GMAT曼哈頓語法---精華匯總

1、曼哈頓SC總結(jié)Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics1. 一道例題Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those forthe 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pe

2、pperdine University and the city of Irvine.A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsB: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations willC:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsD: incl

3、uding that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations willE:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will這道題用兩點(diǎn)split o1.1 GMAT規(guī)定，Like不能用于舉例； 注意，在之后的說明中，曼哈頓說The GMAT used to claim that 'like ' simply m eanmilar toand c ould n

4、ot introduce examples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty in published explanations. As a result, either "including 'likelihood wouldechnically work in the sentence.1.2 GMAT規(guī)定，進(jìn)行指代時(shí)，如果有單復(fù)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換，不能用代詞指代，而應(yīng)換作相對(duì)應(yīng)的 名詞。2 .做題時(shí)間一般不多于90秒鐘，理想狀況下，花費(fèi) 60-75秒。3 .做題步驟3.1 細(xì)讀原文理解原文中作者

5、本意，順帶看是否有錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)。如發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，默默記下，以備之后作為排除依據(jù)；如未發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，不要留戀，只要保證理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。3.2 縱向掃描，找split不要讀選項(xiàng)，只是縱向?qū)ふ也煌c(diǎn)(split)。看句首和句尾，此兩處必有split,不然畫線不會(huì)畫到它們。迅速找到多個(gè)split,找最容易區(qū)分的。3.3 選取最簡單split進(jìn)行篩選所謂簡單，就是容易找/容易比較/容易決定。語法語義兩個(gè)角度來分析3.4 選定第一個(gè)split3.5 用同一個(gè)split,去檢查其他選項(xiàng)是否也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤3.6 如此反復(fù)，一直剩下唯一一個(gè)選項(xiàng)3.7 把選項(xiàng)帶回原文，重讀，確定和原文匹配Chapter

6、 2 Grammar & Meaning1 .關(guān)于“簡潔”考生現(xiàn)在太過重視簡潔問題，導(dǎo)致 GMAT很愿意把錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)弄得最毒。所以，一般來說， 不到萬不得已(比如，剩下兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，沒有別的split可用了)，就不要用“簡潔”來做split2 .句義2.1 分三部分：選對(duì)詞；放在正確的位置；和周邊搭配 (make sense together)。2.2 選對(duì)詞。此處給出了一些類似的詞組Economic (monetary) vs. economical (thrifty 節(jié)儉的，effectual)Aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating

7、使人惱怒的)Known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)Loss of (no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)Mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)Native of (person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)Range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)Rat

8、e of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)Rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English)Try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)2.3 GMAT 中,'should '表示 moral obligation '應(yīng)當(dāng)，而非 likelihood '可能。In everyday speech, you

9、 can say The train should arrive now ' to mean that the train is likely to arrive now, but the GMAT doesn't agree with this usage.2.4 放在正確的位置。同一個(gè)詞放在句子的不同位置上，表示的意思會(huì)很不一樣。2.5 關(guān)于倒裝：在可以順敘說話的日t候，就避免使用倒裝。Check the overall word order forunnecessary inversions. For instance, English normally puts sub

10、jects in front of verbs. Try to preserve that order, which is natural to the language.2.6 關(guān)于Redundancy: GMAT正確答案里，沒有一個(gè)詞是冗余重復(fù)的，每一個(gè)詞必定有其 存在的必要性。2.7 關(guān)于 Concision:Quite frequently, the right answer will be a longer choice that is grammatically correct and that clearly reflects the author 's intended

11、 meaning.If you have run out of grammar or meaning issues to apply and you are down to two choices, then choose the more concise option. Otherwise, do not think about concision.Chapter 3 Subject-Verb Agreement1. Additive Phrases:以下短語作為修飾語，不會(huì)改變助于的單復(fù)數(shù)Along with / in addition to / as well as / accompan

12、ied by / together with / including只有an眼主語時(shí)，會(huì)把主語變成復(fù)數(shù)；而修飾語跟主語，不會(huì)改變單復(fù)數(shù)。2. Mathematics是單數(shù)名詞，即使它跟了彩；同樣適用于其他學(xué)校課程/一些運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目(eg, aerobics 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng) ) /疾病 (e.g., diabetes).3. Or, either - or, neither - nor連接的兩個(gè)主語一單數(shù)一復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式采取就近原則。4. 集合名詞People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamIte

