澳大利亞體育參與研究

1、澳大利亞體育參與研究 碩士學(xué)位論文 THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE 論文題目: 澳大利亞體育參與研究(英文): A Study of Sport Participationin Australia 作 者: 趙 燁指導(dǎo)教師:張勇先 2009 年 5月10 日 論文題目: (中文)澳大利亞體育參與研究(外文)A Study of Sport Participation in Australia所在院、系、所 :外國語學(xué)院專 業(yè) 名 稱 :英語語言文學(xué) 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 姓 名、職 稱 :張勇先 教授論 文 主 題 詞 :澳大利亞體育;澳大利亞體育參與; 澳大利亞社會(huì);澳大利亞文化

2、學(xué) 習(xí) 期 限 :2007 年 9 月至 2009 年 7 月 論文提交時(shí)間: 2009 年 5 月 10 日獨(dú) 創(chuàng) 性 聲 明本人鄭重聲明:所呈交的論文是我個(gè)人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。盡我所知,除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外,論文中不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫的研究成果,也不包含為獲得中國人民大學(xué)或其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位或證書所使用過的材料。與我一同工作的同志對(duì)本研究所做的任何貢獻(xiàn)已在論文中作了明確地說明并表示了謝意。簽名:趙燁 日期:2009 年 5 月 7 日關(guān)于論文使用授權(quán)的說明本人完全了解中國人民大學(xué)有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定,即:學(xué)校有權(quán)保留送交論文的復(fù)印件,允

3、許論文被查閱和借閱;學(xué)?？梢怨颊撐牡娜炕虿糠謨?nèi)容,可以采用影印、縮印或其他復(fù)制手段保存論文。簽名:趙燁 導(dǎo)師簽名:張勇先 日期:2009 年 5 月 7 日 A STUDY OF SPORT PARTICIPATION IN AUSTRALIA_A Masters Thesis Presented to The School of Foreign Languages Renmin University of China _In Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree _by Zhao Ye M

4、ay 2009摘要 2008年北京完美地為全世界獻(xiàn)上了一場奧運(yùn)的饕餮盛宴。中國在最高級(jí)別的體育賽事中取得歷史性突破使得全體國人為之驕傲自豪,但同時(shí)在競技體育上的巨大成功也喚起了學(xué)者和民眾對(duì)我國全民體育運(yùn)動(dòng)方面的思考。澳大利亞人對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的參與熱情享譽(yù)全球,國民的身體素質(zhì)和澳大利亞的社會(huì)發(fā)展,文化建設(shè)方面都因此受益頗多,因此對(duì)澳大利亞體育的發(fā)展和較高體育參與度的形成過程有一個(gè)較為深入理解和分析一方面有利于更多的了解澳大利亞社會(huì)與文化,另一方面,中國也可以從中學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn),促進(jìn)我國的全民體育的發(fā)展。 地處南半球的澳大利亞地廣人稀。其國土面積位列世界第四,是中國的3/4,但據(jù) 2008 年底的統(tǒng)計(jì)

5、,人口僅為 2100 萬。對(duì)于很多中國人來說,澳大利亞既熟悉又陌生。很多人對(duì)這個(gè)國家的印象存在于考拉、袋鼠、悉尼歌劇院、陽光、海洋和沙灘,其他方面卻了解不多,而有關(guān)體育方面,除了游泳明星和澳大利亞網(wǎng)球公開賽外,更是知之甚少。事實(shí)上,澳大利亞雖然歷史不長而且人口稀少,但在競技體育方面卻成績斐然。澳大利亞是除了發(fā)源地希臘外唯一參加了1896年至今所有現(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的國家,還曾經(jīng)承辦過墨爾本和悉尼兩屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)。而且澳大利亞在歷屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上的表現(xiàn)讓人印象深刻。2008年他們從北京贏得了14塊金牌,在奧運(yùn)歷史上共獲得過131枚金牌。在英聯(lián)邦運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和其他國際賽事上也有良好的表現(xiàn)。而這些成就的取得與澳大利亞

6、民眾對(duì)各種體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的積極參與密不可分。體育運(yùn)動(dòng)自其殖民地時(shí)期以來在澳大利亞人的日常生活中就扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。澳大利亞人不僅僅熱衷于觀看體育節(jié)目,而且更愿意親身參與到各種體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中去。 本文將從介紹澳大利亞體育的歷史入手,結(jié)合近年來其國民體育參與情況,深入地對(duì)澳大利亞的體育參與情況進(jìn)行分析。另外還將體育參與的發(fā)展與澳大利亞的歷史演變,文化承襲和社會(huì)進(jìn)步等方面相聯(lián)系,試圖從這些方面找出澳大利亞人體育參與傳統(tǒng)的形成的深層次原因。最后進(jìn)一步分析這一傳統(tǒng)對(duì)澳大利亞社會(huì)和文化等方面產(chǎn)生的影響。 從具體框架上來說,文章第一章對(duì)澳大利亞體育和體育參與情況進(jìn)行概括性的描述,引出本文的研究問題、框架和研究方法

