科研訓(xùn)練模板[1]

1、摘 要隨著改革開(kāi)放的不斷發(fā)展，中國(guó)與世界的交流的不斷加深，英語(yǔ)作為一種國(guó)際性的語(yǔ)言，在我們的日常生活中占有舉足輕重的地位。能夠用英語(yǔ)交流已經(jīng)成為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的主要目標(biāo)。而聽(tīng)力理解作為語(yǔ)言輸入的重要環(huán)節(jié)，在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。而面對(duì)中國(guó)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀，聽(tīng)力理解仍然是國(guó)內(nèi)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力理解過(guò)程中所遇到的心理障礙、背景知識(shí)了解不足以及語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的匱乏三個(gè)主要影響因素的闡述，作者分析了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者聽(tīng)力差的原因，希望能夠幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者及英語(yǔ)教師尋求到更為有效的解決方法。關(guān)鍵詞：障礙； 聽(tīng)力理解； 克服； 聽(tīng)力理解過(guò)程AbstractWith the developmen

2、t of the Reform-Opening Policy and the rapid development of the relationship with the outside world, communication in English has become a more crucial factor in social organization, and is regarded as the main target of English learners. English, as an international language, plays an ever more sig

3、nificant role in daily life. Given the importance of listening in language learning and teaching, it is essential for language teachers to help learners become effective listeners and for language learners to pay greater attention to listening comprehension. Most English listeners believe that liste

4、ning comprehension is only paying attention to what someone is saying or to sounds that they can hear. They regard the process of listening comprehension as passive, but it is actually a very active and complicated process involving many factors, such as the speakers pronunciation, the listeners voc

5、abulary and ability to comprehend meaning. I n order to improve their listening ability, English learners must not only make a diligent effort to listen to speakers words, but also make use of all their prior knowledge of English. The main obstacles to effective English listening comprehension which

6、 must be addressed to improve listening comprehension in English are in the areas of limited phonetic knowledge, quantity of mastered vocabulary, limited understanding in cultural background and some specific psychological obstacles.Keywords ：obstacles ；listening comprehension；overcome ；listening pr

7、ocessTable of ContentsOutline . . 1Introduction . 3Chapter I The Importance of Listening Comprehension . . 51.1 Definition of the Listening Comprehension . . 51.2 The Significance of Listening . 6Chapter II The Process of Listening Comprehension . 9Chapter III Obstacles and Countermeasures in the Li

8、stening Process . 113.1 The Limitation of Phonetic Knowledge . 113.1.1 The Effect of Distinguishing Sounds on Listening . 113.1.2 The Effect of Liaison on English Listening . . 123.1.3 The Effect of Intonation on English Listening . 133.1.4 The Effect of Stressed and Unstressed Words . 143.2 Quantit

9、y of Mastered Vocabulary . . 143.3 Limited Cultural Background Knowledge . 173.4 The Limitation of Psychological Factors . 193.4.1 Interest in Learning English Listening Comprehension . . 203.4.2 The Effect of Different Environments on English Listening . 21Conclusion . . 24Bibliography . . 25Acknow

10、ledgements . 28OutlineThesis Statement: The main obstacles to effective English listening comprehension which must be addressed to improve listening comprehension in English are in the areas of limited phonetic knowledge, quantity of mastered vocabulary, limited understanding in cultural background

11、and some specific psychological obstacles.I. Given the importance of listening in language learning and teaching, it is essential forlanguage teachers to help learners become effective listeners and for language learners to pay greater attention to listening comprehension.A. All English learners nee

12、d to understand the definition of listening comprehension.B. More people who are qualified in listening and speaking skills will be demanded.II. Understanding the process of listening comprehension is helpful for improvinglistening skills.III. There are four main obstacles with corresponding counter

13、measures to improve theprocess of listening comprehension.A Many English learners are limited in phonetic knowledge.1. Distinguishing sounds means to differentiate between two or more sounds which arein the neighboring position in terms of the place of articulation.2. The meanings of an identical se

14、ntence are different if a speaker utters it using a different intonation or tone.3. Stressed and unstressed words are another important factor affecting English listening.B. The understanding and ability to use a large amount of vocabulary is of crucialimportance both in reading comprehension and li

