澳大利亞英語(yǔ)詞匯特征描述

1、Features of Australian Lexicon 1120302108 張穎彤 1120302127 沈丹恬11203021030 費(fèi)碟-History and Development of Australian-Character of Australians-Study Habits of AustraliansGeneral IntroductionAustralian is a variant of British English. It has changed sound, vocabulary and grammar in British English and get

2、s its own character.SoundSound of Australian can be divided into 3 types:Cultivated Australian 有教養(yǎng)的澳大利亞英語(yǔ) It is the one closest to British English.General Australian 普通澳大利亞英語(yǔ)Broad Australian 寬式澳大利亞英語(yǔ)VocabularyEnglish colonists expanded vocabulary because the former number was not enough.They added w

3、ord by 3 ways:From Australian Aboriginal ToneForming new compound words eg. Backblock遠(yuǎn)郊(sparsely偏僻(人口稀少的)內(nèi)地inhabited area far from the city) Giving new meaning to existing wordsGrammarThe grammar of Australian reflect education of individual.For well-cultivated Australians, their grammar is almost t

4、he same as British.Australian With vast land but little population and relatively less social rank, there are less regional differences in Australia than in other countries.However, differences indeed exist because different regions, race, economic ability, and so on.History and Development of Austr

5、alianAustralia is a country of immigrants and has a multi-cultural society.During the history, Australian was influenced by many languages:British EnglishAmerican EnglishAustralian Aboriginal ToneChineseBritish EnglishIt is British who built the first colony in Australia for the arrangement for pris

6、oners. Then many immigrants came, and the number was increasing. Gradually, Australian separated from British English.Australian has lots of British English lexicon, but many of them got new meaning and usage in Australian. In term of spelling, Australian is relatively closer to British English than

7、 to other kinds of English.American EnglishGold rush in Australia and The Second World War, of course the mass media enlarged the influence of American English to Australian.Nowadays, the effect of American English is deeper with each passing day and it is likely to be a developmental model for Aust

8、ralian.Australian Aboriginal ToneThere are many vocabularies of Australian being from Australian aboriginal tone, such as kangaroo, koala, waratah (a kind of flower), koori, and so on. ChineseAustralian lexicon related to Chinese, especially Cantonese, always has something with The Gold Rush in 19th

9、 century .Fairdinkum 粵語(yǔ)：真金 ； 英語(yǔ)：這是真的Yum cha 廣東話的早茶Dim sum 點(diǎn)心Character of People and LanguageThe language of a nation can reflect its peoples character, values, thoughts, and so on.Chinese collectivism: Many hands make light work.(眾人拾柴火焰高)American individualism：self-centered, self-made, egotism, ego-

10、ideal. (self-/ego-)Character of AustraliansAdoring freedomHumorous and optimisticCasualEqualitarianismPursuing equality Humor and Optimism of AustraliansThe society is full of humor, so Australians like to use humorous words.They like joking and replying with joke is proper. Australians like to use

11、nickname(especially for politicians, close friends and pets) and slangs. dogs disease 流感 no biscuit in the tin 一點(diǎn)勁也沒(méi)有當(dāng)時(shí)的囚犯需面對(duì)殘酷的生活環(huán)境當(dāng)時(shí)的囚犯需面對(duì)殘酷的生活環(huán)境, ,喋喋不休的抱怨會(huì)遭到嚴(yán)喋喋不休的抱怨會(huì)遭到嚴(yán)厲的懲罰厲的懲罰, ,傷心絕望也只會(huì)是死路一條。于是傷心絕望也只會(huì)是死路一條。于是, ,囚犯?jìng)兂３Ｗ猿扒舴競(jìng)兂３Ｗ猿白灾S、苦中作樂(lè)來(lái)減輕痛苦。這樣自諷、苦中作樂(lè)來(lái)減輕痛苦。這樣, ,他們借用幽默、譏諷、委他們借用幽默、譏諷、委婉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)發(fā)泄痛苦婉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)發(fā)

12、泄痛苦, ,樂(lè)觀面對(duì)惡劣的生活。囚犯?jìng)儼炎约悍Q樂(lè)觀面對(duì)惡劣的生活。囚犯?jìng)儼炎约悍Q為為 canary, canary,因?yàn)樗麄兊顷憰r(shí)都穿著黃色的囚服因?yàn)樗麄兊顷憰r(shí)都穿著黃色的囚服; ;他們吃的粗面他們吃的粗面包是包是 scrubbing brush, scrubbing brush,因?yàn)槊姘泻写罅康牟诳芬驗(yàn)槊姘泻写罅康牟诳? ;經(jīng)過(guò)抽打經(jīng)過(guò)抽打的脊背像穿上了一件的脊背像穿上了一件 red shirt; red shirt;罰犯人踩踏的踏車(chē)被稱為罰犯人踩踏的踏車(chē)被稱為 dancing academydancing academy。此外。此外, ,澳大利亞早期的囚犯把服刑三個(gè)月說(shuō)澳大利亞早期

