廣東外語外貿大學高級翻譯學院高級英漢漢英口譯課件4

1、Session 4主題與主語主題與主語Chinese vs. Englishn只要用功讀書，就能提高成績。（隱含主語）nIf one studies hard enough, one will n國慶節(jié)七天我們第一天全家人北京路購物。（多主語）nOn the first day of the seven-day National Day holiday, our whole family n游泳非常消耗體力。（主語非名詞）nSwimming is quite exhausting.nIt is quite exhausting to swim.n刮風了，下雨了。（零位主語）nIt is win

2、dy and rainy.Chinese vs. EnglishnChinese: Topic-prominent language （話題占突顯地位的語言）nEnglish: Subject-prominent language（主語占突顯地位的語言）n- C. N. Li & S. A. Thompson in 1970sEnglish: Theme-Rheme主位:述位 (Mathesius)n Theme is the primary element of a sentence; it is the subject being talked about and is known

3、.n Rheme is the core element of a sentence; it is something the speaker wants to say about the theme, or something related to the theme. nModern English sentencesn83% - 97% SVO (Jesperson)nTheme = Psychological SubjectnTheme SubjectFeatures of the Subject in Englishn1. There must always be a subject

4、;n2. The subject is the theme of the sentence that the verb structure describes;n3. The subject has grammatical control;n4. The subject must be a noun or a noun structure.Chinese: Topic-Comment話題:評說(Sapir)n Topic is the theme of a sentence.n Comment is narration about the theme.Features of the Subje

5、ct in Chinesen1. The subject is not essential;n2. The subject has no grammatical control over the whole sentence;n3. There can be more than one subject;n4. The subject can be a noun, verb, adjective or any such structures.Difficulties with Chinese Subjects (SVO?):n1）賓踞句首n2）主謂謂語句n3）賓踞動前n4）主狀不分n可以沒有主語

6、，也可以有多個主語，除名詞以外，可以由動詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，主謂結構擔當主語。Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominentn A subject-prominent language (eg. English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate struct

7、ure.n A topic-prominent language (eg. Chinese) is one in which the information units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentence. Examples Analysisn1）主語的增補（漢語無主語）n出太陽了！nThe sun is rising!n冷死我啦！nI am dead cold.n累得我走不動了。nIt exhausted me so much that I couldnt walk.nI was too tired to w

8、alk.n知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。nYou can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.Examples Analysisn2）主語的選擇（漢語有多個主語）n近二十年的時間已經(jīng)充分證明，我們進行改革開放的方向方向是正確的，信念信念是堅定的，步驟步驟是穩(wěn)妥的，方式方式是漸進的，取得的成就取得的成就是巨大的。nThe practice in the past 20 years has eloquently proved that the direction of our ref

9、orm and opening-up is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady, our approach is gradual and our achievements are huge. nThe practice in the past 20 years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying

10、 out the reform and opening-up and have achieved tremendous success.Examples Analysisn主語的轉換（漢語有名詞以外成分充當主語）n采用采用新工藝大大降低了產(chǎn)品的成本。nThe adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production. n能吃能睡能吃能睡不一定就健康。nGreat eaters and sleepers are not always healthy.n今天討論范圍今天討論范圍涉及時事政治的問題。nTodays discu

11、ssion covers issues of current political affairs.n工作時候工作時候心不在焉，經(jīng)常會帶來不必要的損失。nAbsent-mindedness in our work will often lead to unwanted losses.Examples Analysisn各民族之間各民族之間建立了平等、團結、互助的新型關系。 nWe have established a new type of relationship characterized by equality, solidarity and mutual assistance betwe

12、en different ethnic groups.nA new type of relationship of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different ethnic groups has been established. Examples Analysisn中國歷史上中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學家和文學藝術家。 nChina produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen,

13、 strategists, scientists, writers and artists. nMany outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists were produced/emerged in Chinas history. nThe Chinese history has witnessed the emergence of many eminent philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, s

