新版大學(xué)英語(三)(Unit 5)

1、 Part One (paras 1-3) It provides a framework to differentiate among work, labor and play. (Introduction) Part Two (paras 4-8) Workers and laborers are different in many aspects. (Body) Part Three (para 9) Whatever job you choose, you must contend with this essential question: Will you be a laborer

2、or worker? (Conculsion) 1. degrade (vt.) 貶低(某人)；羞辱(某人) E.g. The examination supervisor warned students not to degrade themselves by cheating on the exam. (para 1) 2. adverse (adj.) 不利的；反對的；反面的 (para 1) E.g. Economists fear that any conflict between the two countries could have adverse effects on glo

3、bal financial markets. 3. conform (vi.) 遵照；遵守；服從 E.g. The city has a few modern buildings in the central area which do not conform with the style of the citys overall character. (para 1) 4. revenue (n.) (公司、機構(gòu)的) 收益；收入(para 1) E.g. A spokesman for the finance department said costs generally rise when

4、 revenue increases. 5. pasttime (n.) 消遣；娛樂 (para 2) E.g. To relieve the stress caused by her job, she turned to painting, a pasttime she had loved since childhood. 6. coincide (vi.) (想法、意見等)相同、相符；極為相似 (para 3) E.g. Indeed, the States interests may not coincide with those of the individual. 7. design

5、ate (vt.) 把定名為；授予稱號；把描述為 (para 3) E.g. When residents wanted to designate the Elk River as a heritage site, the mines killed the proposal. 8. esteem (n.) 尊重；敬重 (para 3) E.g. He is held in high esteem by colleagues in the construction industry. 1. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has be

6、en abolished, the social indications around work, the value of work and the salary, have degraded many laborers into modern slaves “wage slaves”. (para 1) Meaning: In a society where slavery, strictly speaking, has been put to an end, the social status of work, the value of work and the salary, have

7、 made many laborers become modern slaves “wage slaves.” 2. People are considered laborers if their job has an adverse effect on them, yet they feel compelled to continue working by the necessity of conforming to societal expectations and earning the revenue to support themselves and their families.

8、(para 2) Meaning: People are considered laborers if their job has a bad or negative effect on them, but they are forced to work because they want to meet the expectation of the society and earn some money to support themselves and their familes. 3. People are labeled as workers if their personal int

9、erests coincide with the jobs society pays them to do; what is necessary labor from the point of view of society is voluntary play from the individuals personal point of view. (para 3) Meaning: People are regarded as workers if their personal interests agree with the jobs society pays them to do; wh

10、at is necessary labor from the perspective of society can mean voluntary play to a worker. 4. The difference does not, for example, correlate with the difference between a manual and mental job or between jobs of low or high esteem; (para 3) Meaning: The difference between labor and work has no conn

11、ection with the difference between a manual and mental job or between jobs which get low or high respect and admiration. 1. prone (adj.) 易于發(fā)生某事(尤指不好或有害的事)的；很可能的；有傾向的 (para 4) E.g. Most children are prone to junk food. 2. dedicate (vt.) (為某一目的而) 使用 E.g. The newspaper dedicated three whole pages to pi

12、ctures of the princess. (para 4) 3. foster (vt.) 促進；培養(yǎng)；助長(para 5) E.g. All classroom practice will be geared to encouraging and fostering not only students learning habits but also students creativity. 4. incentive (n.) 刺激；動力；鼓勵 (para 5) E.g. My girlfriends interest in my job gave me an incentive, s

13、o I worked twice as hard. 5. gauge (vt.) (根據(jù)所掌握的信息)估計；判斷 (para 5) E.g. If you want to gauge public opinion about the war, look at the local media coverage concerning the death of the soldiers. 6. commonplace (adj.) 平常的；平凡的；不足為奇的 E.g. Paid vacations of two weeks or longer are a commonplace benefit in

14、 many companies. (para 5) 7. innovation (n.) 革新；創(chuàng)新(para 6) E.g. The duty of every teacher is to encourage creativity and innovation in the classroom. 8. upcoming (adj.) (only before noun) 即將來臨的；即將發(fā)生的 (para 6) E.g. I feel very confident about the upcoming debate because I believe that I can defeat my

15、 opponents argument easily. 9. refrain (vi.) 克制；抑制；忍住(para 6) E.g. International financial experts committed to refrain from competitive devaluation of our currencies and decided to promote a stable and well-functioning international monetary system. 10. addictive (adj.) 使人入迷的；使人沉溺的 (para 6) E.g. I

16、tell most people to avoid collecting antiques, as it is too expensive and addictive. 11. extravagant (adj.) 奢侈的；揮霍的 E.g. How is she paying for her extravagant holiday with her modest income? (para 6) 12. toxic (adj.) 有毒的；由有害物質(zhì)引起的 (para 7) E.g. The newly released variant of the existing cancer drug,

17、scientists have found, is directly toxic to nerve cells. 13. array (n.) 大群；大堆；大量(para 7) E.g. The center provides an array of services including surgery, rehabilitation and pain management. 14. diversion (n.) 消遣；娛樂 (para 7) E.g. We insist on requesting challenging activities even in our diversions,