13、ms: baggage, citrus 橘類植物 , equipment, fleet, fruit, furnitureGMAT 中，集合名詞多被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)，所以多采用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞來搭配。在英式英語中，很多集合名詞一般會(huì)被看作復(fù)數(shù)，但不是在GMAT 中。5. 不定代詞5.1. Some, Any, None, All, Most/More - SANAM以上五個(gè)不定代詞要根據(jù)上下文確定單復(fù)數(shù)。5.2. Not one 一直用單數(shù)形式： Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.6. Each and Every在Each或Every修飾主語時(shí)，此主語應(yīng)

14、當(dāng)認(rèn)作單數(shù)。Each dog and cat HAS paws.但是，跟在主語后面的 each 不會(huì)影響動(dòng)詞格式。They each ARE great tennis players.7. Majority, minority and plurality 諸多據(jù)不同上下文，可能是單數(shù)，也可能是復(fù)數(shù)。8. 在不能確定單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，傾向于單數(shù)。Chapter 4 Parallelism1. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，盡量做到精確平行，至少關(guān)鍵詞要平行。 E.g.：The employees were upset by the company s low pay, poor working conditions ,

15、and shortage of outlets for employees creativity.2. 想強(qiáng)調(diào)一下，在做平行結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果句子可以做到精確匹配，一定要做到。WRONG -The experiences we have when children influence our behavior in adulthood .RIGHT - The experiences in childhood influence our behavior in adulthood .WRONG - Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setb

16、acks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future.RIGHT - Tobacco companies, which have been shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncert

17、ain future.WRONG -Dr. Crock' claims have been not corroborated by other scientists or published in a prestigious journal but have nonetheless garnered a great deal of attention from the public. RIGHT - Dr. Crock' claims have not been corroborated 3. 兩個(gè)從句中 ,經(jīng)常打都要帶上主從連詞 ,但是兩個(gè)主從連詞不一定相同 .There a

18、re many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.4. 不要過于緊縮任何元素 .要保證每一個(gè)元素都是完整的 .Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.5. And 列表在連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),在 and 前可以選擇加入逗號(hào).尤其在分句都很長或者獨(dú)立性很強(qiáng)的時(shí)候最好這樣做.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often. 這也是個(gè)一個(gè)句子多組主謂的例子.6. 在排列并列成分時(shí),應(yīng)該將最長的一部分放在最后.7

19、. 帶有平行格式的習(xí)語As X, so YX is good, and so too is YConsider X Y (注意 , 沒加 as)Declare X Y 注意(,沒加as)X Develops into YNot Only X (,) But Also Y (comma is optional)8. 連系動(dòng)詞可被看作是主語和賓語并列的標(biāo)識(shí)WRONG -The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.上面句子， bouquet 和 giving 被認(rèn)為在結(jié)構(gòu)上不平行。 Giving 可以換作 gift 。Chapter 5 Pronouns1

20、. Antecedent 先行詞必須和代詞在一起make sense把先行詞放到代詞位置時(shí),要能夠講得通.WRONG - Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, IT is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.講解 一supercomputer 'is mainframe 講不通.RIGHT - Although the exaggerated, I

21、T simply REFERS TQn永遠(yuǎn)不要人為假設(shè),一直要把先行詞放到代詞位置上,看是否合理.2. This/that/these/thoseGMAT 中,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)用 this/these 來指代名詞.在用 that/those 指代的時(shí)候,必須加修飾語 ,以區(qū)分與先行詞的不同 . 此外 ,如果先行詞和現(xiàn)在的 that/those 單復(fù)數(shù)不一致時(shí), 不能再用代詞指代,不許用名詞重復(fù)先行詞的概念.3. It/they指代時(shí) ,指的就是同樣的那個(gè)東西.4. 一組 it 和 its 指的是同樣的東西;一組 they/them/their 指的是同樣的東西 .5. 除非被逼到墻角 ,否則不要用 ”

