初中基礎(chǔ)語法加練習(xí)(3)-時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài)

1、第 9講:時(shí)態(tài)一一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):常與 always,often,sometimes, every day連用, 表示習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的 動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。提醒你當(dāng)?shù)谌朔Q單數(shù)做主語時(shí),別忘了動(dòng)詞的變化。注意:象 " 地球 大,月亮小 " 等客觀真理、事實(shí)一定用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):要注意其構(gòu)成:由 be+動(dòng)詞 +ing,表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:We're studying now. 我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)習(xí)。一般過去時(shí):表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與 yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示過去時(shí)間的狀語

2、連用。注意:We often went to dance last summer.有的同學(xué)一見到 often 就想到用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),其實(shí)因?yàn)楹竺嬗斜硎具^去時(shí)間的 last summer, 所以要用過去式,千萬別誤用了,切記,切記。過去進(jìn)行時(shí):顯然過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在做什么,常和特定的時(shí)間狀語如 at that time, at six yesterday, at that moment, when he came in等連用。 如:When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.一般將來時(shí):表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將

3、來時(shí)間狀語如 next year,tomorrow 等連用。注意:在 Will you .?問句中,回答必須是 Yes,I will. 或 No,I won't 而不能用 Yes,I shall. No, I shan't.來回答過去將來時(shí):過去將來時(shí)不可以單獨(dú)使用,它一般在 賓語從句中作間接引語, 表示從過去某一時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 如:They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):顧名思義, 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作, 但動(dòng)作造成的影響還在, 常被 just,already,ye

4、t 等副詞修飾。 如:He has already gone to Tianjin. 對現(xiàn)在造成的影響是他 已經(jīng)不在這兒了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用來表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,常帶有 for 或 since 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。如:Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示說話前發(fā)生過一次 或多次的動(dòng)作, 我們常用 " 過 " 來表示, 常帶有 twice, once, ever, never等時(shí)間狀語。 如:I've never seen that film.過去完成時(shí):我們可以用 " 過去的過去 " 來概括過去

5、完成時(shí), 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng) 作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作, 通常與 by,before 等構(gòu)成的短語或 when, before, after 引導(dǎo)的從句 連用。也可表示過去某一時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,常和 for 或 since 構(gòu) 成的時(shí)間狀語連用。用法和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)大致相同,只不過又向前推了一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。練習(xí):1. The zoo _ in the north of the city.A. liesB. buildsC. seemsD. lying2. -Tom _out.-Oh, is he? What time _ he _ out?A. is, did, goB. we

6、nt, is, goingC. has gone, did, goD. is going, does, go3. -It must be on channel 2. Try that.-I _ that. But I still can't get anything.A. have triedB. triedC. tryD. will do4. They usually _ TV in the evening.A. watchB. will watchC. are watchingD. watches5. He has _ for about twelve years.A. bough

7、t the houseB. left hereC. lived hereD. gone here6. The two old man _ each other since 1970.A. didn't seenB. don't seeC. haven't seeD. won't see7. Lucy and Lily can speak good Chinese, because they _ China for six years.A. have been inB. have been toC. have come toD. have gone to8. -O

8、ur country _ a lot so far.-Yes, I hope it will be even _.A. has changed , wellB. changed, goodC. has changed , betterD. changed, better9. -I saw Ann _ a green dress at the meeting.-I think she looks better _ red.A. dressed , inB. put on, wearC. wearing, inD. wear, put on10. -I didn't come to sch

9、ool because my mother was ill yesterday.-I am sorry _ that.A. hearingB. hearC. hearsD. to hear第 10講:時(shí)態(tài) (二 一般過去式和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):一般過去式只是表示事情發(fā)生在過去, 陳述一個(gè)事實(shí), 它可以和確定的表示過去的時(shí)間 狀語如:last night, in 1999, three days ago等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示某一完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在 造成的影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以它不能和確定的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。 如:We have seen that film. 我們已看過那部電影。 對

10、現(xiàn)在造成的影響是我們對影片已 有所了解。 We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我們看了那部電影。只說明昨天晚上看電影 這一事實(shí)。注意:有些時(shí)間狀語,如 this morning,tonight, this month 等,既可用于一般過去時(shí),又 可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但所表達(dá)的意義有所不同。 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi), 而用于 一般過去式則與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。 如:I have read this book this April.(說話時(shí)仍然為四月。 I read this book this April. (說話時(shí)四月份已過。 一般過去式和過去完成時(shí)的比較:一般過去式

11、表示過去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 而過去完成時(shí)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng) 作之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 即 " 過去的過去 " 。 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在某一動(dòng)作之前時(shí), 常用此時(shí)態(tài)。如:He had finished his homework before nine o'clock.九點(diǎn)之前他已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。 實(shí) 際上, 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)常搭配使用。 如:When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed. 當(dāng)他到家的時(shí)候,他的女兒早已去睡覺了。在帶有 after 和 before 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)

12、合句中,由于從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生 的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,所以可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 如:He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作業(yè)后不久便來拜訪我。 也可以說:He called on me soon after he finished his homework.練習(xí):1. Zhao Lan _ already _ in this school for two years.A. was.studyingB. will . studyC. has .studiedD. are studying2.

