2015山西特崗教招考初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全(十三)

1、真誠(chéng)為您提供優(yōu)質(zhì)參考資料，若有不當(dāng)之處，請(qǐng)指正。2015山西特崗教招考初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全（十三）句子成分：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)1、主語(yǔ)：(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng),說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是“誰(shuí)”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實(shí)). / Helping animals is to help peop

2、le. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類。)(2)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可用it代替,而不定式或動(dòng)名詞移至表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長(zhǎng)途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡(jiǎn)直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對(duì)你的身體不利。)(3)口語(yǔ)中常見主語(yǔ)或“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)沒有什么。)

3、/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. (我)謝謝你。)(4)反意問(wèn)句的附加問(wèn)句,主語(yǔ)必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎?)(5)祈使句一般省略主語(yǔ)。加主語(yǔ)時(shí)往往用來(lái)指定某個(gè)人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請(qǐng)保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語(yǔ)) / You go there and fetch me a

4、 glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來(lái)。)(6)主語(yǔ)一般在句首,但在問(wèn)句中會(huì)處于第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語(yǔ)在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們?cè)谀膬?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)(7)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過(guò)考

5、試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)(8)主語(yǔ)可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“主語(yǔ)從句”。2、謂語(yǔ)：(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”或“系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”等構(gòu)成,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變

6、壞。) (2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語(yǔ)依序排列構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+主要?jiǎng)釉~(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成表) 記?。褐^語(yǔ)部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對(duì)不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長(zhǎng)達(dá)800頁(yè)的小說(shuō)。) / Something must be done to

7、 stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞切忌用“行為動(dòng)詞1 + 原形動(dòng)詞”、“be + 原形動(dòng)詞”。記住使用下列正確形式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Youd better go over the lesson.(你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。)shall/ will/ would+原形動(dòng)詞。如：They should have been there once.(他們應(yīng)該去過(guò)那兒。)be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過(guò)去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees ha

8、ve been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)have+過(guò)去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)一般時(shí)問(wèn)句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動(dòng)詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過(guò)的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當(dāng)中有誰(shuí)見過(guò)恐龍蛋嗎?)行為動(dòng)詞1+行為動(dòng)詞2 (不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a

9、vet.(他拿定主意要做個(gè)獸醫(yī)。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國(guó)王讓人給他們自己修建堅(jiān)固的墳?zāi)埂?(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副

10、詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須在此之前加連系動(dòng)詞。(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動(dòng)詞+s”;復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：are,were,have以及動(dòng)詞原形。其他動(dòng)詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。記住：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。 Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對(duì)于我們大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般問(wèn)句和反意問(wèn)句的回答不使用行為動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isnt

11、it? -Yes, it is.(奧運(yùn)會(huì)每?jī)赡昱e辦一次,是嗎?-是的。)3、賓語(yǔ)：(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語(yǔ))從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰(shuí)”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來(lái)到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說(shuō)公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語(yǔ))

12、/ They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ浟怂麄兊墓φn。)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)) / I think to be a childrens doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語(yǔ))(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語(yǔ),不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語(yǔ),如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you h

13、ear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)(3) 賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問(wèn)句中,如果賓語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞,則賓語(yǔ)要放在句首。介詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是疑問(wèn)詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信?)(4)“動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away

14、. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來(lái)。) / Please put away the shoes. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來(lái)。) / Please put them away. (請(qǐng)把它們收起來(lái)。)(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)(人)+直接賓語(yǔ)(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞+間接賓語(yǔ)。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make, buy, borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請(qǐng)給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)

15、+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句,則常用it做形式賓語(yǔ),而將實(shí)際的賓語(yǔ)移到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7) 賓語(yǔ)可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“賓語(yǔ)從句”。4、表語(yǔ)：(1) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber whe

16、els are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因?yàn)樗昧酥馗忻啊? / Who is it?(誰(shuí)呀?)(2) 表語(yǔ)只能放在連系動(dòng)詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對(duì)表語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的句子除外。(3) 代詞做表語(yǔ)一般用主格,口語(yǔ)中常用賓。如：Its I. (Its me.)是我。(4) 只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,as

17、leep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請(qǐng)不要發(fā)出響動(dòng),嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對(duì)獨(dú)坐孤舟無(wú)所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)(5) 表語(yǔ)

18、也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“表語(yǔ)從句”。5、定語(yǔ)：(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問(wèn)、不定)、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式(短語(yǔ))充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)的知識(shí)。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國(guó)和瑞士是歐洲國(guó)家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I ca

19、n never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)(2) 單詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：(3) 時(shí)間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,.)、地點(diǎn)副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,.作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)(4) 介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yest

20、erday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)(6) 定語(yǔ)還可以用從句充當(dāng),詳見 定語(yǔ)從句。(7) 注意：由于定語(yǔ)屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)之中,不作為句子的主要成分。6、狀語(yǔ)：(1) 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作“何時(shí)”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說(shuō)明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、狀語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。如：I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對(duì)其中的許多家庭來(lái)說(shuō),大學(xué)教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開