薄冰實用英語語法之9

1、紙介圖書雙擊此處跟蹤鏈接天貓旗艦店·京東有售薄冰實用英語語法詳解之九 被動語態(tài)主編 薄 冰 編著 王蘭明 陳 靜 山西出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F·山西教育出版社2014年6月第4版第46次印刷出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策劃 苗補坤責任編輯 潘 峰ISBN 978-7-5440-3553-8更加深入學習英語語法請加微平臺bbzdzyyyf 語法學習交流微平臺 紙介圖書京東旗艦店 紙介圖書天貓旗艦店 百度閱讀手持媒體免費讀丨學英語，憑什么讓我學語法嗎？不時聽到一些青年問道：學英語一定要學語法嗎？語法應該怎么學呢？我們就這兩個問題簡單地談一點個人意見。對中國學生來說，尤其是成年人，我看是學點語法

2、好。語法，顧名思義，乃是語言的法則和規(guī)律。學習語法，尤其是一些基本法則，至少有下列幾個好處：第一 可以使你學得快些，因為已有現成的前人總結的法則，用不著你從頭摸索。第二 可以使你學得透些，因為通過語法對語言現象不僅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。 第三 可以使你學得準些，因為語法法則就是一條條準繩，可以用以衡量一句話是否正確。 第四 語法不但可以引你入門，更可以引你入勝，使你逐漸眼界開闊，語感加深，從而使你的英語水平不斷提高。丨那么應該如何學習語法呢？我認為在學習語法過程中，應該注意下面幾點：第一 基本概念最重要。在學習每個語法項目時，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢記在心。第二 要大量地實踐，大

3、量地練習。實踐要包括聽、說、讀、寫四個方面，練習要著重說和寫。第三 學習語法時，應多用比較法。如對動詞時態(tài)、冠詞、介詞、名詞的單、復數等較難的語法項目進行相互比較，效果就比較好。 第四 要將語法法則與習慣用法分開。碰到習慣用法，就不必鉆牛角尖，進行徒勞的分析。而習慣用法在英語中則是大量地存在著的。第五 將一本語法書通讀一遍，當然也不無好處。但最好將它作為工具書，像詞典一樣地經常查閱，始能學得比較細致牢靠。第六 實用英語語法只應是入門的向導，像一根拐棍一樣。英語達到一定水平之后，就應將它扔掉。起碼不要讓許多語法條條充斥頭腦，影響你說和寫的流利性。 最后 可能還會有人說，語法應該學，就是太枯燥。我

4、的感覺是：開頭有點枯燥，過些時候，就會像嚼橄欖似的，越學越有味了。如若不信，請試試看。 薄冰實用英語語法之·被動語態(tài)目錄91 被動語態(tài)概述92 被動語態(tài)的構成93 被動語態(tài)的用法94 特殊形式的被動語態(tài) 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)雙賓語動詞的被動語態(tài)復合賓語的被動語態(tài)短語動詞的被動語態(tài)get+過去分詞的被動語態(tài)95 主動形式表被動意義96 被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別97 單元練習全國優(yōu)秀暢銷書，薄冰、張道真系列語法圖書銷售突破220萬冊！根據課改全面修訂第四版條理更分明，針對性更強，重點更突出！Unit 9 被動語態(tài)91 被動語態(tài)概述語態(tài)（Voice）是個語法范疇，是表示主語和動詞之間語法和語

5、義關系的動詞形式。英語動詞有主動和被動兩種語態(tài)，當主語是動作的發(fā)出者時，動詞用主動語態(tài)（Active Voice）；當主語是動作的承受者時，動詞要用被動語態(tài)（Passive Voice）。只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。如：Scientists have been puzzled for decades by how turtles manage to navigate across the Atlanticbut now they know. 幾十年來，科學家一直對海龜如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解但現在他們知道了。（scientists是puzzle的承受者，故puzzle用被動語態(tài)。They是kno

6、w的發(fā)出者，故know用主動語態(tài)。）92 被動語態(tài)的構成動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“助動詞be + 動詞的過去分詞”構成，時態(tài)由be體現。主動語態(tài)的句子結構與被動語態(tài)的句子結構如下所示： (1) 主動語態(tài)：動作的發(fā)出者 + 主動語態(tài)動詞 + 動作的接受者 主語 謂語賓語 (2) 被動語態(tài)：動作的接受者+被動語態(tài)動詞（be + 動詞過去分詞）+（by + 動作的發(fā)出者） 主語 謂語 賓語下面以make為例，說明各時態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)形式：現在范疇一般現在時am / is / are made現在進行時am / is / are being made現在完成時has / have been made過去范疇