13、 They usually _ TV in the evening.A. watchB. will watchC. are watchingD. watches3. Judy _ the Great Wall twice, and now she still _ to go there.A. went to , wantedB. goes to , wantsC. has gone , wantsD. has been to, wants4. She will find him a kind man when she _ more about him.A. knowsB. knowC. wil

14、l knowD. is going to know5. -What are you going to give our teacher for Teacher's Day?-I'm not sure. Maybe I _ him some flowers.A. have givenB. will giveC. gaveD. give6. -Tom _ out.-Oh, is he? What time _ he _ out?A. is, did, goB. went, is ,goingC. has gone, did, goD. is going, does, go7. It

15、's nine o'clock now, they _ an English class.A. haveB. are havingC. havingD. will have8. -" Where is Li Lei?"-" He _ his sports shoes in the room. He _ football with his friends."A. is putting on , is playingB. puts on, will playC. is putting on , will playD. put on, play

16、ed9. Miss Smith with her parents _ China since _.A. have been in , two years agoB. has gone to, two yearsC. have been to, two yearsD. has been in, two years ago10. When I knocked at the door, my mother _.A. is cookingB. cookedC. was cookingD. cooks第 11講:動(dòng)詞語態(tài)英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài):表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者, 什么事情

17、被主語做。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成和形式被動(dòng) 語態(tài)由 " 助動(dòng)詞 be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 " 構(gòu)成,一定要記住是及物動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞必須與主語 的人稱和數(shù)一致,注意要與我們前一講學(xué)過的八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)配合使用。適合被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況:不知道動(dòng)作由誰發(fā)出, 或由于某種原因沒有必要說明誰發(fā)出動(dòng)作。 如:This table is made of wood. 需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),如:This park was built for children. 注意:主動(dòng)句中的主語如果是 people , they , somebody 等含糊的表示 " 人或人們 " ,沒有確指 執(zhí)

18、行者是誰, 為被動(dòng)句時(shí), 通常省略 "by+執(zhí)行者 " 。 如:The door was opened secretly. But nobody came in.注意:在主動(dòng)句里 , 不定式在 make , see , hear 等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)都不帶 to ,但變成被動(dòng)句時(shí),后面的不定式都需帶 to 。如:He was made to do that work.練習(xí):1. The stars _ in the daytime.A. can't seeB. can't be seenC. can't been seeD. see2. A pr

19、esent _ to me by Mother next week.A. will giveB. is givenC. will be giveD. will be given3. The Communist Party of China _ in Shanghai in 1921.A. was foundB. foundC. was foundedD. founded4. Great changes _ in my hometown since liberation.A. have been taken placeB. took placeC. have taken placeD. were

20、 taken place5. I was astonished (吃驚 to hear that the colour TV set _ 5,000 yuan.A. has costB. costC. costedD. was cost6. He was seen _ something from the shop.A. steelB. to stealC. to be stolenD. stealed7. She has _ by her classmates.A. laughedB. laughed atC. been laughedD. been laughed at8. The com

21、puter _ in the room.A. can useB. can be useC. can be usedD. can used9. That clock _ Big Ben.A. call B. calling C. is called D. calls 10. The film _ again sometimes next week. A. shows B. will shows C. will be showed D. shows 第 12 講：句子種類（一） 我們都知道，根據(jù)句子的使用目的，句子可分為陳述句，疑問句，祈使句，感嘆句。疑 問句是常考的重點(diǎn)，也是要掌握的難點(diǎn)，這里我

22、們先重點(diǎn)講一下. 疑問句中我們只講一講難掌握的反意疑問句和特殊疑問句. 反意疑問句: 在陳述句之后附上一個(gè)簡短問句， 對陳述句所敘述的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問, 這種疑問句叫做反意疑問句. 如前面陳述句部分是肯定式，后面問句部分一般用是否定式； 如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后兩部分在人稱，數(shù)及時(shí)態(tài)上通常保持一 致. 如：You are a student，aren't you?(你是學(xué)生，對嗎? 在祈使句后面用反意疑問句，要注意人稱的變化。 如：Go to the cinema，will you? 在省略的感嘆句后面，要注意主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。 如：What fine weathe

23、r，isn't it? 陳述句部分的主語如是 I，疑問部分要用 aren't I. 如: I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I? 陳述部分用 never，hardly，few，nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含義的 詞時(shí)，疑問部分用肯定含義. 如: He seldom came here,did he? 陳述句部分的謂語是 used to 時(shí)， 疑問部分用 didn't+主語或 usedn't +主語. 如: He used to go to school a

24、t seven, didn't he? / usedn't he? 陳述部分有 had better + v. 疑問句部分用 hadn't you? 如: You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 陳述部分有 You'd like to +v.疑問部分用 wouldn't+主語. 如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 主語是 everyone，someone， anyone， one 等不定代詞時(shí)， no 多用 they 指代.

25、 如： Everyone is here，aren't they?(所有的人都來了嗎? 主語是 everything，something，anthing，nothing 時(shí)，用 it 指代。省去主語的祈使句的 反意疑問句，疑問部分用 will you。如: Don't do that again, will you? 注意 Let's 開頭的祈使 句，后用 shall we? Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用 will you? 陳述部分是"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用 there 省略主語代詞。如: There is something w

26、rong with your watch, isn't there? 特殊疑問句: 注意疑問詞 how many how much , how often , how old, how long, what, what time, what day , what colour, which , when , who, whose 等疑問詞的用法。 練習(xí)： 1. Don't forget to give the baby some food ,_? A. will you? B. shall we C. won't you D. do you 2. You have met before, _? A. haven't you B. have you C. do you D. don't you 3. She has never