雅思閱讀專項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)難句講義及練習(xí)

1、UnderstandingIELTSGrammar一SolutiontoLong&ComplicatedSentences長(zhǎng)難句成因：“樹形結(jié)構(gòu)”：?修飾成分紛繁復(fù)雜?主從句交織?特殊句式StrategiesforLong&ComplicatedSentences:一、主從復(fù)合旬解析1 .名詞性從句2 .定語從句3 .狀語從句4 .多重復(fù)合旬二、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句式解析5 .分隔結(jié)構(gòu)6 .倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)7 .強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)8 .雙重或者多重否定9 .比較結(jié)構(gòu)一、主從復(fù)合句解析1.名詞性從句主語從句> Lookingatthepicturemakeshimexperienceasevereat

2、tackofnostalgia.> Forher,awoman,todefyherhusband'osderwouldbeconsideredaudaciousathertime.> Whatbothersmeaboutthispointofviewisthatitimpliesthathumanbeings,insomedeepsense,arenotpartofnature.?Thatheisinlovewithherisnolongerasecret.主語從句解讀方法：主語從何引導(dǎo)詞:Practice:(1) Thathefinishedwritingthecompo

3、sitioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.(2) Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.(3) Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.(4) Whothewatchbelongstoisunknown.(5) Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.(6) Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.(7) Whatweneedistime.(8) Whatweneedar

4、egooddoctors.(9) Whateveryoudidisright.Example 1:Thatthenineteenth-centuryFrenchnovelistBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinhislifewasanironywhichwasduplicatedinothermatters.Example 2:Thatsuchradicaladaptationscanoccurdemandsaviewofthebrainasdynamicandactiveratherthanprog

5、rammedandstatic.Example 3:However,itcannotbedeniedthatitwasSmithwhointroducedsuchatargetforlaternovelists.FurtherPractice:1. Itiscommonknowledgethatthefullmoonbringsfairweather.2. Itisasurprisethatyougavesuchananswertothequestion.3. Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.4. I

6、tisprobablethathehasknowneverything.5. Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.6. Itmadeusveryhappythatshewassaved7. Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.8. ItissaidthatLiHaohasbeentoEurope.9. Itwasamusingthatarabbitranoutoftheemptyboxonthedesk.賓語從句(objectclause)引導(dǎo)詞：Example1：Asurveyofnewstoriesin1

7、996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustorepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.Example2：Yetnewfindingsinneurosciencesuggestthatthebrainretainsitsabilitytoreorganizeitself

8、inresponsetoexperienceorinjurythroughoutlife:afterthelossofsensoryinputfromanamputatedlimb,forexample,adultsareabletolearnnewmotorskillseffectively.Example3：ArthistorianKennethClarke,forexample,writingin1973,couldnotacceptthattheMonaLisawasfamousforreasonsotherthanitsinnerqualities.Example 4:Thestud

9、yonrats,kittens,andmicemay,forinstance,provideaphysiologicalexplanationforwhyinfantanimalsemployintheirplaythesamekindsofbehaviorthattheywilllateruseasadults.表語從句引導(dǎo)詞：who,how,when,as,whetherExample：ThekeyissueinjudgingoverpopulationisnothowmanypeoplecanfitintoanygivenspacebutwhetherEarthcansupplythep

10、opulation-termreqsuliorenmgentforfood,water,andotherresources.Practice:Themiracleishowtheyallcooperate,andareintegratedtogether,inthecreationofaself.同位語從句Example:HewassurprisedatthefactthathehadpassedtheIELTSexamination.先行詞：破解關(guān)鍵：Example1：Therewasstillthefaiththatordinarymenaregreaterthanthepowersofn

11、atureorthemechanismsofmansahnadndwsillmasterthemallintheend.Example 2:Thebeliefthatitisharmfultotheblackcommunityforauthorstoexplorethehumanityofourleaderscanhavetroublingeffects.Example 3:【劍3】Inrecenttimes,scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatyearsofcigarettesmokingvastlyincreasestheriskof

12、developingfatalmedicalconditions.Example 4:【劍3】Thisattitudealteredwiththerealizationthatmarginalcommunitiescansurviveandadaptinspiteofpartialintegrationintoanotoriouslyfickleworldeconomy.Practices：Itakefurthercomfortinthefactthathumanspeciesmanagedtoproduceprettydecentcreativeworkduringthe5000yearst

13、hatpreceded1710,whentheStatueofAnne,theworldsfirstmoderncopyrightlaw,passedtheBritishparliament.AccordingtoJames,achildsfirststeponthero-audndtoerssetalfndingcanbeseenastherecognitionthatheorsheexists.劍92. 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞：Which:Liketheslaves,womentookliterallythepreambleoftheDeclarationofIndependence,whichs

14、tatesthatallmenarecreatedequal.Librariesmadeeducationpossible，andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries；thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw，whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.That:Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblemthatcannotbesolvedina

15、fewhours.Often,thechildrensdisagreementsinvsotrluvgegdleaoveratoythatnoneofthemhadplayedwithbeforeorafterthetug-of-war:thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershipratherthanwantingtoplaywithit.劍9Thereissomething,theyargue,insidethepaintingthatspeakstousall,thatunleashesfeelings,emotion,andrecognition.關(guān)系代

16、詞that的省略：BecausethepotentialtalentJohnhasisobvious,heisgoingtobeelectedasthepresident.Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.Who:ThestudentwhoisansweringthequestionisJohn.Thepersonwhowashereyesterdayisamusician.Whom:InB

