超詳細(xì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（the Non-Finite Verbs）定義在句子中不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)作用：在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。特點(diǎn)：1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞)，在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)，在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。4.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，它不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制5.英語(yǔ)中不能單獨(dú)做句子的謂語(yǔ)。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系相同點(diǎn)(1)如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓

2、語(yǔ)連用，例如:They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.(2)都可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾:The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.(3)都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)，體“式(一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式)的變化。例如:He was punished by his parents.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式）We have written the composition.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的

3、完成時(shí)）Having written the composition, we handed it in. （現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）(4)都可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)They started the work at once.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)）We are League members.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)）We being League member, the work was well done. （現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)）不定式一、形式功能：動(dòng)詞不定式：(to) +do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。否定式

4、：not + (to) do 以do為例，動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成如下：(1) 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后 例如： rm nice to meet you.很高興見(jiàn)到你。He seems to know a lot.他看起來(lái)懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit.我們計(jì)劃花錢去參觀。He wants to be an artist.他想成為一個(gè)藝術(shù)家。The patient asked to be operated on at once.病人要求馬上手術(shù)。The teacher ordered the work to be done

5、.老師要求完成工作。(2) 進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.男孩假裝工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room.看起來(lái)他正在他的房間里面讀書(shū)。(3) 完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我說(shuō)謊了。I happened to have seen the film.我偶然看過(guò)這部電影。He is pleased to have met his friend.他很

6、高興能遇上他的朋友。、不定式的句法功能:（1）作主語(yǔ)：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。To lose your heart means failure.灰心意味著失敗。動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味著失敗。常用句式有：（1

7、 ）作主語(yǔ)：1、lt+be+ 名詞 +to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+ 形容詞 +of sb +to do。 與 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite ,等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的形容詞連用，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。 與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞：possible，impossible，easy, hard，difficult，necess

8、aryIt ' s necessary for you to study har（ necessary 修飾 to study hard，表示學(xué)習(xí)努力是有必要的）It ' s foolish of him to do it （foolish 修飾邏輯主語(yǔ) him）（2 ）作表語(yǔ)：放be動(dòng)詞后，構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作是打掃大廳。He appears to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了。注意：（3）作賓語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find

9、it hard to get along with him. （ it 作形式賓語(yǔ)）下列動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need ,forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expec

10、t， choose, get 等 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to , “特殊疑問(wèn)句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語(yǔ)。如：I don 'know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can'tdecide when to go there.注意：不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，往往把不定式短語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式動(dòng)詞可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：I have

11、 no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在這里，另U無(wú)選擇。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.他上周日除了修他的自行車什么也沒(méi)干。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國(guó)的情況是很重要的。（4 ）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（to do ）He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶 to 的不定

12、式）注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer,encourage, beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema .他有很多工作要做，所以沒(méi)去電影院。

13、表見(jiàn)解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+ to be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） There +不定式We didn' t expect there to be so many people there我們沒(méi)料至U會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，像 regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our be

14、st teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。（2）在動(dòng)詞 feel （一感）,hear, listen to （二聽(tīng)）,have, let, make （三讓）,notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：吾看三室兩 廳一感覺(jué)）等后面的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中，不定式不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，必須帶 to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was seen to fall off the tree.（3）help后面作賓語(yǔ)

15、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him （to） clean the room.（5）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：1）He is looking for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）3）主謂關(guān)系： She is always the last （ person） to speak at the meeting . -1 ' m going to the post office , for I have a

16、letter to post .（邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I ）Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now （ 邏輯主語(yǔ)不是 I ）4）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.我有一個(gè)會(huì)議要出席。注意：如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則要保留不定式短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（我需要一直鋼筆寫字 ）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look after the lit

17、tle baby ）（ 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看 ）He is looking for a room to live?He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with? 你用什么打開(kāi)它？如果不定式修飾 time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.他無(wú)處安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 這是解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好辦法。He has no money and no place to live （ in ）.I thi

18、nk the best way to travel （ by ） is on foot .There is no time to think （ about ）.注意：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)、也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anything to send?你要送什么東西嗎？Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么東西需要送嗎？說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容:We have made a plan to finish the work.我們制定了一個(gè)完成工作的計(jì)劃被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)：He is the first to g

19、et here.他第一個(gè)來(lái)到這兒。（6）作狀語(yǔ)： 表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.他夜以繼日地工作來(lái)賺錢。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.她賣掉了自己的頭發(fā)來(lái)買那條表鏈。注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致：wrong : To save money, every means has been tried. right: To save money, hehas tried every means.為了省錢，他使出了渾身解數(shù)。wrong : To learn English we

20、ll, a dictionary is needed. right: To learn Englishwell, he needs a dictionary.為了學(xué)好英語(yǔ)，他需要一本詞典。作目的狀語(yǔ)：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.說(shuō)實(shí)話，我不喜歡他講話的方式。 表結(jié)果（往往是與預(yù)期愿望相反的結(jié)果意料之外）：常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他來(lái)晚了，只見(jiàn)火車已經(jīng)走了。I visited h