7、,并對(duì)國內(nèi)外對(duì)此方面的研究進(jìn)行回顧和總結(jié)。 第二章是從1788年殖民者在澳洲大陸定居開始,分五個(gè)歷史階段對(duì)澳大利ii亞體育的發(fā)展歷程進(jìn)行描述。從中可以看出體育的發(fā)展變化與澳大利亞的社會(huì)變遷息息相關(guān),是對(duì)其歷史發(fā)展的客觀反映。 在梳理了澳大利亞體育和體育參與的發(fā)展歷程的基礎(chǔ)上,第三章從自然因素,歷史演變和社會(huì)變遷等方面分析澳大利亞積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)這一傳統(tǒng)的形成原因。首先,澳大利亞相對(duì)特殊的氣候和地理?xiàng)l件對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳播客觀上產(chǎn)生了積極的影響。其次,作為曾經(jīng)的英國殖民地,澳大利亞體育從形成到發(fā)展都受到英國文化和體育傳統(tǒng)的巨大影響。19世紀(jì)中期, “淘金潮”帶來的社會(huì)快速發(fā)展和城市進(jìn)程的加速也對(duì)澳大

8、利亞國家的形成和社會(huì)進(jìn)步意義非凡。而作為移民國家的澳大利亞,其體育發(fā)展的各個(gè)階段都少不了不斷涌入的來自世界各地的移民的貢獻(xiàn)。近年來,席卷全世界的全球化趨勢(shì)和體育商業(yè)化浪潮對(duì)澳大利亞體育的發(fā)展和變革有重大意義。 第四章主要講述體育參與對(duì)于社會(huì)和文化等方面所起到的作用。英國殖民地背景淡化了其國家和文化的認(rèn)同感,體育發(fā)展過程和參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)其認(rèn)同感的形成有著積極的作用。而對(duì)于多元文化的澳大利亞來說,體育運(yùn)動(dòng)與其凝聚力的增強(qiáng),社會(huì)的團(tuán)結(jié)和和諧關(guān)系密切。在歷史上的社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩時(shí)期,體育運(yùn)動(dòng)扮演了提供心理安慰和穩(wěn)定社會(huì)的作用。從體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中親身體驗(yàn)到的平等主義和兄弟情誼等精神也對(duì)澳大利亞國民性格的塑造有較大影響

9、。 綜上所述,澳大利亞體育是其文化不可或缺的組成部分。從體育參與中,可以解讀出澳大利亞國家的發(fā)展,折射出時(shí)代的變遷和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。而澳大利亞人對(duì)體育的參與熱情是植根于澳大利亞的歷史文化當(dāng)中,是澳大利亞國家和國民性格的形成,移民社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定和諧的重要推動(dòng)力。而全民性的體育參與在澳大利亞社會(huì)和歷史發(fā)揮的積極作用也對(duì)我國全民體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的進(jìn)一步的推廣有較大的借鑒意義。關(guān)鍵詞: 澳大利亞體育;澳大利亞體育參與;澳大利亞社會(huì);澳大利亞文化iiiAbstract China won 51 gold medals, more than any other country in the 2008 Beijing Ol

10、ympicsThis was the largest victory ever for ChinaHowever, the great success China achieved in competitive sports has also evoked concern regarding mass participation in sport in China Australia has long been considered as a sporting nation, Australians are passionate sports participants both in the

11、past and nowA better understanding of Australian sport and sport participation enables China to draw on experience from Australia to promote more active sport participation in ChinaAustralia locates in the south hemisphere and contains only a very small population of 21 million within a landmass equ

12、ivalent to roughly 3/4 of ChinaHowever, the outstanding performances of its elite athletes, in particular their swimmers in world sport events like Olympics in recent years have impressed the world audienceIn fact, besides Greece, Australia is the only country who has participated in every modern Ol

13、ympic Games since its birth in 1896 until 2008The popularity of active participation in sport is closely linked to their performances in the OlympicsSport has been attached great importance and considered as an integral part of daily life in AustraliaAustralian people have enthusiastic passion for p

14、articipating in sports and various physical activitiesThis study intends to help with a thorough understanding of the evolution of Australian sport and Australians passion for sport participationFurther, it relates sport participation with broader environmental, social and cultural structures and tr