7、一般過去時was / were made過去進行時was / were being made過去完成時had been made將來范疇一般將來時shall / will be made將來完成時shall / will have been made過去將來時should / would be made特別應注意：完成進行時態(tài)通常不用于被動語態(tài)。 1. Many old houses around our school_next year and a large green area will appear.（2005年上海市中考題）A. pull downB. will be pulled

8、downC. will pull downD. are pulled down【答案選B】 next year為將來時時間狀語，此句為一般將來時被動語態(tài)。用will be done。 2. I don't suppose the police know who did it. Well，surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now.（2006年高考江蘇卷）A. has been questionedB. is being questionedC. is questioningD. has questioned【答案選B】根據

9、句中提示用現在進行時，句中主語和前項中動詞之間構成被動，故用現在進行時被動形式。93 被動語態(tài)的用法被動語態(tài)主要用于下面幾種情況： (1) 不知道或沒必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：The meeting has been put off. 會議已被推遲了。Such books are written for middle school students. 這種書是為中學生寫的。It is said that the police will look into the matter. 據說警方將調查此事。This question is being discussed at the meeting

10、. 這個問題正在會上討論。 1. The APEC meeting_in Shanghai last month. I hear it_in different countries every year.（2002年山東省中考題）A. is held；is heldB. was held；is heldC. was held；has heldD. is held；was held【答案選B】APEC meeting亞太經濟合作組織會議，是被舉辦的；第一句的時間狀語是last month，用過去時，第二句的時間狀語為every year，用一般現在時。 2. Your job_open for

11、you return. Thanks.（2006年高考北京卷）A. will be keptB. will keepC. had keptD. had been kept【答案選A】根據語境應用將來時，本句主語為job應用被動語態(tài)。 3. 短文改錯：The day the NEA report released，the U. S. host，in a tie vote，upheld the government's right to obtain bookstore and library records under a provision of the USA Patriot Act

12、.（2007年1月六級題）【答案解析】文章中表示時間的定語從句“the NEA report released”的謂語用的是主動語態(tài)，應該用被動語態(tài)“was released（被披露 / 公之于眾）”。 (2) 當我們出于禮貌避免說出動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：The car was seriously damaged. 汽車受到了嚴重損壞。She is liked by all of us. 她受到我們所有人的喜愛。 1. The pizza_by my mother. Would you like to have some?（2005年北京市中考題）A. makesB. was makingC.

13、madeD. was made【答案選D】比薩是被我媽媽做的，用被動語態(tài)。 2. Customers are asked to make sure that they_the right change before leaving the shop.（2006年高考重慶卷）A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given【答案選B】主句customers are asked to.是商店的規(guī)定，是經常性動作或行為，從句中時態(tài)應與主句保持一致，應用現在時態(tài)；從句中they指customers，the right chan

14、ge指“零錢”，找錢是商店給顧客，顧客作主語時，應用被動。 (3) 當我們出于文章行文的需要時。如：She appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 她出現在臺上，觀眾熱烈鼓掌。This book is liked by those people who are interested in modern culture. 這本書受到那些對現代文化感興趣的人們的歡迎。The doctor looked over Peter carefully after he_to the hospital.（2005年北京市

15、中考題）A. takes B. is taken C. took D. was taken【答案選D】這句話的意思為“在彼得被送到醫(yī)院以后醫(yī)生仔細地給他作了檢查”，主句用的是一般過去時，所以后面要用過去時的被動語態(tài)。 (4) 需要強調或側重動作的承受者時。如：It is the first time that wrinkles have been linked with high-cholesterol levels. 這是首次將皺紋與高膽固醇聯系起來。Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the

16、north of England and southern Scotland. 在席卷英格蘭北部和蘇格蘭南部的暴風雨中，三人喪生。94 特殊形式的被動語態(tài)1 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的結構為：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞。如：The book can't be found. 那本書找不到。Water mustn't be wasted. 水絕不能被浪費。Should a comma be used here? 這兒應該用逗號嗎？The book needn't be returned now. 書不必現在還。 1. The river smells

17、terrible. People must_from throwing dirty things into it.（2004年云南省中考題）A. stopB. be stoppedC. stoppedD. was stopped【答案選B】stop sb. from doing“阻止某人做某事”，所以此題考查情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。依題意“人們必須被阻止向河里扔臟東西”。 2. 短文改錯：There were no public schools，and besides，the few pennies which the children could earn needed to help supp

18、ort the family.（2005年6月四級題）【答案解析】neededwere needed。 此處應是被動，屬語態(tài)有誤。2 雙賓語動詞的被動語態(tài)帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，只把一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個賓語保留在動詞之后，這種句子可以有兩個被動句。如：His teacher gave him a book. 他的老師給了他一本書。這個句子的被動句為：A book was given to him by his teacher. 或：He was given a book by his teacher. She showed me her new skirt.

