第一單元 句子成分

1、第一單元 句子成分句子的主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語。一、主語subject主語可由名詞（或名詞詞組）、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞(短語)、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One is enough.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does

2、 harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 名詞化的形容詞7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式） the+形容詞/過去分詞，表示一類人。二、謂語predicate謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：v 1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：

3、 He practices running every morning. The plane took off at 10 oclock.v 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成。如： Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： We are students. （系表作謂語）三、表語predicative用以說明主語

4、的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teac

5、h English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。系動(dòng)詞可以是be動(dòng)詞，還可以是感官動(dòng)詞等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. （is與補(bǔ)

6、足語一起說明主語的身份。）2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.  4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook,feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣

7、，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.   6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"結(jié)果是;證明是 "，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.  四、賓語賓語（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：1.He is doing his homewor

8、k.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. v 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例

9、如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected

10、him their monitor.下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, im

11、agine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window .下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來)I forgot returning the book to him.(書已還給他了)五、補(bǔ)語complement補(bǔ)語是用來

12、補(bǔ)充主語和賓語的意義的，一般都著重說明主語或賓語的特征，常由名詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。補(bǔ)語分為主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。Hill was declared the winner of the fight.(主語補(bǔ)足語)I consider the book expensive.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)（1）主語補(bǔ)足語subject complement表語就是位于連系代詞之后的主語補(bǔ)語。主語補(bǔ)足語形式種種1. 動(dòng)詞elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The dog is called Karl. He was found the right

13、 man for the job. 2. 動(dòng)詞keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The door was painted white. The old man was found weak. The classroom is always kept clean every day. 3. 動(dòng)詞see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： He is often heard r

14、eading English. The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. The glass was found broken. The classroom was found crowded with people. 4.感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接帶to的不定式用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： He was seen to come upstairs. Ice is known to be in a solid state. The spy was o

15、rdered to be hanged. 5. 介詞短語用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The books in the study must be kept in good order. He was found in good health. English is considered of great importance for us. 6. as后面接名詞、形容詞、分詞等用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： English is taken as a useful means for research work. The news is considered as true. The stool is u

16、sually thought as having four legs . The vase is thought as broken. 7. 由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The boy has been made what he is.主語補(bǔ)足語的判別 1.看句中的動(dòng)詞是不是可接復(fù)合賓語，而且是不是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，與此同時(shí)還要看其后部分的邏輯主語是不是句子的主語。 2. 另一種最簡單的方法是：如果還不能看出來就可以把全句改成 主動(dòng)語態(tài)，加上一個(gè)主語we或people等。改成主動(dòng)語態(tài)后，看后面是不是變成了“賓語+ 賓語補(bǔ)足語”了，這樣我們就可以判別原句后面是不是主語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

17、 被動(dòng)句：She was found reading in the library. (主語補(bǔ)足語) 主動(dòng)句：We found her reading in the library. (賓語+ 賓語補(bǔ)足語)主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，可以轉(zhuǎn)化為被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語補(bǔ)足語。 eg. They caught boy stealing. （stealing 作為賓語補(bǔ)足語） 轉(zhuǎn)化為被動(dòng)語態(tài) The boy was caught stealing. （stealing轉(zhuǎn)化為主語補(bǔ)足語）(2)賓語補(bǔ)足語Object Complement用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。

18、需接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.名詞2.They painted their boat white.形容詞3.Let the fresh air in. 副詞4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.不定式短語5.We saw her entering the room.現(xiàn)在分詞6.We found everything

19、in the lab in good order.介詞短語7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.從句六、定語attribute修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）4.His rapid progre

20、ss in English made us surprised.（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語從句)七、狀語 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

21、特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.副詞及副詞性詞組2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介詞短語3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.不定式短語4.He is in the room making a model plane.分詞短語5.Wait a minute.名詞6.Once you begin, you must continue.狀語從句9種狀語

22、種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was

23、so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.八、同位語Appositive同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.九、插入語Parenthesis對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, beli

24、eve-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型 一： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）沒有賓語

25、，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 （不及物動(dòng)詞） 1. The sun was shining. 太陽在照耀著。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙長存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 7. They talke

26、d for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。 8. The pen writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利?；揪湫?二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好,sound

27、 nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 （是系動(dòng)詞） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的氣味很好。3. He fell in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看來都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。7.

28、Our well has gone dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的臉紅了。There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實(shí)際意義，不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個(gè)男孩。）/前一個(gè)there無實(shí)意，后一個(gè)there為副詞那里。 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。賓語位于及物

29、動(dòng)詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等 （及物動(dòng)詞） 1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。5. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。6. He said "Good morning." 他說："早上好！"7. I want to hav

30、e a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me,please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。5. I showed him my pictures. 我給他看我的照片6.