15、ies to have an insight into the influential factors leading to the formation of this sporting traditionMoreover, the roles sport and sport participation play in the development of Australian society and culture are to be investigated and analyzedChapter 1 initiates the discussion with a general intr

16、oduction to Australian sportResearch questions, theoretical framework and research methods as well as the literature review of existing studies are also included in this partChapter 2 narrates the evolution of Australian sport by emphasizing the marked historical events in each of the 5 phases in th

17、e 220-year history since British first settlement in 1788Participation rates in contemporary Australia are also referred to demonstrate that active participation in sport is the tradition and lifestyle, ivwhich has been formed in the process of evolution of Australian societyChapter 3 explores the i

18、nfluential factors linking to the formation of this tradition from a perspective of natural environment, historical inheritance and social developmentModerate climate and appropriate natural landscape have a positive impact on the popularity of sport; socially, British heritage has been playing a do

19、minant role in Australian cultural landscapes, the sporting culture took shape out of British colonizationSocial changes in the period of gold rushes have accelerated the widespread of sport and substantially shaped distinctive Australian sporting cultureMoreover, influxes of immigrants have shaped

20、Australian sporting cultureGlobalization and commercialization are imposing great influence on Australian sport and sporting traditionsChapter 4 analyses the roles that sport and participation in sport play in shaping Australian culture and societyBeing actively involved in sport helps establish a s

21、ense of national and cultural identity in the former colonial society; sport is also used in such a culturally pluralist country to unify its people and ensure social cohesion and harmony; on the other hand, comfort and energy found in some sports relieve people from sufferings and anxiety; finally,

22、 sporting spirit like quality and trust contributes to the building of national charactersIn conclusion, sport including sport participation is an integral part of Australian society and culturePatterns of social changes and historical evolution can be reflected and interpretedMoreover, the positive

23、 role mass participation in sport leads in the context of Australia is also instructive for promotion of the mass participation in sport in China Key Words: Australian sport; Sport participation in Australia; Australian society; Australian culturevTable of Contents AbstractChinese ii AbstractEnglish

24、iv List of Tables. viii Chapter One Introduction.1 1.1 Australia: A Sporting Nation 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework6 1.2.1 Definitions of Sport and Sport Participation6 1.2.2 Sports Studies. 8 1.2.3 Multiculturalism. 10 1.2.4 Theoretical Support12 1.3 Literature Review 14 1.4 Research Methods17 Chapter

25、Two Evolution of a Sporting Nation.20 2.1 History of Australian Sport 23 2.1.1 Indigenous Sport 23 2.1.2 Informal Games and Social Elite Sports: 1788-1850s 24 2.1.3 Distinctive Australian Sports: 1850s-1900s. 26 2.1.4 A New Nation: 1901-Second World War28 2.1.5 Post-Second World War Era: 1940s- pres

26、ent29 2.2 Sport Participation in Contemporary Australia 31 2.3 Classifications of Sports in Australia 33 Chapter Three The Making of a Sporting Paradise.36 3.1 Physical Environment36 3.2 British Inheritance39 3.2.1 British Sports 40 3.2.2 British Sporting Culture. 40 3.3 Social Changes since 1850s42

27、 3.3.1 Gold Rushes. 42 3.3.2 Urbanization. 43 3.4 Immigration 46 3.4.1 Influxes of Immigrants 46 3.4.2 New Sports and New Participants. 48 3.5 Globalization and Commercialization49viChapter Four Sport and Australian Society51 4.1 National Identity52 4.2 Social Cohesion and Harmony. 56 4.3 Psychologi

28、cal Relief60 4.4 National Characters 65 Chapter Five Conclusion.70 Bibliography.73 Acknowledgement.78 vii List of Tables Table 1 Categories of Sport 7 Table 2 Adult Participation Rate in Sports and Physical Recreation, Type of Participation in 2005-200633 Table 3 Area, Coastline, Tropical and Temper

29、ature Zones. 38 Table 4 Proportion of the Colony and State Population in the Main Capital Cities, 1850-2001 44 Table 5 Changes in Australian Sport 1850-191445 viiiChapter One Introduction Defining a country by using a single word or term is hardly possibleNo matter whether this country has a history

30、 of thousands of years and developed a profound civilization or it came into being only several centuries agoScholars and politicians categorize countries in terms of geographical locations, political regimes and religious beliefs, etc., but all these intended definitions and descriptions substantia

31、lly focus on typical characteristics and features of a countryIn this way, Australia, a country with relatively unique geographical location, historical evolution and social formation process, is defined by many sporting scholars as a “sporting” nation1.1 Australia: A Sporting Nation“There is a very

32、 special place in the Australian psyche for sportIt is one of the pillars of the Australian way of lifeYou don't really understand what makes the Australian nation tick unless you understand the great affection Australians have1for sport”, comments former Australian Prime Minister John Howard 19