19、她給我看她的新裙子。這個句子的被動句為：I was shown her new skirt by her. / Her new skirt was shown to me by her. 1. At the end of the meeting Miss Green_two minutes to decide whether she could join the project or not.（2004年廣州市中考題）A. gaveB. had givenC. was givenD. was giving【答案選C】此題考查一般過去時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。題意為“會議結束時，格林小姐有兩分鐘時間決定是

20、否參加這個項目”。 2. All the employees except the manager_to work online at home.（2005年高考全國卷）A. encourages B. encourageC. is encouragedD. are encouraged【答案選D】句子的主語是all the employees，所以謂語動詞應當用復數；encourage sb. to do sth.鼓勵某人做某事，結合句意，顯然應當用被動語態(tài)。句意：所有雇員（除經理之外）都被提倡在家在線工作。3 復合賓語的被動語態(tài)含有復合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，將賓語變成主語，賓語補足語仍

21、保留在動詞之后，成為主語補足語。如：We call him Xiao Wang. 我們叫他小王。（主動句）He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。（被動句）He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了綠色。（主動句）The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了綠色。 （被動句）We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again. 我們要求老師把這個句子再解釋一次。（主動句）The teacher was asked to explain the sentence aga

22、in. 老師被要求把這個句子再解釋一次。（被動句）He found an old man lying at the door. 他發(fā)現一位老人躺在門口。（主動句）An old man was found lying at the door by him. 一位老人被他發(fā)現躺在門口。（被動句）make, hear, see, watch, feel, let, have等動詞在主動語態(tài)的句子中，其后作賓補的不定式一般不帶to，但當用于被動句時，后面作主補的不定式必須帶to。如：His mother made him do his homework again. 他媽媽讓他把作業(yè)重寫一次。（主動句

23、） He was made to do his homework again by his mother. 他被他媽媽要求把作業(yè)重寫一次。（被動句）She saw a man go into the room. 她看見一個男人走進屋里。（主動句）A man was seen to go into the room. 一個男人被看到走進屋里去了。（被動句）4 短語動詞的被動語態(tài)一些相當于及物動詞的短語動詞也有被動語態(tài)形式。主要有以下幾類： (1) 動詞 + 介詞。如：They have talked about this matter recently. 他們近來一直談論這件事。（主動句）Thi

24、s matter has been talked about recently. 這件事近來一直被談論著。（被動句）We have never heard of such a thing before. 我們從未聽說過這樣的事。（主動句）Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事從未被聽說過。（被動句）They looked after the old man carefully. 他們精心照顧那位老人。（主動句）The old man was looked after carefully by them. 那位老人被他們精心照顧著。（被

25、動句）How magnificent the Bund looks at night when all the lights are_!（2005年上海市中考題）A. turned overB. turned offC. turned downD. turned on【答案選D】turn on the light“打開電燈”。此句用作被動語態(tài)。 (2) 動詞 + 副詞。如：They put off the sports meeting. 他們把運動會推遲了。（主動句）The sports meeting was put off. 運動會被推遲了。（被動句）They will put on a

26、short play at the party. 他們要在晚會上演一個短劇。（主動句）A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一個短劇將要由他們在晚會上演出。（被動句）We must think over what he said. 我們必須仔細思考他說的話。（主動句）What he said must be thought over. 他說的話必須仔細思考。（被動句） (3) 其他動詞短語。如：We must do away with privileges. 我們必須取消特權。（主動句）Privileges must be done

27、 away with. 特權必須取消。（被動句）His classmates often make fun of him for this. 他的同學常為這和他開玩笑。（主動句）He is often made fun of for this by his classmates. 他常為此被他的同學開玩笑。（被動句）We should pay more attention to the education of the young people. 我們應該更多地重視對年輕人的教育。（主動句）More attention should be paid to the education of th

28、e young people. 年輕人的教育應該更多地受到重視。（被動句）5 get+過去分詞的被動語態(tài)“get + 過去分詞”也可構成被動語態(tài)，這種結構的句子側重于動作的結果而不是動作本身。如：The man got hurt on his way home. 那個男人在回家的路上受傷了。Mary is going to get married. 瑪麗準備結婚了。How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？短文改錯：What about the content? The rule here is to keep it factual and truthfulex

