超詳細(xì)非謂語動詞講解

1、非謂語動詞 the Non-Finite Verbs定義 在句子中不是謂語的動詞，形式 ：不定式、動名詞和分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作用：在句子中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、狀語等。特點(diǎn) ：1. 非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用如動詞不定式和動名詞 ，在句中做主語、賓語、表語。2. 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用如動詞不定式和分詞 ，在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。3. 非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用如動詞不定式和分詞 ，在句中作狀語。4. 謂語動詞在句中作謂語，受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語，它不受主語的人稱和數(shù) 的限制。5. 英語中不能單獨(dú)做句子的謂語。與謂語動詞的關(guān)系相同點(diǎn) 1如果是及物動詞都可與

2、賓語連用，例如：They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. 2都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. 3都有主動與被動 , “體式一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents.謂語動詞被動語態(tài)He avoided being punished by his parents.動名詞的被動式We have written the composition.謂語動詞的完成時Hav

3、ing written the composition, we handed it in.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 4都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.謂語動詞的邏輯主語The boss ordered them to start the work.動詞不定式的邏輯主語We are League members. 謂語動詞的主語We being League member, the work was well done.現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語不定式、形式功能動詞不定式：(to ) +do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。否認(rèn)式：not + (to) do以do為例，

4、動詞不定式的構(gòu)成如下：( 1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后.例如： I'm nice to meet you.很快樂見到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起來懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit.我們方案花錢去參觀。He wants to be an artist.他想成為一個藝術(shù)家。The patient asked to be operated on at once.病人要求馬上手術(shù)。The teacher ordered the work to be done.老師要求完成工作。( 2)進(jìn)

5、行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard.男孩假裝工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room.看起來他正在他的房間里面讀書。( 3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie.我懊悔我說謊了。I happened to have seen the film.我偶然看過這部電影。He is pleased to have met his friend.他很快樂能遇上他的朋友。二、不定式

6、的句法功能：( 1)作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。To lose your heart means failure.灰心意味著失敗。動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用 it 作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。常用句式有:1作主語：1、lt+be+ 名詞 +to do 。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do3、lt

7、+be+ 形容詞 +of sb +to do與 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong表示贊揚(yáng)或批評的形容詞連用，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。careful與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞：possible ， impossibledifficult ，necessaryIt ' s necessary for you to study hard . necessary 修飾 to study hard，表示學(xué)習(xí)努力是有必要的I

8、t ' s foolish of him to do it . foolish修飾邏輯主語 him2作表語：放be動詞后，構(gòu)成表語Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作是清掃大廳。,polite ,等，easy，hard，He appears to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了。注意：3作賓語：動詞+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. it 作形式賓語以下動詞通常用不定式作賓語：want, hope, wish, o

9、ffer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage,prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange ,dare , decideprepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect， choose, get 等help, promise,determine動詞+疑問詞+to , “特殊疑問句+不定式相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語。如:I don ' t know what to do nex

10、t/ how to do it next.I can ' t decide when to go there.I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式動詞可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.我只能留在這里，另U無選擇。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.他上周日除了修他的自行車什么也沒干。Marx found it important t

11、o study the situation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國的情況是很重要的。4作賓語補(bǔ)足語： 動詞+賓語+不定式to do He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so? 不帶 to 的不定式allow, help, for, invite.他有很多工注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite,wish,warn, expect, prefer,

12、encourage， beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait此外，介詞有時也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema作要做，所以沒去電影院。 表見解、看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+賓語+ to be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.被動語態(tài) There +不定式

13、We didn ' t expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料至U會有那么多人在那里。注意：1有些動詞需用 as短語作補(bǔ)語，像 regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。2在動詞 feel感,hear, listen to 二聽,have, let, make三讓,notice, see, watch, observe, lookat 五看即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺等后面的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)?/p>

14、被動語態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him toclean the room.5作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：1 He is looking for a room to live in.動狀關(guān)系He has got a chance to go abroad.同位關(guān)系3 主謂關(guān)系：She is always the last

15、 person to speak at the meeting . -I' m going to the post office ,for I have a letter to post .邏輯主語是 I Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 邏輯主語不是 I 4動賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.我有一個會議要出席。注意：如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，那么要保存不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . I will wirte with the pe

16、n 我需要一直鋼筆寫字I have a little baby to look after .I must look after the little baby 我有一個嬰兒要照看 He is looking for a room to live？ He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with?你用什么翻開它？如果不定式修飾 time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.他無處安身。This is the best way to work out this prob

17、lem.這是解決這個問題的最好方法。He has no money and no place to live in .I think the best way to travel by is on foot .There is no time to think about .注意: 不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動、也可用被動式：你有什么東西需要送Have you got anything to send?你要送什么東西嗎？Have you got anything to be sent?嗎？ 說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finis

18、h the work.我們制定了一個完成工作的方案 被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.他第一個來到這兒。6作狀語： 表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.他夜以繼日地工作來賺錢。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.她賣掉了自己的頭發(fā)來買那條表鏈。注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:wrong : To save money, every meanshas been tried. rightTo save money, he has tri

19、ed every means.為了省錢，他使岀了渾身解數(shù)wrong : To learn English well, adictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.為了學(xué)好英語，他需要一本詞典。說實(shí)作目的狀語：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.話，我不喜歡他講話的方式。 表結(jié)果往往是與預(yù)期愿望相反的結(jié)果意料之外：常放在never only 后他來晚了，只見火車已經(jīng)走了He arriv