14、cientists, writers and artists.Examples Analysisn但是中美之間的關系也不能幻想從此就會一帆風順。n（我們我們不能幻想中美之間的關系從此就會一帆風順。）nBut we cannot have the illusion that Sino-US relations will be free from troubles from now on.Examples Analysisn如果僅以此作為一個標準，來說中國就是一個發(fā)達國家，我覺得這種說法是不公平的。nBut if you consider this the only standard and sa

15、y China is a developed country, I think this is unfair.nBut I think it is unfair to use this as the single standard to conclude that China is a developed country.Examples Analysisn從中國來看的話，不能只看中國的大城市、沿海和沿江，像珠江三角洲、長江三角洲，這些個地方這些個地方老百姓的生活是比較好的。nWhen looking at China, one/we should not limit oneself/ours

16、elves to its large cites, coastal areas and river basins, such as the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, where the people enjoy a higher living standard.Examples Analysisn中美兩國貿易中中美兩國貿易中時常出現(xiàn)摩擦和糾紛，此起彼伏、接連不斷，在摩擦中前進。nFrictions and disputes frequently come forth in Sino-US trade, but progress

17、 is made in frictions. nThere are frequent frictions and disputes in Sino-US trade, but progress is made in frictions. Examples Analysisn要和平、不要對抗；要合作，不要強權；要發(fā)展，不要貧困；是當今世界發(fā)展的主流，是世人的共同呼聲。nWe want peace instead of confrontation. We want cooperation instead of power politics. We want development instead

18、of poverty. This is the main trend of the time and the common aspiration of the world people.nWe the people of the world want peace, not confrontation; cooperation, not power politics; development, not poverty. This represents the main trend of the times and our common aspiration. nPeace rather than

19、 confrontation, cooperation rather than power politics, development rather than poverty constitute the mainstream of the world development and represent the common aspiration of the world people.Examples Analysisn過去，只講在社會主義條件下發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，沒有講可持續(xù)地發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，不完全。nIn the past, we only stressed the development of o

20、ur productivity under socialism,without even mentioning the need to achieve sustainable development. That was not complete.Examples Analysisn隨著全球化發(fā)展，香港和珠江三角洲的關系將會更加密切，要深入認識珠三角，非要親身實地考察不可。nWith increasing globalization, Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta will be even closer. It was necessary to visi

21、t the Pearl River Delta in order to gain firsthand understanding of the region.nWith increasing globalization, Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta will be even closer. To gain firsthand understanding of the region, one needs to pay a personal visit to the Pearl River Delta.Examples Analysisn不改革舊的不合理

22、的經(jīng)濟秩序，發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展努力就難以奏效，也就不可能從根本上解決發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展問題。nWithout reforming the old and unreasonable economic order, the development effort of the developing countries can hardly be effective and their development problems are not likely to be settled from its very root. nFailure to reform the old and unreasonab

23、le economic order will put the development effort of the developing countries in vain, and will prevent these countries from solving their development problems from its very root.Examples Analysisn中美兩國繼續(xù)給予對方最惠國地位中美兩國繼續(xù)給予對方最惠國地位符合兩國的利益，有助于雙方經(jīng)濟貿易合作的發(fā)展以及雙邊關系的改善。nThe further granting of MFN status by Ch

24、ina and the US to each other is in the interest of both sides and is conducive to the development of their economic and trade cooperation as well as the improvement of bilateral relations. Examples Analysisn如果雙方要對抗，我們我們可以找很多麻煩，制造很多人為障礙。nShould the two sides go in for confrontation, we will be able t

25、o find out a lot of trouble and create many man-made obstacles.nShould one want confrontation, one can always create trouble and set up obstacles.Examples AnalysisnWhen failing to reach agreements right away, those involved should exercise patience to prevent further intensification of the disputes, and at the same time create conditions and favourable atmosphere for an eventual peaceful solution. n如果一時達不成協(xié)議，應采取耐心的態(tài)度，防止矛盾激化，努力為最終和平解決創(chuàng)造條件和氣氛。Examples AnalysisnIt is not rare to see interference in other countries internal affairs under all s