29、aggerations usually get find out.（2006年1月六級題）【答案解析】本題中get是連系動詞，find out 改為found out，后面應該接過去分詞表示被動，“終會被發(fā)現”。95 主動形式表被動意義英語中有一類既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞的動詞。當它們作為不及物動詞而主語又是指物的名詞或代詞時，往往含有被動意義。因為從邏輯意義上講這些名詞本身不具備執(zhí)行動作的能力，只能作為動作的承受者。由于動詞本身的含義及主語的內在特征，這些動詞表達被動意義的方式和與其他詞語的搭配又有很多不同之處。 (1) 某些連系動詞smell，taste，sound，feel等。如：Th

30、e cloth feels soft. 這布摸上去很柔軟。The cake tastes good. 這蛋糕很好吃。That sounds very reasonable. 那聽起來很有道理的。Cotton_nice and soft.（2005年高考全國卷）A. is feltB. is feelingC. feelD. feels【答案選D】feel的主動形式表示被動意思，不能用被動形式。此句為“棉花摸起來感到很好很軟”。 (2) 某些不及物動詞如build，cook，print，bake等用于進行時態(tài)（主要是現在進行時）。這些動詞構成的主動結構可以轉化為相應的被動語態(tài)。如：The new

31、 house is building.=The new house is being built. 新房在建造中。The newspapers are printing.=The newspapers are being printed. 報紙在印刷中。 (3) 某些與can't，won't連用的不及物動詞。如：The container can't move.=The container cannot be moved. 這集裝箱移動不了。The door won't lock.=The door won't be locked. 這門鎖不住。 (4)

32、 某些不及物動詞常與副詞連用。這些常見的不及物動詞有：read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，sell，cook，photograph，dye，dry，light，tear，carry等。副詞包括well，badly，easily，quickly等。如：The pen writes smoothly. 這支鋼筆很好寫。The knife cuts well. 這把刀很快。The cloth washes well. 這種布料好洗。These bowls don't clean easily. 這些碗不容易洗干凈。The kind of rice cooks mo

33、re quickly than that kind. 這種米飯比那種米飯熟得快。Nylon dries quickly. 尼龍織物干得快。 (5) 某些可用于“主語 + 謂語 + 主補”結構中的不及物動詞。如：This material has worn thin. 這種布料已穿薄了。The window blew open. 這窗吹開了。 (6) 某些以含動詞意義的名詞作介詞賓語構成的介詞詞組可表示被動意義。如：Oranges are on sale. 橘子在出售。The question is under discussion. 問題在討論之中。 (7) 有些不及物動詞的進行式也具有被動意

34、義。如：Prices are advancing. 物價在上漲。Corn is selling briskly. 谷物暢銷。 96 被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別“系動詞+用作表語的過去分詞”稱為系表結構，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一致。但有以下幾點不同： (1) 被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動詞，表動作；系表結構中的過去分詞相當于形容詞，表狀態(tài)。如：The composition was written with great care. 這篇作文寫得很用心。（被動語態(tài)）These goods are all sold out. 這些貨物全部出售了。（系表結構） (2) 被動語態(tài)可用by短語表動作的執(zhí)行者；系

35、表結構通常不用by短語。如：The man was offended by the woman. 那個男人被那個女人激怒了。（被動語態(tài)）The man was offended. 那個人很生氣。（系表結構） (3) 系表結構一般只用于一般現在時或一般過去時；被動語態(tài)除可用于上述兩種時態(tài)之外，還可用于其他時態(tài)。如：The flowers will be planted next week. 下周種花。（被動語態(tài)）Museums are closed to the public on Mondays. 博物館每逢星期一閉館。（系表結構） (4) 系表結構中的過去分詞可被very修飾；被動語態(tài)中的過

36、去分詞可用much修飾。如： He was very agitated. 他很激動。（系表結構）He was much agitated by the news. 這消息使他很激動。（被動語態(tài)） (5) 有些句子既可是被動語態(tài)，也可是系表結構，應根據上下文去理解。如：The door was closed. 門關上了。The road was mended. 路修好了。97 單元練習. 選擇最佳答案填空。 (1) With the development of science， more new technology_to the fields of IT.A. has introducedB

37、. is being introducedC. is introducedD. was introduced (2) Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 203? It should be 302. But I hear that it_till tomorrow.A. was put offB. will put offC. has been put offD. is put off (3) When and where to go for on-salary holiday_yet.A. are not decidedB. have not been de

38、cidedC. is not being decidedD. has not been decided (4) They_so that we wouldn't recognize them.A. costumed B. disguisedC. were disguisingD. were disguised (5) All the apparatus_before the experiment began.A. have been preparedB. were preparedC. had been preparedD. had prepared (6) The world's supplies of copper_.A. have been gradually being exhaustedB. has gradually exhaustedC. are gradually exhaustedD. are being gradually exhausted (7) The goods_when we arrived at the airport.A. were just unloadingB. were just being unloadedC. had just unloadedD. were just been u