13、的囚犯把服刑三個(gè)月說(shuō)成是成是 sleep ( sleep (睡一覺(jué)睡一覺(jué)) ,) ,把服刑六個(gè)月說(shuō)成是把服刑六個(gè)月說(shuō)成是 dream ( dream (做場(chǎng)做場(chǎng)夢(mèng)夢(mèng)) ,) ,把服刑一年說(shuō)成是把服刑一年說(shuō)成是rest(rest(休息休息) ,) ,把無(wú)期徒刑說(shuō)成是把無(wú)期徒刑說(shuō)成是 the the lot(lot(命中注定命中注定) ,) ,甚至絞死也被稱為甚至絞死也被稱為 drop ( drop (倒下倒下) )。這些詞匯生動(dòng)地描繪了澳洲人民的幽默情調(diào)。更深層次地說(shuō)這些詞匯生動(dòng)地描繪了澳洲人民的幽默情調(diào)。更深層次地說(shuō), ,反映了當(dāng)時(shí)囚犯不畏艱難甚至死亡的樂(lè)觀心理。反映了當(dāng)時(shí)囚犯不畏艱難甚至死亡

14、的樂(lè)觀心理。Randomness of AustraliansAustralians are careless and easy-going, they love simple and equal language, such as acronyms in Australian.roo (kangaroo), kanga(kangaroo), Vic (Victoria), New South (New SouthWales), nana (banana), Brit(British) Afternoon-this after-this afto-this arvo and sarvo- sa

15、rve; Communist commo-com; on the sustenance -on the susso-on the sussEqualitarianism- The Fair Go Ideal-Core of National FeaturesAustralians sympathize with losers and those with lower social status. Eg. struggler, little Aussie battlerThe spirit of matership 伙伴精神 Mate:(團(tuán)結(jié)合作、伙伴精神的典型詞語(yǔ))指因?yàn)榄h(huán)境所迫,客觀地走到一

16、起的好伙伴。 How are you going? Or right, mate.(一種親切的稱呼,象征著澳洲人無(wú)論權(quán)勢(shì),人人平等) Matership:指伙伴情誼,它表達(dá)了團(tuán)結(jié)一致、忠誠(chéng)不二、相互依賴、在困難和艱險(xiǎn)中相依為命的文化內(nèi)涵。澳洲人的伙伴精神是平等主義的再現(xiàn)。在澳大利亞，團(tuán)結(jié)合作的伙伴精神已深入人心。追溯到囚犯時(shí)期和淘金熱時(shí)期，那時(shí)嚴(yán)酷的自然環(huán)境，艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)的人們?cè)谂c環(huán)境進(jìn)行不屈不撓的生存抗?fàn)幹?，需要患難與共、助人為樂(lè)、團(tuán)結(jié)合作的伙伴精神。難能可貴的是，在現(xiàn)代澳洲人同舟共濟(jì)、患難與共的品行中，依舊延續(xù)著團(tuán)結(jié)合作的伙伴精神。Vulgarity of Australians澳洲人的粗俗味

17、兒和澳英的粗俗語(yǔ)有著密切的聯(lián)系。尤其在工人、農(nóng)民和下層民眾使用的語(yǔ)言中，澳洲人的粗俗味甚為明顯。回顧歷史，我們得知那時(shí)的囚犯都是些下層的勞苦大眾，他們沒(méi)有受過(guò)良好的教育，因此他們的語(yǔ)言不可能像上流社會(huì)達(dá)官貴人那樣高雅有禮。他們有著不同于尋常人的境遇，從而形成了自身的一套語(yǔ)言，他們喜歡用放蕩不羈的粗俗語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)情感。在英國(guó)被視為禁忌的字眼在現(xiàn)今的澳英中已得以升格,貶義大大減少,反而頻繁出現(xiàn)。例如, damn和 fucking這類詛咒語(yǔ)和禁忌語(yǔ)已失去其“該死的”原意,在日常生活中使用,已成為表示一種情感的強(qiáng)勢(shì)語(yǔ)。這類詞還有 shit, hell, dash。Whinger, wowser, wanker這一類罵人話也是澳洲人粗俗味兒的又一方面。 Whinger 是指無(wú)緣無(wú)故地、