17、erlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.Whose:Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.關(guān)系副詞:When:Shewillneverforgetthedaywhenshegotmarried.Where:OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewild

18、lifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.Why:Givemeonereasonwhyweshouldhelpyou.復(fù)雜定語從句：介詞/介詞短語+引導(dǎo)詞ThisisthedeskonwhichIfoundmybook.Thepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbythetypeofoysterinwhichitdevelopsandbythedepth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoysterlives.Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfooda

19、ndmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.Hisbookvividlyillustratestheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusiontheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidethepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.【劍5】T

20、his,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiologytodiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinteractionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehavior.【劍8】Perhapsforustoday,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusarethefrequen

21、cywithwhichearlyencouragementandteachingbyparentsandtutorshadbeneficialeffectsontheintellectual,artisticormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedgreatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencywithwhichabilitieswentunrecognizedbyteachersandschools.【劍8】Theeasewithwhichtrulygreatideasar

22、eacceptedandtakenforgrantedfailstolessentheirsignificance.3. 狀語從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞：破解關(guān)鍵：Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfro

23、minsect-eatinganimals.Eventhoughtheprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarywordsmayvaryovertime,thebasicexemplaryfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.Sincetheconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrowermustprovideproductsthatsatisfythediscerningeye.ImnotlivingwhereIwas.Everywher

24、eIgo,Ifindthesamething.IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.Mostsubstancecontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstancessolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid.4. 多重復(fù)合句However,LewisandBr

25、ooks-Gunn(1979)suggestthatinfantsdevelopingunderstandingthatmovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.劍9Sincebothrapidandlightrailhaveelectricengines,pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotorexhaustbutfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricity

26、,whichisusuallylocatedoutsidethecity,whereairqualityproblemsarelessserious.、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句式1 .分隔結(jié)構(gòu)處理原則：Example:Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,thequestion(ofwhoismorepowerful)turnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Indevelopingcountries,whereatlea

27、st10citiesareexpectedtohavemorethan12millionpeoplebytheendofthisdecade,failingtogiveprioritytopublictransportwouldbedisastrous.Itwilltakeyearsforwhitesincludingthosewhothinkofthemselvesasliberalstodiscoverandeliminatetheracistattitudestheyallactuallyhave.Thirdly,thewasteradioactivematerial,including

28、notonlytheuraniumbutalsowaterandeventheclothesusedbypowerstationpersonnel,mustbedisposedof.AcousinofthetenaciousAsianlonghornedbeetlewhichsinceitsinitialdiscoveryin1996inNewYorkCityhascausedtensofmillionsofdollarsindamageannually一,thecitruslonghornedbeetle,wasdiscoveredonajuniperbushinAugust2001inTu

29、kwila,Washington.GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreaubookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.Practices:YetL

30、innaeushimselfwouldprobablyhavebeenthefirsttoadmitthatclassificationisonlyatool,andnottheultimatepurpose,ofbiologicalinquiry.LikeDouglass,whoinvokedtherhetoricofmaleindividualismtoencourageidentificationwithhisnarrative,shehadtomakeherreaderstaketheoppressionofslavewomenpersonally,toseeitasathreatto

31、theirownsenseofthemselvesaswomen.2 .倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(1) .Only+狀語位于旬首AlthoughnumerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutAmericanmothers,onlyrecentlyhasliteraturefocusedontheroleofamother.(2) .以never,little,often,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等詞引導(dǎo)的句子?！緞?】Notonlydiditsolveaproblemthatintriguedmanforages,but,moreimportantl

32、y,itliterallyopenedthedoortoexplorationoftheuniverse.(3) .比較狀語從句Inatypicalexample,whenviewingphotographsoffood,hungrysubjectsexperienceamuchgreaterincreaseinpupildiameterthandosatedsubjects.(4) .為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)某一內(nèi)容(表語或狀語)Gonearetheproblemsofnotbeingabletoinstantlycontactpeopleinotherpartsoftheworld.(5) .So/A

33、s或者neither/nor引導(dǎo)的句子【劍4】Neverbeforehastheplanetslinguisticdiversityshrunkatsuchapace.(6) .某些讓步狀語從句Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishesthatcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.3 .強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)含強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that/who+其他部分照寫可以強(qiáng)調(diào)：主語，賓語，狀語不可以強(qiáng)調(diào)：謂語，定語Nuclearpowersuppl

34、ies5%oftheworldsenergyfrommorethan400plants.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語：Itwasthelossofrevenuefromdeclinesintourismthatin1935ledtheSaudiauthoritiestograntaconcessionforoilexplorationtothecompanythatlaterwillbeknownasbeingAramoc.Itisbecauselivingspaceformostofmansfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquare

35、measureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearththatweneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees.Dunn(1988)pointsoutthatitisinsuchday-to-dayrelationshipsandinteractionsthatthechild'sunderstanding(ofherselfemerges.【僉U9】4 .雙重否定或多重否定Examples:Suchbehaviorisnotunusualamongsocialmammals.Onecanhardlysay

36、thatthesetheoristshavefailedtohaveanyeffects.Practices:【劍6】Rarelydopatientswatchadoctorwritewithapenthatisntemblazonedwithdrugsname,orseeanurseuseatabletnotbearingapharmaceuticalcompanyslogo.Indeed,fewwomensrightsconventionswereheldduringthe1850satwhichDouglasswasnotafeaturedspeakerandwhoseproceedingwerenotfullyreportedinhispaper.Unlessonealreadyknowsagreatdeal,one