18、because without challenges, there can be no game. 15. hurl (vt.) 猛投；用力擲 (para 8) E.g. He was knocked out by a stone hurled at him from the other side of the road. 16. suffice (vi.) 足夠；滿足要求(para 8) E.g. One example should suffice to illustrate my point. 17. aptly (adv.) 恰當(dāng)?shù)?(para 8) E.g. Indeed, if t

19、here is a single word that would most aptly define Monks music, its “freedom”. 18. sink ones teeth into sth. 精力充沛地開始處理某事；專注于做某事 (para 8) E.g. Playing the part of Queen Victoria is the kind of role that is made for you, the kind of role you can sink your teeth into. 1. To laborers, on the other hand,

20、 leisure means autonomy from compulsion, so it is natural for them to imagine that the fewer hours they have to spend laboring, and the more hours they have free for play, the better. (para 4) Meaning: To laborers, on the other hand, leisure means complete freedom from what they are forced to do or

21、what they have to do; so, it is natural for them to think that it is better if they spend less time on labor and more time on play. 2. On the other hand, laborers, whose sole incentive is earning their livelihood, feel that the time they spend on the daily grind (苦差事) is wasted and doesnt contribute

22、 to their happiness. (para 5) Meaning: On the other hand, laborers, whose only motive is making a living, feel that the time they spend on the boring daily work is wasted and doesnt bring them happiness. 3. Unfortunately, laborers are all too commonplace, and only a small percentage of the populatio

23、n is in the lucky position of being workers. (para 5) Meaning: Unfortunately, laborers are so common that they can be seen almost everywhere, and only a small percentage of the population is lucky to be workers. 4. In recent years, technological innovation and the division of labor have caused major

24、 economic changes by eliminating the need for special strength or skill in many fields and have turned many paid occupations (with enjoyable work) into boring labor. (para 6) Meaning: In recent decades, the improvements in technology and the division of labor have caused great economic changes. Peop

25、le do not need special strength or skill any more in many fields. Many paid jobs with enjoyable work have become boring labor routine. 5. It is possible to imagine an upcoming society in which the majority of the population will have almost as much leisure time as in earlier times was enjoyed by the

26、 medieval aristocracy. (para 6) Meaning: It is possible to imagine that in a society of the near future, most of the people will have a lot of spare time, which would be similar to the amount of time for play enjoyed by aristocrats in medieval times. 6. Likewise, modern-day laborers with too much le

27、isure time may find it difficult to refrain from the addictive and trivial pursuits of celebrity gossip, extravagant fashion, and excessive video games and TV similar bad habits that waste valuable time. (para 6) Meaning: Similarly, laborers of modern day, who have too much leisure time, may find it

28、 hard to stop doing such insignificant things as talking about private affairs of famous people,and spending a lot of money on fashion and too much time on video games and TV shows. These bad habits will equally waste valuable time. 7. Lifelong learning can make the difference between being bored, u

29、nhappy laborers and workers who find meaning and joy in their employment and life. (para 7) Meaning: Lifelong learning will make people become workers who find meaning and joy in both job and private life rather than make them dull, unhappy laborers. 8. “Continuing education” or “experiential learni

30、ng” can offer an array of classes from pleasant diversions such as sports, art classes or music to leadership development, advanced accounting skills, or CAD, to name only a few. (para 7) Meaning: “Continuing education” or “experiential learning” can provide you with a number of classes, which range

31、 from pleasant activities such as sports, art classes, or music to leadership development, advanced accounting skills, or CAD, just to mention a few examples. 9. They hurl their passion into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith / blacksmith (鐵匠), or more mental like that of a scientis

32、t or an artist. (para 8) Meaning: They put their passion into their work, whether it is physical like the work of a smith, or more mental like that of a scientist or an artist. 10. Even purely mental work can suffice as an outlet, an aptly expressed by the phrase “sinking ones teeth into a problem”.

33、 (para 8) Meaning: Even purely mental work can be enough for them to express and release their enthusiasm, as is well expressed by the phrase “sinking ones teeth into a problem”, which means “start to do sth. with a lot of energy and determination”. 1. Laborers are slaving away at a job they dont en

34、joy for a small monetary reward, waiting all day until they go home and play. Meaning: Laborers are working hard at a job for a small amount of money though they dont enjoy that job at all. They are always waiting just for their turn to go home and play. (para 9) 2. But while laborers are counting d

35、own the hours, workers are energized and focused, taking optimum pleasure in the task at hand. Meaning: But while laborers are waiting anxiously for the time to leave work and go home, workers are energetic and concentrated and enjoy what they are doing immensely. (para 9) 3. By choosing a job that

36、is both useful to society and personally fulfilling, workers maintain a simultaneous sense of purpose and enthusiasm that improves their whole lives. Meaning: By choosing a job that is both useful to society and satisfying to themselves, workers are not only aware of what they want but also highly motivated, which improves th