22、代詞指代模糊”來排除選項(xiàng).6. 在 GMAT 中,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)代詞在沒有先行詞而獨(dú)立做主語的情況.Chapter 6 Modifier1. 修飾時(shí) ,用形容詞還是副詞,有時(shí)候會(huì)表達(dá)不同的意思:WRONG - Max s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.RIGHT Max's grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.常見的形容詞副詞易混淆的詞語有:Corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate,

23、 significant, supposed, and usual.2. 修飾語與被修飾語（名詞 ）,很多時(shí)候用逗號(hào)相隔 .3. 對(duì) opening modifiers 要關(guān)照有加. 有時(shí)候 opening modifier 會(huì)在句子沒有準(zhǔn)備好的情況下, 出現(xiàn)一長串的 opening modifier; 當(dāng)然 ,這樣做不一定錯(cuò) .4. TOUCH RULE名詞和修飾語應(yīng)當(dāng)緊挨著彼此。 不然可能造成Misplaced Modifier.如果修飾語在，而被修飾語不在，叫做dangling modifier.動(dòng)詞和修飾語不一定緊挨著彼此。5. That 引導(dǎo)的從句，不能修飾人people.6. 當(dāng)被

24、修飾的名詞是修飾語中的賓語時(shí)， that/whom 可以被省略。RIGHT - The movie THAT we watched last Friday was scary.RIGHT- The movie we watched last Friday was scary.7. WHERE只能修飾具體名詞性質(zhì)的地點(diǎn)；不可用于修飾“抽象地點(diǎn)”，如condition/situation/case/circumstances/arrangement.修飾“抽象地點(diǎn)”只能用 IN WHICH.RIGHT - We had an arrangement IN WHICH he cooked and I

25、 cleaned.8. In which 可以替代 when9. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)可用于區(qū)分essential 和 non-essential 修飾語。修飾語和名詞間有逗號(hào)，表non-essential;修飾語和名詞間無逗號(hào)，表essential。WRONG -People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers.RIGHT - People who talk- trainsshow little passengers去掉逗號(hào),表示限制性.而根據(jù)句義,

26、此處確實(shí)應(yīng)該是限制性定語從句.10. WHICH只能引導(dǎo)從句去修飾其前的臨近名詞，永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)修飾前面的整個(gè)句子。這與我們之前學(xué)習(xí)的非限制性定語從句用 WHICH 引導(dǎo)有很大出入。11. Based on在口語中，經(jīng)常被用作because of的意思；但在GMAT中,based on沒有'因?yàn)?#39;的意思.Chapter 7 Verb Tense, Mood, & VoiceVerb Tense - 時(shí)態(tài)。體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。Verb Mood -語氣（陳述 indicative/虛擬 subjunctive）。Verb Voice -語態(tài) （主動(dòng) active/被動(dòng) pa

27、ssive）.? Verb Tense - 時(shí)態(tài)。體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。1 . GMAT不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。這被認(rèn)為是口語化的colloquial。表將來，用一般將來時(shí)。2 . 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但：2.1. 延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在；或者2.2. 仍適用于現(xiàn)在。WRONG -The child HAS DRAWN a square in the sand, but the ocean HAS ERASED it.3 . 過去完成時(shí)，一般不用，除非必須使用過去完成時(shí)才能表現(xiàn)動(dòng)作間的前后關(guān)系。在使用過去完成時(shí)時(shí)，表示較近的過去的動(dòng)作的成分不一定是一般過去時(shí)，也可以是一個(gè)日期或者時(shí)間短語。R

28、IGHT - By 1945, the United States HAD BEEN at war for several years.4 . 在使用過去完成時(shí)時(shí)，有時(shí)候句子會(huì)比較靈活，不能拘泥于尋找過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)。要理解句義，根據(jù)表達(dá)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)（而非形式上的時(shí)間點(diǎn)）來決定是否要使用過去完成時(shí)。RIGHT The band U2 WAS just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980 s, but less than ten years later, U2 HAD fully ECLIPSED its ear

29、ly rivals in the pantheon of popular music.? Verb Mood -語氣（陳述 indicative/虛擬 subjunctive ）5 .虛擬語氣分兩種 -Hypothetical 前提假設(shè)）Subjunctive/Command Subjunctive6 .前提假設(shè)型虛擬語氣-f-then結(jié)構(gòu)（個(gè)人認(rèn)為這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)很有代表性，可以依此類推其他結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語氣的用法）6.1. General Rule with no uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.IF Present, THE

