unit 1 Computer and Computer Science

1、計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語任課教師：任課教師： 辛焦麗辛焦麗 Tel：NIT 1 Computer and Computer Science(計(jì)算機(jī)與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué))I. IntroductionII. HistoryIII. HardwareIV. ProgrammingSection A Computer OverviewV. Future Development 1. Introduction A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or

2、 program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information. 1. Introduction The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. 1. Introduction Different types and sizes of

3、 computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. 1. Introduction Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern c

4、ommunication systems. 1. Introduction They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrows weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. 1. Introduction Database services a

5、nd computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. 1. Introduction The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy. Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of the price of modern technology. 2. History The firs

6、t adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was devised in the 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. 2. History This device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers

7、 could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth.n機(jī)器中有一組輪子，每個(gè)輪子上刻著從機(jī)器中有一組輪子，每個(gè)輪子上刻著從0到到9的的10個(gè)數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)字。右邊第一個(gè)輪子上的數(shù)字表示十位數(shù)字，依此類推。在。右邊第一個(gè)輪子上的數(shù)字表示十位數(shù)字，依此類推。在兩數(shù)相加時(shí)，先在加法機(jī)的輪子上撥出一個(gè)數(shù)，再按照第兩數(shù)相加時(shí)，先在加法機(jī)的輪子上撥出一個(gè)數(shù)，再按照第二個(gè)數(shù)在相應(yīng)的輪子上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)字，最后就會(huì)得到這二個(gè)數(shù)在相應(yīng)的輪子上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)字，最后就會(huì)得到這兩上數(shù)的和。如果某一位兩上數(shù)字之和超

8、過了兩上數(shù)的和。如果某一位兩上數(shù)字之和超過了10，加法，加法機(jī)就會(huì)自動(dòng)地通過齒輪進(jìn)位。機(jī)就會(huì)自動(dòng)地通過齒輪進(jìn)位。 2. History In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply. 2. History The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard, in designing an automatic loom,

9、 used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. 分析句子成分分析句子成分 2. History During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using perforated card, similar to Jacquards boards, for processing data. 2. History Employing a system that pa

10、ssed punched cards, over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census. 2. History (1)The Analytical Engine Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of the modern digital compute

11、r.(1)分析機(jī)分析機(jī) 也是在也是在19世紀(jì)，英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家和發(fā)明家查爾斯世紀(jì)，英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家和發(fā)明家查爾斯巴比奇提出了現(xiàn)代數(shù)巴比奇提出了現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。字計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。 2. History He conceived a number of machines, such as Difference Engine, that was designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. 2. History Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematicia

12、n Augusta Ada Byron, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. Consider sb sth 2. History One of Babbages designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic

13、operations, and a printer that made a permanent record. 2. History Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date. 2. History (2)Early Computers Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by me

14、ans of rotating shafts and gears.(2)早期的計(jì)算機(jī)早期的計(jì)算機(jī) 模擬計(jì)算機(jī)是模擬計(jì)算機(jī)是19世紀(jì)末開始制造的。早期的模型是靠轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的軸和齒世紀(jì)末開始制造的。早期的模型是靠轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的軸和齒輪來進(jìn)行計(jì)算的。輪來進(jìn)行計(jì)算的。 2. History Numerical approximations of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machine. 2. History Lord Kelvin built a mechanical tide predic

15、tor that was a specialized analogue computer. 2. History During World War 1 and 2, mechanical and later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. 2. History Another system was designed to predict spring flood

16、s in the Mississippi River basin. 2. History （3） Electronic Computers During World War 2, a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus.（3）電子計(jì)算機(jī)）電子計(jì)算機(jī) 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，以倫敦北面的布萊切利公園為工作地點(diǎn)的第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，以倫敦北

17、面的布萊切利公園為工作地點(diǎn)的一組科學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家，制造了最早的全電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)之一：一組科學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家，制造了最早的全電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)之一：“巨人巨人”。 2. History By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated 1500 vacuum tubes, was operational. It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing, in the largely successful attempt to crack German radio messages enciphered in the

18、Enigma code. 2. History Independently of this, in the United States, a prototype electronic machine had been built as early as 1939, by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at lowa State College. 2. History This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed by the developme

19、nt of the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1945. 2. History ENIAC was granted a patent, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. 2. History ENIAC contained 18000 vacuu

20、m tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but originally its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered. 2. History Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-American mathematician john von Neumann. 2. Hi

21、story The instructions, like the data, were stored within a “memory”, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer. 2. History The use of the transistor in computers in the late 1950s mark

22、ed the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile logical elements than were possible with vacuum-tube machines. 2. History Because transistors use much less power and have a much longer life, this development alone was responsible for the improved machines called second-generation computers. was

23、 responsible for:成為成為.的起因的起因 2. History Components became smaller, as did inter-component spacings, and the system became much less expensive to build. 2. History （4） Integrated Circuits Late in the 1960s the integrated circuit, or IC, was introduced, making it possible for many transistors to be fa

24、bricated on one silicon substrate, with interconnecting wires plated in place. 2. History The IC resulted in a further reduction in price, size, and failure rate. 2. History The microprocessor became a reality in the mid-1970s with introduction of the large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit and later,

