 It wasnt long before the conquered the country. 不久他們就征服了這個(gè)國(guó)家。 It wont be long before we finish the work.我們很快就會(huì)干完這活兒。 It will
31、 not be long before they finish the work.他們很快就會(huì)干完活兒。(二) 否定表肯定 Cannot can never 和too, too much, enough, over 搭配表示 “無(wú)論怎樣也不會(huì)過(guò)分,越越好”This cant be stressed too strongly.這一點(diǎn)怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過(guò)分”。While you are doing your homework, you cant be careful enough.你做作業(yè)的時(shí)候,越小心越好。The development of soci
32、ety has made it necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English, so we cant over emphasize the importance of learning English.1.某些疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句或否定祈使句的表達(dá)與回答例如:-You havent been to Quan zhou, have you?-No, I havent. 是的,我沒(méi)有去過(guò)。比較:-Yes, I have. 不,我有去過(guò)。又如:-Lovely day today, isnt it?-Yes, isnt it?
33、(降調(diào)) 是啊,真好。Isnt that beautiful! (感嘆)多么美麗呀!再如:Wont you have some beer?=Why not have some beer? (邀請(qǐng))請(qǐng)喝點(diǎn)啤酒吧! -Take care and dont eat any more fish.-I wont. 好的,我不會(huì)再吃的。2.tooto結(jié)構(gòu)例如:Im sure many firms would only be too glad to haveyou.我想好多公司都會(huì)非常樂(lè)意雇傭你。
34、又如:The boy was too eager to get the piano. 那男孩非常想得到那架鋼琴。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞往往具有情感色彩,類似還有willing, ready, pleased, anxious等詞。3.cannot too(much) 或can never/hardlyenough結(jié)構(gòu)例如:I cannot thank you too much. = I can never/hardly thank you enough.我對(duì)你感激不盡。此結(jié)構(gòu)意為“無(wú)論如何也不過(guò)分”。它還有幾個(gè)變體的結(jié)構(gòu):用impossible, difficult等詞
35、代替cannot;以sufficiently, exaggerate, to over-等詞替代too/enough。再如:You cannot take sufficient care. 你要特別小心。The importance of this session cannot be exaggerated (overemphasized).=It would be impossible to over-estimate the importance of this session.這次會(huì)議極為重要。4. 某些含有比較級(jí)的句子例如:Considering she will
36、be my wife, I couldnt be any happier.一想到她將成為我的妻子,我就幸福無(wú)比。又如:I couldnt agree more. 我完全同意。三、某些說(shuō)明哲理的句子例如:It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 智者千慮必有一失。又如:It is a good horse that never stumbles (絆倒) . 金無(wú)足赤,人無(wú)完人。It is a good machine that can work without power. 不論如何好的機(jī)器都需要?jiǎng)恿?。比較:
37、It is a wise father that knows his own child. 聰明的父親也未必了解他自己的孩子。四、某些短語(yǔ)例如:It has caused me nota little anxiety. 此事使我相當(dāng)焦慮。比較:He's not a bit better. 他一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有好轉(zhuǎn)。再如:During his absence in London, I paid a visit to him.當(dāng)他在倫敦的時(shí)候,我去拜訪過(guò)他。這里absence in =presence in,而absence from London 才表示不
38、在倫敦。五、肯定表否定1.某些引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的從句1)before 引導(dǎo)的從句,其動(dòng)詞常與can連用,表明該動(dòng)作并未發(fā)生,意為“不等就.”。亦表示“ 寧愿(與其)也不.”。例如:The boy rushed out before I could ask what his name was.我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及問(wèn)那小孩的名字,他就已經(jīng)跑出去了。He died before he wrote a will. 他還來(lái)不及寫遺囑就死了。再如:He will beg for food before he will ask his parents for money.他寧可討飯也不愿意向
39、父母要錢。 2)since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),若從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),在大多數(shù)情況下,該句式表示主句的動(dòng)作(或狀態(tài))是從從句的“動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)”開(kāi)始的。例如:I have stayed at home since I was ill. 自從病愈后,我一直呆在家里。再如:Six months have elapsed since he smoked. 轉(zhuǎn)眼間他戒煙已有六個(gè)月。比較:I have stayed at home since I have been ill. 自從生病以來(lái),我一直呆在家里。從句的動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在
40、完成時(shí),則表示從句動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到今。 3)but 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句表示否定涵義,but相當(dāng)于關(guān)系代詞“that (or who) not”。例如:There is no one but knows it. 此事無(wú)人不知。There was no man but thanked him. 人人都感激他。2.某些短語(yǔ)或單詞1)anything but“根本不是,一點(diǎn)也不”例如:Now, you can see, the battle is anything but finished.現(xiàn)在,你可以看到這個(gè)戰(zhàn)役遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有結(jié)束。又如:-Is the task
41、 easy?-Anything but. Ill do my bit, though. 一點(diǎn)也不容易。但我會(huì)盡力的。2) last “極少可能的,最不適合的”例如:He is the last person Id have expected to see here. 他是我這里最不希望看到的人。He would be the last man to say such things. 他決不會(huì)說(shuō)這種話。But Tom broke and ran and thats the last thing you do with a cougar.(美洲豹).但是,湯
42、姆脫開(kāi)身來(lái)并往前奔跑,這是對(duì)付美洲豹最不應(yīng)該做的事情。3.某些交際用語(yǔ)例如:People will be long forgetting him. 人們?cè)诤荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)都會(huì)記住他的。It is anyones guess. 這是大家都拿不準(zhǔn)的事。For all I care! 這事我才不管呢!第三篇,英語(yǔ)中的部分否定 英語(yǔ)中的部分否定(即不完全否定)有如下七種表示方法: 一、 all 的否定式:not all(或:allnot)表示"并非都"、&quo
43、t;不是所有的都"例如: Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能當(dāng)頭頭。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都會(huì)長(zhǎng)得很高。 二、 both 的否定式:notboth (或:both
44、60;not) "并非兩個(gè)都" 例如: I don't want both the books. 我不是兩本書都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 兩扇窗子并不都開(kāi)著。 三、 every的否定式:"不是每都" 例如: Not ever
45、y book is educative. (或:Every book is not educative.) 不是每本書都有教育意義的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜歡這本書。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 這花并不是隨處可見(jiàn)的。 四、&
46、#160;always的否定式:"并非總是(并非一直)" 例如: He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都這樣悲傷。 五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式:"不完全","并非完全" 例如: The businessman is
47、160;never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全滿意。 I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥當(dāng)。 六、 all the time 的否定式:"并非一直"、"未必老是" 例如: A foolish man doesn&
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