語法復(fù)習(xí)——非謂語動詞(一)動詞-ing的用法a

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)非謂語動詞（一）動詞-ing的用法 非謂語動詞主要包括動詞-ing形式、過去分詞和不定式。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中所作的成分以及一些特殊句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。本講主要闡述動詞-ing形式的用法。動詞-ing形式起到名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作主語、賓語和表語、狀語和賓語補足語，但不能單獨構(gòu)成謂語?！皠釉~原形ing”構(gòu)成動詞-ing形式可分為動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。一、動名詞動名詞是v.ing形式的一種，它具有名詞特征，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語。1動名詞作主語的幾種句型動名詞直接置于句首作主語，動名詞作主語可以是主動

2、形式，也可以是被動形式。例如：Swimming in winter is healthy.冬泳是有益健康的運動。Picking apples is much better than having classes.摘蘋果比上課好多了。Being elected chairman is a great honor to him.被選為主席對他是一個很大的榮譽。有時主語太長，可用it作形式主語，將真正主語即動名詞放在后面。不是所有的動名詞作主語都可用it作形式主語，常見的有：It is no use動名詞做沒有用處It is no good 動名詞做沒有好處It is nice動名詞 做很好/很不錯

3、It is useless動名詞做沒有用It is interesting動名詞做很有趣It isdangerous動名詞 做很危險It isa waste of動名詞做是浪費例如：It is no use waiting here. Lets walk home.在這兒等著沒有用，我們走回家吧。Its interesting watching the children play.看著這些孩子們玩耍很有趣。Its a waste of money buying such books.買這一類的書是浪費金錢。除了用于上述用it作形式主語的句型外，還可用于there be no結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：The

4、re is no saying when it will stop raining.無法預(yù)言雨什么時候停。There is no joking about such matters.這種事開不得玩笑。There is no getting along with him. 他這人很難相處。2動名詞作賓語（1）只接動名詞，不接不定式作賓語的動詞有：suggest, finish, admit, avoid, delay, imagine, mind, enjoy, practise, advise, consider, deny, mention, prevent, risk, appreciat

5、e, escape, resist, excuse, miss, stand, forbid, pardon, report, postpone, explain, keep, include, resist, allow, permit, fancy等。例如：Did he admit breaking the window? 他承認打破玻璃了嗎？He appreciated being advised.他很重視別人的勸告。They reported seeing a star in the east.他們報告說東方出現(xiàn)了一顆星星。Do you mind my closing the wind

6、ow?你介意我關(guān)上窗戶嗎？My daughter enjoys playing the piano.我女兒喜歡彈鋼琴。The thief escaped being caught again.這小偷又一次逃脫了抓捕。（2）介詞后要用名詞作賓語，尤其注意下列短語動詞后要接動詞作賓語：put off（推遲），set about (著手)，give up(放棄), keep on (繼續(xù))，look upon (看待)，succeed in (在成功)，insist on (堅持)，feel like (想要)，stay up (停止)，aim at (目的是), dream of (夢想)，can

7、t stand/bear 不能忍受The doctor advised him to give up smoking.醫(yī)生勸他戒煙。I dont feel like going to the movies.我不想去看電影。My father has given up smoking.我爸爸已經(jīng)戒煙了。I dont stand working with him.我不能忍受與他在一起工作。（3）下列短語中的to是介詞，只能接名詞或動名詞，不接不定式：be (get) used to (習(xí)慣于)，look forward to (盼望), pay attention to (注意)，stick to

8、 (堅持)，devoteto (致力于)，object to (反對)，come near to (險些)，in addition to (除之外)；lead to (導(dǎo)致)，get down to (靜下心去做)，on ones way to (去通往路上)例如：They looked forward very much to meeting him again. 他們很希望再次見到他。He came near (close) to falling into the pit. 他差點兒摔倒在坑里了。The girl is on her way to becoming a famous sin

9、ger. 這個女孩將要成為歌星了。Mr. Smith devoted all his life to doing research.史密斯先生一生都致力于研究。（4）下列動詞之后接動名詞與接不定式作賓語所表達的意思有所不同。forget doing sth. 忘記曾經(jīng)做過的事forget to do sth. 忘記要做的事remember doing sth. 記得曾經(jīng)做過的事remember to do sth. 記住要做的事regret doing sth. 對做過的事感到懊悔regret to do sth. 對要做的事感到抱歉mean doing sth. 意思是；意味著（主語是事）m