25、the very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit (microchip), with many thousands of interconnected transistors etched into a single silicon substrate. 2. History To return, then, to the switching capabilities of a modern computer: computers in the 1970s, were generally able to handle eight switches a

26、t a time. 2. History That is, they could deal with eight binary digits, or bits, of data, at every cycle. A group of eight bits is called a byte, each byte containing 256 possible patterns of ONs and OFFs (or 1s and 0s). 2. History Each pattern is the equivalent of an instruction, a part of an instr

27、uction, or a particular type of datum, such as a number or a character or a graphics symbol. 2. History The pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary datain this case, the decimal number 210or it might be an instruction telling the computer to compare data stored in its switches to data stored

28、in a certain memorychip location. 2. History The development of processors that can handle 16,32, and 64 bits of data at a time has increased the speed of computers. 2. History The complete collection of recognizable patternsthe total list of operations of which a computer is capable is called its i

29、nstruction set. a computer is capable of recognizable patterns 2. History Both factorsthe number of bits that can be handled at one time, and the size of instruction setscontinue to increase with the ongoing development of modern digital computers. 3. Hardware Modern digital computers are all concep

30、tually similar, regardless of size. 3. Hardware Nevertheless, they can be divided into several categories on the basis of cost and performance: the personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine, usually of desktop size (though “l(fā)aptops” are small enough to fit in a briefcase, and

31、 “palmtops” can fit into a pocket); 3. Hardware the workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially useful for office work; the minicomputer, generally too expensive for personal use, with capabilities suited to a business,school, or labora

32、tory; 3. Hardware and the mainframe computer, a large, expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments, or the like (the largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers).大規(guī)模商業(yè)企業(yè)大規(guī)模商業(yè)企業(yè) 3. Hard

33、ware A digital computer is not a single machine: rather, it is a system composed of five distinct elements:(1) a central processing unit; (2) input devices;(3) memory storage devices;(4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and co

34、nnects the system to the external world. 4. Programming A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data. 4. Programming Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software. 4. Pro

35、gramming In some specialized, or “dedicated” computers, the operating instructions are embedded in their circuitry; common examples are the microcomputers found in calculators, wristwatches, car engines, and microwave ovens. circuit：電路；：電路；circuitry：電路系統(tǒng)。：電路系統(tǒng)。 類似于類似于machine和和machinery，jewel和和jewelr

36、y，scene和和scenery，等等，這些可數(shù)名詞后面，等等，這些可數(shù)名詞后面加上加上y或者或者ry，就擴(kuò)大為一類，是不可數(shù)名詞，就擴(kuò)大為一類，是不可數(shù)名詞 4. Programming A general-purpose computer, on the other hand, although it contains some built-in programs (in ROM) or instructions (in the processor chip), depends on external programs to perform useful tasks. 4. Program

37、ming Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do. 4. Programming Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programsinstructions to the computer on how to perform various tasks. 5.

38、Future Developments One continuing trend in computer development is microminiaturization, the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space. 5. Future Developments Researchers are also trying to speed up circuitry functions through the use of superconductivity, the phe

39、nomenon of decreased electrical resistance observed in certain materials at very low temperatures. 5. Future Developments The “fifth-generation” computer effort to develop computers that can solve complex problems in ways that might eventually merit the description “creative” is another trend in com

40、puter development, the ideal goal being true artificial intelligence. 5. Future Developments One path actively being explored is parallel-processing computing, which uses many chips to perform several different tasks at the same time. 5. Future Developments One important parallel-processing approach

41、 is the neural network, which mimics the architecture of the nervous system. 5. Future Developments Another ongoing trend is the increase in computer networking, which now employs the worldwide data communications system of satellite and cable links to connect computers globally. 5. Future Developme

42、nts There is also a great deal of research into the possibility of “optical” computershardware that processes not pulses of electricity but much faster pulses of light.課后題課后題I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. wo

43、rkstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturizaiton; chip課后題課后題II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence2. paper-tape reader3. optical computer4. neural network5. inst

44、ruction set 6. parallel processing7. difference engine 8. versatile logical element9. silicon substrate10. vacuum tube課后題課后題II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能人工智能2. paper-tape reader 紙帶閱讀器紙帶閱讀器3. optical computer 光計(jì)算機(jī)

45、光計(jì)算機(jī)4. neural network 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)5. instruction set 指令集指令集6. parallel processing 并行處理并行處理7. difference engine 差分機(jī)差分機(jī)8. versatile logical element 通用邏輯元件通用邏輯元件9. silicon substrate 硅襯底硅襯底10. vacuum tube 真空管真空管課后題課后題II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:11. 數(shù)

46、據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大規(guī)模集成電路超大規(guī)模集成電路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央處理器中央處理器central processing unit 14. 個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī) personal computer15. 模擬計(jì)算機(jī)模擬計(jì)算機(jī) analogue computer16. 數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī) digital computer17. 通用計(jì)算機(jī)通用計(jì)算機(jī) general-purpose computer18. 處理器芯片處理器芯片 processor

47、 chip19. 操作指令操作指令 operating instructions20. 輸入設(shè)備輸入設(shè)備 input device課后題課后題III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes, min