21、im only to find him out.我去拜訪他，只見(jiàn)他出去了。 表原因：常放在形容詞后面They were very sad to hear the news.他們聽(tīng)至U這條新聞非常傷心。 表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything.太暗了，我們什么也看不見(jiàn)。The question is simple for him to answer. 這問(wèn)題由他來(lái)回答是很簡(jiǎn)單的。三、不定式的省略： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除 ought夕卜，ought to do） would rather， had better 感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞 由 and, or 和

22、than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè) to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. help Why /Why not But和except前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be .如： 保留to省略do

23、動(dòng)詞。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.如果你不想做這件事，你就不必做。 不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。下列短語(yǔ)中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to:want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able toHe wished to study medicine and become a doctor.他希望學(xué)醫(yī)并成為

24、醫(yī)生。五、注意：1. to 作介詞:agree to, object to，close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belongto , be used to , look forward to動(dòng)名詞、定義：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。、形式：及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)一般時(shí)doingbeing donedoing完成時(shí)having donehaving been donehaving d

25、one一般式 doing （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生）being done Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。完成式 having done having been done （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生之前）We remembered having seen the film.我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。否定式：not +動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞的形式：I regret not following his advice.我后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)他的勸告。被動(dòng)式：He came to the party without being invited .他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。完成被動(dòng)式： He forgot having been

26、taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+動(dòng)名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮?。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。三、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語(yǔ)： 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting.Playing with fire is dan

27、gerous.當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 結(jié)構(gòu)：It 'no good/use doing. It's no use quarrelling.爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。（2）作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞可以和主語(yǔ)調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。（3 ）作賓語(yǔ)：They haven't finished building the dam.他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air

28、from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。只接V-ing做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit， deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreci

29、ate, be busy,be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep(frofro)p rritipct from, set about,be engaged in, spend (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可，且意義相同的動(dòng)詞：like, love

30、, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can 'bear/endure/stand接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可，但意義不同的詞：forget， go on， mean，regret，remember，stop， try 等Stop to do停下來(lái)去做stop doing停止做Forget to do忘記要做forget doing忘記做過(guò)Remember to do記得要做remember doing 記得做過(guò)Regret to do遺憾要做regret doing后悔做過(guò)Try to do企圖做，盡力做try doing試

31、著做Go on to do繼續(xù)做（另一件事）go on doing繼續(xù)做（同一件事）Mean to do打算做mean doing意味做注意：Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義，be worth也有類似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.（4）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room， a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：

32、（1 ）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾n之前，為短語(yǔ)，放在被修飾 n之后。女口： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing（2）動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語(yǔ)，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。女口： a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swim

33、mingHe can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？（5）作同位語(yǔ)： The cave, his hiding-place is secret.那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。他收聽(tīng)收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged .一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別：1） 在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義，不及物

34、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像: gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 等詞。如： a retired person 一個(gè)退休的人a fallen ball 一個(gè)落下來(lái)的球2）在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。女口： falling leaves正在下落的樹(shù)葉 fallen leaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹(shù)葉注意：分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如果先于主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his home

35、work, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意：1）分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致2）分詞前常有 when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引導(dǎo)詞3） 如果過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)之前，用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.4） 分詞做狀語(yǔ)，主

36、語(yǔ)之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that等連詞（如有，則此句子為祈使句）Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5）否定式，在分詞之前+ not6）固定搭配： be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.The money used up, I had no food to eat7）分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句不同，分詞要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱為“獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)”現(xiàn)在分詞 二、定義：既具有動(dòng)詞的一

37、些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。二、形式： 肯定式：V-ing ；否定式：not +現(xiàn)在分詞（1） 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前 發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking.他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開(kāi)始打籃球。（2 ）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。The problem

38、being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。三、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：（1） In the following years he worked even harder.在后來(lái)的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞

39、作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to theteacher可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2） 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，它們的

40、區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。（3 ）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,catch 等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate.他讓小汽車在門口等著。（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)： 作時(shí)間狀

41、語(yǔ)：（While） Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。 作原因狀語(yǔ)：Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。 作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作條件狀語(yǔ)：（If） Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：

42、He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。 作目的狀語(yǔ)：He went swimming the other day.幾天前他去游泳了。 作讓步狀語(yǔ)：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head .All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappoin

43、tedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開(kāi)了。Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。有時(shí)也可用 with （without） +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。 作獨(dú)立成分：udging from（by） his appearance, he must be an actor. 從夕卜表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。Generally speaking, girls are morecareful. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，女

44、孩子更細(xì)心。過(guò)去分詞、形式：只有V-ed 一種形式。（規(guī)則，V-ed,不規(guī)則）、句法功能1. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)： 單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)用于被修飾的名詞前，做前置定語(yǔ)frozen food、polluted river、a terrified boyVt.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表被動(dòng)及完成Vi 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示完成a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。 凡是用作定語(yǔ)修飾人或表示與個(gè)人相關(guān)的心理狀態(tài)，用過(guò)去分詞，而修飾物時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用于被修飾的名詞之