30、N Present.6.2. General Rule with some uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill.IF Present, THEN Can or May.6.3. Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.IF Present, THEN Future.6.4. Unlikely Case (in the future)IF Soph

31、ie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill.IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.6.5. Case That Never Happened (in the past)IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.任意見到的IF-THEN結(jié)構(gòu)，都要遵循以上五種結(jié)構(gòu)之一。WOULD和SHOULD遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在IF部分中。

32、7 .命令型虛擬語氣：7.1. 在表示愿望時(shí)，必須使用命令式虛擬語氣的動(dòng)詞：Demand/dictate/insist/mandate/propose/recommend/request/stipulate (規(guī)定 /講明) /suggestRIGHT-We demand THAT HE BE here.7.2. 只能用不定式的動(dòng)詞：Advise/allow/forbid/persuade/wantRIGHT-We allow HIM TO BE here.7.3. 能用命令式虛擬預(yù)期或者不定式的動(dòng)詞：Ask/beg/intend/order/prefer/urge/require (要特別注

33、意 require)RIGHT-We require THAT HE BE here. OrWe require HIM TO BE here.7.4. 注意 suggestRIGHT Her presence suggests that she is happy.止匕處 suggest 意思是 “意味著", 而4,祈使注意一些表達(dá)同樣意思的動(dòng)詞的名詞/形容詞格式，可以同樣使用虛擬語氣。例如： Hisdemand that /it is essential that 語義為王！ ！ ！? Verb Voice -語態(tài) (主動(dòng) active/被動(dòng) passive)8 .被動(dòng)只能用BE動(dòng)

34、詞，不能用其他動(dòng)詞，比如GET9 .不要歧視被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不要用主被動(dòng)來剔除選項(xiàng)。當(dāng)你必須在主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之間做出猜測(cè)的話，猜被動(dòng)。因?yàn)楹芸赡苁且恍﹦e的遺漏了其他的split o10 .在句子中，主被動(dòng)平行出現(xiàn)時(shí)，認(rèn)為是平行的。RIGHT-The shuttle launch TOOK place flawlessly and WAS SEEN on television.WRONG -New regulations require that every cyclist in the Tour de France has to be tested for performance-enhancing s

35、ubstances.RIGHT - New regulations require that every cyclist in the Tour de France be tested for performanceenhancing substances.文中用了命令型虛擬語氣，已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了test的必須性。因此，has to就變得多余了。Chapter 8 Comparisons1 . Like用于比較名詞或名詞短語As用于比較分詞短語，作為介詞或者連詞。2 .比較句，互相之間必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上平行。WRONG T like to run through forests more than I e

36、njoy walking through crowds.RIGHT - I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.3 .省略語句比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以省略量詞/動(dòng)詞/甚至整個(gè)短語，只要保證句子沒有歧義就行.但有時(shí)GMAT也會(huì)允許本可省略的輔助性動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn).RIGHT - Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.RIGHT Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels are.因此，不要因?yàn)槟苁÷缘恼Z句沒有省略而舍棄某一答案

37、.4 .比較時(shí)，必然要有than.Chapter 9 Idioms1. P145-190的正確句子，多讀.培養(yǎng)語感.2. 一些特別值得注意的句子：（除特別說明，都是正確句子）IT APPEARS THAT the dinosaurs WERE smart.AS we did last year, we will win this year.AS you practice, SO shall you play.JUST AS you practice, SO shall you play.JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are

38、late today.JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.He ASKED THAT she GO to the store.虛擬語氣）- -WRONG - He ASKED THAT she SHOULD GO to the store.The verdict was BASED ON the evidence.- -WRONG - BASED ON the evidence, the jury reached a verdict.BY SHINING, the sun makes plants

39、 grow.Plants grow, FOR the sun shines. （grammatically correct but very formal）BEING infected does not make you sick.The judges saw the horses BEING led to the stables.- -WRONG - BEING and advocate of reform, I would like to make a different proposal.BEING經(jīng)常是 wordy or awkward,但基于此，GMAT很愿意出一些包含 being的