33、96 If we having a look at the performances of Australian national teams in international sporting events like Olympics, it might be easier for a non-Australian to understand the “Australian psyche for sport”Besides Greece, Australia is the only country that has been represented at every Olympics sin

34、ce the birth of the modern Games1/0>. 1Australia started to compete in the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, four years earlier than its federationMelbourne Olympic Games 1956 was the first time that Olympics came to the south hemisphere in its history and Sydney ushered the new 21st

35、century by showcasing another excessively successful Olympic festival to the globeTheir most updated performance in the Olympic stage was in Beijing: 14 gold medals, 15 silver and 17 bronze were brought back homeRanking 6th in the medal table of Beijing Olympics, it lists in the 11th place in the al

36、l time medal table of modern Olympic history with a total of 131 gold medalsFurthermore, as a country with a comparatively very small population of 21 million, Australia tops in the gold medal tally by per million populations with 0.6851 gold medalsAdditionally, in Commonwealth Games, Australia lead

37、s the tally for a long time with 643 gold medals at totality in the history of the eventFor a country with a history of only 220 years since the first European settlers arrived, undoubtedly, glorious Olympic profile and its performances in all but especially recent games build Australia a sporting p

38、owerGalaxy of talented swimmers gained international reputations and challenged the extreme of human capacity in water, and the global audience remembers Ian Thorpe who dominated the pool of Athens OlympicsHowever, as a matter of fact, Australia also has particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey,

39、 netball, rugby league and rugby union, some of these sports can rarely watched outside of the former British coloniesSporting culture is considered as a symbol and reflection of social 2development and historical evolutionIt manifests a countrys comprehensive national power and strength as well as

40、the civilization of a societyGlamorous sporting events like the Olympics represents much more than mere competition and champions, it is even more important that every nation is given an equal opportunity to have a full display of national images, characters and valuesAs a result, many governments i

41、nvest huge funds in professional sport, offering high standard trainings for both coaches and elite athletes, so as to have an even better performance in international or continental sporting events and attract more attention on their homelandsWhereas, besides elite and professional sport, an equall

42、y important or even more important way to exhibit who “they” or “we” are should be the wide sport participation by the entire populationA history of active mass participation in sports convinces more than dozens of gold medalsAustralia has been global renowned for its cult for sport and various phys

43、ical activities, even some cultural commentators describe it as the “paradise of sport”, a paradise for common Australians who are physically active and passionate about being involved in sport, either by attendance or participation in sportIn Australia, attendance rates in championships like Austra

44、lian Rules football or cricket are impressive, going to the sport venues or watching TV occupies many Australians weekends and leisure timeMore importantly, sports participation, including various physical activities and recreation gained enormous popularityBrought initially by British settlers in t

45、he early colonial era, added by all sports “imported” 3with the arrivals of immigrants from all parts of the world, diverse sports and physical activities have been played in this young country in the past two centuriesIt can be said that participating in sporting activities has become one remarkabl

46、y important tradition deeply rooted in the history and formation of this countryDespite the fact that official surveys on Participation rates in sports and physical recreation conducted by Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS throughout past decades have witnessed ups and downs, the average participa

47、tion rates are relatively highTo those who first visit Australia, it is obvious that many Australians have a great interest in sportReceiving the widespread media coverage and listening to the conversations wherever people have, one can be aware of the important role sport plays in the lives of many

48、 Australians Many sporting historians in Australia have conducted a number of studies on the history of Australian sport and peoples engagement in formal or informal sports in different periods of timeAlmost most of them agree that being involvement in sport as a participant and a spectator has alwa

49、ys be an integral part of Australian life both in the pre-colonial era and afterAs one of the most privileged sporting historians in Australia, Brian Stoddart comments “Australians have long considered themselves the greatest sporting nation in the world, possessed of abundant raw talent, a passion

50、for participation, a craving for competition and an appetite for watching a variety of games” Sport 15; another historian Richard Cashman in his 4comprehensive Australian organized sport history Paradise of Sport: The Rise of Organized Sport in Australia, argues that “Sport is their inherent right a

51、nd is their birthright, as it was one of the most prominent and authentic forms of Australian culture at the time of the birth of the nation.” 90 1.2 Research Questions and Purposes of this Study This “greatest sporting nation in the world” mentioned by Stoddart appears to consider that sport is one

52、 of the few traditions that this relatively young country has been cherishingHowever, if “sport is their inherent right” and represents the “authentic forms of Australian culture” even when the nation came into being, how this nationwide “passion for participation” in sport has been developed? What factors contribute to its formation? Whether the development of sport also has been playing a role in shaping Australian society and culture