15、stening.1. Although many students have studied a large amount of vocabulary, most of them have difficulties in applying and making use of these words in speaking andlistening.2. The phenomenon of one word with several meanings is very common in Englishvocabulary.C A lack of cultural background knowl

16、edge is a big obstacle in listening comprehension.1. According to Piagets schema theory, information that does not fit into a particularschema may not be comprehended, or may not be comprehended correctly.2. The way that learners acquire knowledge under schema theory is quite similar toPiagets model

17、 of the process of development.D. Psychological factors have a direct impact on students willingness and commitment tolistening instruction.IV . Conclusion: Ones ability to comprehend a listening text or conversation is based onwhether he or she has mastered relevant knowledge and techniques for lis

18、tening and understanding such as application of relevant phonetic knowledge, mastering large amounts of vocabulary, acquiring an adequate knowledge of cultural background and an awareness of significant psychological factors.Thesis ProposalA SampleFor the required graduation paper writing, to make a

19、 tentative research into the influence of cross-cultural communication between English-speaking countries and non-English-speaking countries upon the English lexicon . French and Chinese are to be singled out for a case study in order to shed light upon some interesting facts and conclusions.in the

20、theme arises from the observation of strong similarities between English and French words, as well as an increasingly greater presence of borrowed English words in contemporary Chinese media.The fulfill the research, I have studied attentively all available books, such as A Survey of English Lexicol

21、ogy by Wang Rongpei and Lu Xiaojun, which gives me a general knowledge about the evolution of the English language and a vivid description of the influence of French upon English. Additional references such as The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language provide solid and authoritative p

22、roof to the cited words origins. But more efforts should be made to look into the influence of English upon contemporary colloquial Chinese, which asserts itself most obviously in Net Speak.The books and materials as mentioned above, as well as other literature to be read in the process of writing,

23、however, are limited in terms of lexicon, while factors of cross-cultural impact upon words are not adequately taken into account. In particular, due to the rapid change of modern English and the global spread of this lingua franca, as well as pervasive American economic and cultural strength, toget

24、her with China s emergence as a neweconomic power, more attention will be given to the influences of these developments on the three languages. developing the theme. Special efforts will be made to look into underlying cultural reasons for constant acquisition and adoption of foreign elements into t

25、he inclusive and absorbent English language, viewed from social, economic and political slant.A new perspective that distinguishes the forthcoming paper will be its focus on the influence of English upon contemporary Chinese. In this regard, a brief and succinct analysis of literal translation of En

26、glish into Chinese will be inevitably involved, but a follow-up reflection on cultural factors will be very much emphasized. A rich array of well-selected examples will be presented to lend weight to my points.BibliographyDai Liangzheng 戴良整. “淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)的聽(tīng)說(shuō)領(lǐng)先”. Journal of Suzhou EducationCollege . Jun. 2

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28、ite. lcc0130137.pdf. Date accessed: April 3, 2006.Hu Zhanglin, et al. Linguistics: A Course Book Beijing: Beijing University Press, 1998. Liang Yu 梁玉. “影響英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)因素解析”. 教書(shū)育人. August, 2005: 75-58. Li Li 李麗. “淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生對(duì)聽(tīng)力課的恐懼感”. Journal of YanBei Teachers College.April. 2001: 6-9.Lu Baojiang 盧保江. “大學(xué)英語(yǔ)

29、習(xí)得情感障礙研究與應(yīng)對(duì)策略”. Journal of GuangXiMedical University. Sept. 21 2004: 79-82.Nai Zhaoguo and Robin Wills. “An Investigation of Factors Influencing English ListeningComprehension and Possible Measures for Improvement”. The Australian Association for Research in Education website. pdf. Date accessed: Ma

30、y 3, 2006.Song Fangqing. “The Methods -Changing College English Listening Teaching”. ForeignLanguages and Their Teaching. 1999: 126.Widmayer, Sharon Alayne. “Schema Theory: An Introduction”. George Mason UniversityWebsite. SchemaTheory.htm. Date accessed: April 3, 2006.Xiao Liquan 肖禮全. “Get out of the Historical Misunderstanding in the English Educationin ChinaPhilosophica l Thinking of Foreign Language”. Foreign L