20、ed late only to find the train had gone.I visited him only to find him out. 表原因：常放在形容詞后面They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.三、不定式的省略：我去拜訪他，只見他岀去了他們聽到這條新聞非常傷心。太暗了，我們什么也看不見。這問題由他來答復(fù)是很簡單的情態(tài)動詞除 ought夕卜，ought to do wou

21、ld ratherhad better 感官動詞和使役動詞 由 and, or 和than 連接的兩個不定式，第二個 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. help Why /Why not But和except前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。試比擬：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, thin

22、k, understand等詞后，可以省去 to be . 女口： 保存to省略do動詞。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.如果你不想做這件事，你就不必做。 不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。以下短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to :want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to ,used to , be able toHe wished to s

23、tudy medicine and become a doctor.他希望學(xué)醫(yī)并成為醫(yī)生。五、注意：1. to 作介詞： agree to ， object to ，close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , pointto , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to動名詞、定義：動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。、形式：及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時doingbeing do

24、nedoing完成時having donehaving been donehaving done一般式doing(謂語動詞同時發(fā)生)being done Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。完成式 having done having been done(謂語動詞發(fā)生之前)We remembered having seen the film.我們記得看過這部電影。否認(rèn)式：not + 動名詞動名詞的形式：I regret not following his advice.我懊悔沒聽他的勸告。被動式：He came to the party without being invited

25、.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。完成被動式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+動名詞He suggested our trying it once again.他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。三、動名詞的句法功能：(1) 作主語：謂語用單數(shù)Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps

26、 is interesting.Playing with fire is dangerous.當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。結(jié)構(gòu)：It ' s no good/use doing. It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。(2) 作表語：動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。(3) 作賓語：They haven't finished building th

27、e dam.他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，假設(shè)跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，那么常用形式賓語it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。只接V-ing做賓語的動詞和動詞短語:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit , deny,

28、mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help) , think of, dream of, befond of, prevent (from),keep from, stop ( from ) ,protect from, set about, be engaged in, spend (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay atten

29、tion to, insist on, feel like接動名詞、不定式均可，且意義相同的動詞：like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can' t bear/endure/stand接動名詞、不定式均可，但意義不同的詞：forget ，go on，mean, regret ， remember，stop，try 等Stop to do停下來去做stop doing停止做Forget to do忘記要做forget doing忘記做過Remember to do 記得要做remember doing

30、記得做過Regret to do遺憾要做regret doing懊悔做過Try to do企圖做，盡力做try doing試著做Go on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事go on doing繼續(xù)做同一件事Mean to do打算做mean doing意味做注意：Need, require, want作“需要講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義，be worth也有類似用法。如:The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.4作定語：動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room ， a

31、diving board ， a reading room ， a dining hall動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：1現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個定語從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾 n之前，為短語，放在被修飾 n之后女口： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developingfor的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。(2) 動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個如:a washing machine

32、 = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimmingHe can't walk without a walking-stick.他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？5作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret.那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍

33、未改變。分詞一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：1在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義；過去分詞表示被動意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像: gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 等詞。女口： a retired person 一個退休的人a fallenball 一個落下來的球2在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時間性。女口： falling leaves正在下落的樹葉 fallen leaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉注意：分詞作時間狀語，如果先于主動

34、詞的動作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out fora walk.二、注意：1分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語要與主句主語保持一致等引導(dǎo)詞2) 分詞前常有 when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if3如果過去分詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語之前，用having been done Having been hurt in a traffi

35、c accident, I was given an operation.4 分詞做狀語，主語之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that等連詞如有，那么此句子為祈使句Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5否認(rèn)式，在分詞之前+ not6固定搭配：be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.7分詞的邏輯主語與主句不同，分詞要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為“獨(dú)立主語The money used u

36、p, I had no food toeat現(xiàn)在分詞二、定義：既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。二、形式：肯定式：V-ing ； 否認(rèn)式：not +現(xiàn)在分詞1主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking.他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。2被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式

37、表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。三、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1 In the following years he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親The man speaking to the teacher is our m

38、onitor's father.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; theman speaking to the teacher 可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher.2 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表

39、示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing 表示進(jìn)行的動作是進(jìn)行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。3 作賓語補(bǔ)足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe,listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate.他讓小汽車在

40、門口等著。4現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：在工廠工作時，他是一名先進(jìn)由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。 作時間狀語：While Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.工人。 作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others.作方式狀語，表示伴隨:He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗作條件狀語：If Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費(fèi)珍

41、貴的時間作結(jié)果狀語:He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。幾天前他去游泳了 作目的狀語： He went swimming the other day.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了 作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.All the tickets having been sold out, they went away d

42、isappointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。有時也可用 with without + 名詞代詞賓格+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。從外表看，他一定是個演員。Generally 作獨(dú)立成分：udging fromby his appearance, he must be an actor.過去分詞一、形式：只有V-ed 一種形式。規(guī)那么，V-ed,不規(guī)那么二、句法功

43、能1. 過去分詞作定語： 單個過去分詞做定語時用于被修飾的名詞前，做前置定語frozen food 、polluted river 、a terrified boyVt.過去分詞作定語，表被動及完成Vi 過去分詞作定語，表示完成a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.中選為委員的人將出席這次會。 但凡用作定語修飾人或表示與個人相關(guān)的心理狀態(tài)，用過去分詞，而修飾物時，那么用現(xiàn)在分詞做定語a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at t