40、正確選項(xiàng)。 因此，只有在100%確定其他選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的情況下，才選擇being 作為正確選項(xiàng)。The protest BEGAN a movement. (=caused)IT IS BELIEVED THAT Gary IS right.WITHIN the BORDERS of a country-WRONG - IN the BORDERS of a country/INSIDE the BORDERS of a countryALTHOUGH a frequent napper, I STUDY effectively. (ALTHOUGH1面一般跟分詞短語)I have ONE CHAN

41、CE IN A THOUSAND OF WINNING tonight.They CLAIM THAT they CAN read minds.They CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO read minds.GMAT中不區(qū)分傳統(tǒng)意義上的 COMPARE TC愿調(diào)共同點(diǎn))和COMPARE WITH®調(diào)不同點(diǎn))的 區(qū)別。He CONCEIVES OF architecture AS a dialogue.They CONTEND THAT they can decipher the code.The danger will CONTINUE TO GROW.She was CON

42、VINCED THAT she had been robbed.Hugo CREDITS Sally WITH good taste.Sally IS CREDITED WITH good taste.We ARE IN DANGER OF FORGETTING the past.My friend s reputation DECLINED.They DEMANDED THAT the store BE closed.Their DEMAND THAT the store BE closed was not met.The executive DEVELOPED her idea INTO

43、a project.The idea DEVELOPED INTO a project.We DO NOT DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.We HAVE NO DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.She DOUBTS WHETHER Jan will arrive on time.(GMAT要求在使用 DOUBT的肯定句(沒有 NOT/NO)中，后面要跟 WHETHER/IF/THAT)The economy is MORE fragile THAN EVER BEFORE.We enjoyed the film TO some EXT

44、ENT.The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law.The law FORBIDS any citizen TO VOTE twice.His HELP IN RAKING the leaves has been welcome.The law HOLDS THAT jaywalkingL穿馬路)is illegal.I can eat ice cream, PROVIDED THAT my doctor approves. (= ONLY IF)A report INDICATES THAT unique bacteria LIVE on

45、our skin.We eat out often; FOR INSTANCE, last week we ate out every night.I went with the INTENT (or INTENTION) OF LEAVING soon.I went with the INTENT TO LEAVE soon.These groups often INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER (or EACH OTHER).Old gadgets ARE LACKING IN features.Old gadgets LACK features.My spouse HA

46、S MISTAKEN me FOR a wealthier person.The kangaroo is NATIVE TO Australia. (said of animals, plants)My friend is a NATIVE OF Australia. (said of people)We wore NOT ONLY boots(, ) BUT ALSO sandals. (comma is optional)We wore NOT JUST boots BUT ALSO sandals.His emotions RANGED FROM anger TO joy.The gov

47、ernment imposed RESTRICTIONS ON the price of gasoline.The sauce was SO hot AS TO burn my mouth. GMATB此搭配上不具一貫性。一般認(rèn)為這個(gè) 搭配是正確的，但需謹(jǐn)慎。Bellbottoms ARE coming back in style, and SO TOO ARE vests.We SUBSTITUTED parmesan cheese FOR mozzarella.Craters have been seen ON THE SURFACE OF the moon.This paper is N

48、O LESS impressive THAN that one.She THINKS OF them AS heroes.She IS THOUGHT TO BE secretly wealthy.They WILL TRY TO BUILD a company. (= intent or purpose)We TRIED BREAKING the door down. (= experiment)Naomi wrote ten letters, DOUBLE THE NUMBER THAT Sara wrote.I do not know WHETHER I will go.-SUSPECT

49、-1 do not know WHETHER OR NOT I will goi意！ WHETHER OR NO不推薦Chapter 10 Odds & Ends1. 并列連詞： (Coordinating Conjunctions)And/but/or/for/nor/yet/so2. 不要用(逗號(hào)+and)來分割公用同一主語的動(dòng)詞。3. 分號(hào)分開的兩個(gè)句子是彼此獨(dú)立的，而且從邏輯關(guān)系上來講是平衡的 / 并列的。如果作者 本意是一個(gè)分句與另一個(gè)分句是從屬關(guān)系，則不可用分號(hào)。4. 分號(hào)另一個(gè)用途是：分隔開各自內(nèi)部有逗號(hào)出現(xiàn)的小組。RIGHT - I listen to Earth, W