10、ean to do sth. 打算去做某事（主語是人）try doing sth. 試著（用某種辦法）干某事try to do sth. 努力去干某事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干同一件事go on to do sth. 接著干另一件事stop doing sth. 停止干某事stop to do sth. 停下（某件事）去干另一件事want/need doing 需要去做（主語是動名詞動作對象）want/need to do sth. 想要做某事（主語的主觀意識）cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事cant help (to) do sth. 無助于做某事例如：W

11、hile shopping, people sometimes cant help being persuaded into buying something they dont really need.在購物時，人們有時禁不住被說服購買實際并不需要的東西。（句中的cant help表示“禁不住”，故接動名詞）She cant help to clean the house because she is busy making a cake.她不能幫忙打掃房間，因為她正忙著做蛋糕。（句中的cant help作“不能幫助”解，故接不定式）I tried closing the windows,

12、but that didnt help. I still felt cold.我試著關(guān)上窗子，但沒有用，我依舊很冷。（句中的try作“試著”解，后接動名詞）I tried hard to calm myself.我努力使自己平靜下來。（句中的try作“努力”解，后接不定式）3動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由“物主代詞或名詞所有格動名詞”構(gòu)成。動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，用名詞所有格或物主代詞；作表語或賓語時，可用名詞普遍格或賓格來替代所有格。例如：Doctor Wus coming gave us a lot of help.吳醫(yī)生的到來給了我們很大幫助。Their giving us much h

13、elp has freed us from much difficulty.他們的大力幫助使我們擺脫了許多困難Is there any hope of Xiao Yang (Xiao Yangs) winning the game?小楊在比賽中有無獲勝的希望？What I dont understand is you (your) suddenly starting to take an interest in music.我不理解你突然開始對音樂感興趣了。二、現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞是v.-ing的另一種形式，它表示主動和進行的意義，具有形容詞與副詞特征，可在句子中作賓語補足語、表語、定語、狀語。1

14、后可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補的動詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，分詞與賓語有主謂關(guān)系，賓語是分詞動作執(zhí)行者。（1）在feel, hear, see, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to等表示感覺的動詞賓語之后。例如：I felt my heart beating fast. 我感到我的心跳得很快。Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.忽然，他聽到有人輕輕地敲窗子。Listen to the birds singing.聽鳥兒歌唱。這些動詞也可接不帶to的不定式作賓補，區(qū)別是：分詞表示動作的進行

15、狀態(tài)，不定式則表示動作的完成狀態(tài)。（2）在have, leave, catch, start, keep, set, send等表示“致使”的動詞之后。例如：Dont worry. Ill have my car waiting at the gate. 別擔心，我讓車在門口等著。Im sorry to have kept you waiting long. 抱歉，讓你久等了。His words set (started )me thinking.他的話使我深思。這類動詞除have后可接不帶to的不定式作賓補外，其他動詞一般不用不定式作賓補。（3）在get, find等動詞之后。例如：Can

16、you really get that old car going again?你真的能使那輛舊車再開動起來嗎？I found a number of people already working there.我發(fā)現(xiàn)許多人已在那兒工作。get后也可接不定式作賓補，find后一般只接to be作賓補。2現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，主要用來表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨狀況、結(jié)果。例如：Hearing the news, the students were wild with joy.聽到這個消息，同學(xué)們都高興極了。（表示時間）Knowing English well, he translated the art

17、icle without much difficulty.由于英語學(xué)得好，他不費勁地譯出了這篇文章。（表示原因）Working hard, youll succeed.如果你努力，一定會成功。（表示條件）She stood there, waiting for him in the rain.她在雨中站著等他。（表示伴隨狀況和行為方式）A letter has just come, relieving me from anxiety.信剛剛收到，解除了我的憂慮。（表示結(jié)果）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，分詞的邏輯主語須與句子主語保持一致，即分詞動作的發(fā)出者須是句子的主語。（見上面各例）3怎樣使用現(xiàn)在分詞獨立

18、結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語如果分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致，可采用分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)則：“名（代）詞現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，可在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨狀況等。例如：Class being over, the children went home.下課了，學(xué)生們回家去。Nobody being in the room, I didnt go in.由于房間里沒有人，我沒有進去。Weather permitting, well start tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天動身。He went to the front door, his son following him.他走向前門，他的兒子跟在后面。4注意固定結(jié)構(gòu)的分詞獨立成分作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞獨立成分一般已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所持的態(tài)度或看問題的態(tài)度。例如：Generally speaking, we dont agree with you.一般說來，我們不同意你的看法。Considering his age, the child reads quite well.鑒于他的年齡，這個孩子讀得相當好。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.根據(jù)你所說的來看，他應(yīng)當成功。5現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和被動式（1）現(xiàn)在分詞完成