50、ind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.5. 冒號(hào)前的句子一定要是個(gè)完整句；冒號(hào)后面不一定是完整句。冒號(hào)后面可以跟namely 或者 that is 。6. 修飾可數(shù)名詞：Number of hats; numerous hats; more numerous hats修飾不可數(shù)名詞：Amount of patience7. Less than twenty dollars -強(qiáng)調(diào)的是小于 20美金這個(gè)價(jià)值 Fewer than twenty dollars -強(qiáng)調(diào)的是少于 20美金的張數(shù)Chapter 11 GM/S-V

51、/Parallelism: Extra1 .簡潔程度：動(dòng)詞 >形容詞 > 名詞2 . That從句（有動(dòng)詞）> 名詞短語（只有名詞）3 . Idea類型的名詞，很多會(huì)跟that從句（其中是個(gè)完整的句子）： 這類名詞有：Hypothesis/idea/suggestion/belief/discovery/evidence/indication/report4 .副詞 >介詞短語TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT > COMPARABLY5 .此外在檢查簡潔性時(shí)，要著重看be動(dòng)詞，一般be動(dòng)詞會(huì)有冗余問題.6 .形容詞 > 帶be的形容詞短語7 .強(qiáng)

52、調(diào)句在GMAT中不存在：WORDY - IT IS without fear THAT children should play.Better -Children should play without fear.8 .除非介詞是of,不然不要考慮去掉該介詞短語.A wall OF stone 和 A stone wall 都可以SOLDIER FROM BOSTON以，但 BOSTON SOLDIE界可以一般，地點(diǎn)名詞不可用名詞做形容詞來修飾.在修飾time period/quantity/measurement 的時(shí)候，不能去掉 of引導(dǎo)的修飾語。永遠(yuǎn)不要 用 possessive（ &#

53、39;ors）來修飾 measurement 09 . ReportingVerb后面的THAT不能省略這樣的verb有：Indicate/claim/contend（ 聲稱）/report/agree/declare/find/reveal/rule（裁定）/show.Announce/assert/believe/confess/demonstrate/doubt/expect/hold/know/mention/observe/pr oclaim/reason/recognize/repeat/state/think/warn.Be convinced/be certain/be ass

54、ured 但是呢，say不一定帶that10 .具體名詞（concrete nouns）和動(dòng)作名詞（Action nouns）不可平行 具體名詞：rock/continent/electron/politician/region/holiday/week 動(dòng)作名詞：eruption/pollution/nomination/withdrawal/development/change/growth11 .動(dòng)名詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu)11.1. 簡單動(dòng)名詞 simple gerund phraseTracking satellites accurately is important for the space

55、 agency.11.2. 復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞 complex gerund phraseThe accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.11.3. 簡單動(dòng)名詞不能跟復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞并列WRONG - I enjoyed drinking the water AND the wine tasting.RIGHT - I enjoyed drinking the water AND tasting the wine.11.4. 只有復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞能夠跟動(dòng)作名詞并列WRONG - the rebels demanded th

56、e withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.RIGHT - the rebels- levels, THE RAISING OF the rebel flag on：但是，在某動(dòng)名詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞存在的情況下，不能用該動(dòng)名詞；而應(yīng)該用名詞！WRONG - the RELEASING of certain politica

57、l prisonersRIGHT - the RELEASE of certain political prisoners11.5. 綜上所述：一共有三類名詞：1）具體名詞2）動(dòng)作名詞和復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞3）簡單動(dòng)名詞以上三類之間不可互相平行。11.6. Be suspicious of不可被 suspect 替代；Be lacking in 不可被 lack 替代;因?yàn)樗鼈兌际橇?xí)語。Chapter 12 Pronouns & Modifiers: Extra1. 相互代詞（reciprocal pronouns ） 'one another'和 each other'用于強(qiáng)調(diào)幾方的互動(dòng)。不可與反 身代詞themselves互換。WRONG -The guests at the party interacted with THEMSELVES.RIGHT The guests at the party interacted with ONE ANOTHER.2. IT在三種情況下不用去找先行詞2.1. IT用于不定式賓語后置RIGHT - IT is futile TO RESIST temptation.2.2. IT用于THAT短語作主語后置RIGHT - IT