實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納

1、Grammar一、數(shù)詞1. ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score 等表示精確數(shù)字時(shí)只用單數(shù)形式, 但在表示不確切數(shù)字時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. six hundred students 六百名學(xué)生 hundreds of students 成百上千的學(xué)生 two dozen bottles of beer 24瓶啤酒 dozens of times 幾十次2. 倍數(shù)比較的表示法1) X times + as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as, “ A是B 的X倍”e.g. Room A is twice as wide as Ro

2、om B. A的寬度B房間是兩倍。2) X times + 形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí) （ longer, greater, faster）+ than這個(gè)句型表示的數(shù)為凈增加數(shù)。 e.g. A is three times longer than B. A 比B長(zhǎng)三倍。（A是B的四倍。）3) 動(dòng)詞 + to + X times （增加到）4) 動(dòng)詞 +by + X times（增加了）二、 不定代詞one, it 和that 的代詞用法差異:one 只能代替可數(shù)名詞，等于a + 名詞，為泛指；that 代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，等于 the + 名詞，所指的名詞與前面提到的為同一類，但非同一物；it

3、等于 the ( this, that, my) + 名詞，所指的名詞就是前面提到的同一物。e.g. The climate of my hometown is not so warm as that of Taiwan. A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one of mud. The pen is very beautiful; I like it very much.三、形容詞1. 形容詞在某些動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)：1) 表示 “變成，成為” 的動(dòng)詞要求用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。例如：turn, get, grow, go (變成); run ( 很快變成

4、); come (果然變成)。e.g. Her dream has come true. ( 不可用truly。)2) 感覺，感官動(dòng)詞要求用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。例如：see, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等。e.g. It sounds nice. The news proved correct.1. as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as 和 not + so / as + 原級(jí) + as前者的意思為 “和一樣”，表示肯定意義，為等量比較；后者意思是 “不及” 表示否定意義，為不等量比較。兩個(gè)as 之間通常為表示數(shù)量、程度、性質(zhì)的詞，如：many,

5、 much, little, few, good, tall 等。e.g. The tree is as tall as the building. Your coffee is not so good as mine.2. be afraid to和 be afraid of 的差別：be afraid to表示不敢做某事； be afraid of 表示害怕某事本身e.g. He is afraid to swim in that river after that accident. 那次事故以后，他不敢到那條河里游泳。 She was afraid of being found out.

6、 她害怕被人發(fā)覺。e.g. She was afraid to wake her husband up. 她不敢叫醒她丈夫。（怕她丈夫生氣或打她。） She was afraid of waking her husband up. 她害怕叫醒她丈夫。（疼愛她丈夫，想讓他多睡一會(huì)。）3. compared to (with), 主句里的形容詞或副詞要用原級(jí)。意思為“同相比”。例如：This fish is big compared with the one you caught just now.He is rich compared with most villagers.4. 表示最高級(jí)意義

7、的幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu):1) She is as bright as any in the school.2) He is as happy as happy can be.3) Nothing is more precious than health.4) No one is so deaf as those who wont listen.5) She is more careful than any other / any one else.6) I have never read a more interesting novel.四助動(dòng)詞1. used to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示一種過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，過(guò)

8、去的例行活動(dòng)或方式，一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的過(guò)去狀況，意思為“過(guò)去常?！?，否定式為used not to ( usednt to ),疑問(wèn)式把 used 放在主語(yǔ)前，也可用did 引起。be ( become, get, grow, accustomed, ) used to + 動(dòng)名詞或名詞（不能加動(dòng)詞原形）意思為“習(xí)慣于，對(duì)習(xí)慣”。例如：She didnt use to come. / She usednt to come. 她過(guò)去不常來(lái)。Didnt he use to get up early? / Usednt he to get up early?他過(guò)去不是早起嗎？2. had bett

9、er (best); would rather這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)后跟動(dòng)詞原形；would rather (sooner) + 動(dòng)詞原形 + than +動(dòng)詞原形。 had better 表示 “最好”, 否定式為 had better not, 疑問(wèn)句把 had放在主語(yǔ)前，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，通用于所有人稱。had不是過(guò)去式，例如： Had he better leave at once? You had better not go by air. Would rather 的意思為“寧愿，寧可”，后接動(dòng)詞原形，否定式為“would rather not”, 疑問(wèn)句把would 放在主語(yǔ)前

10、。Would rather (sooner)than意思為“寧愿而不”，than后接原形不帶to。Would rather接從句時(shí)要用虛擬式。例如： He would rather die than tell the secret. 他寧死也不泄露秘密。 Wouldnt you rather work here? 你不愿意在這里干活嗎？3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成式（may, must, should+ have + 過(guò)去分詞）1) may / might + have done 此結(jié)構(gòu)用于推測(cè)過(guò)去的行為，表示“可能已經(jīng)”，例如： He may have said so. 他可能這樣說(shuō)過(guò)。It m

11、ight have been last October. 那可能是去年十月的事。2) can / could + have done, 此結(jié)構(gòu)用于推測(cè)過(guò)去的行為，表示“可能”，或表示過(guò)去能做而沒(méi)有做的事。有一種對(duì)過(guò)去未付諸實(shí)施的事情的惋惜Where can (could) she have gone? 她可能到那里去了呢？In those circumstances we could have done better. 在那樣的情況下，我們本來(lái)可以做的更好的。（但沒(méi)有做得更好）Cf. cant 和couldnt + 動(dòng)詞原形可以用來(lái)表示否定推斷.例如: He cant be over fift

12、y. 他不可能超過(guò)50歲.3) must + have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè),具有較大得可能性。譯為“一定，想必”，例如：She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃過(guò)很多苦。Cf. must + 動(dòng)詞原形可以表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的猜測(cè)。must be + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示對(duì)未來(lái)或正在進(jìn)行的推測(cè)。例如：She looks happy; she must be having a good time. (現(xiàn)在正在)It must be raining tomorrow according to the radio. (未來(lái))4) neednt + have done 表示

13、一種已經(jīng)做過(guò)的但并無(wú)必要的行為，例如：You neednt have watered the flowers because it is going to rain. 你本來(lái)不必澆花，因?yàn)樘煲掠炅?。（但卻澆了）cf. didnt need to do 表示沒(méi)有必要做某事，實(shí)際上也沒(méi)有做。例如：I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it. 我不必擦窗。我妹妹擦了。5) should have done 此結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定式表示應(yīng)該做的事情而沒(méi)有做，否定式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生但卻發(fā)生了。例如： You should have given he

14、r more help. 你應(yīng)該多給他一些幫助的。 （但沒(méi)有給） She shouldnt have left the hospital so soon, for she has not yet recovered. 她本不該那么早就離開醫(yī)院的。因?yàn)樗€沒(méi)有康復(fù)。（但離開了）五 動(dòng)詞1 get的用法1) get+ 形容詞表示某種狀態(tài)的變化,意思同become 相似。例如: When you get old, your memory gets worse.2) get + 過(guò)去分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)與 be + 過(guò)去分詞相似，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。His leg got broken in the car ac

15、cident.3) get + 賓語(yǔ) + adj. （分詞，不定式）這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“使變得，使移動(dòng)，使做. ，使.被做（用過(guò)去分詞）”。例如：I cant get my feet warm. 我沒(méi)法使腳暖和起來(lái)。Can you get the car going? 你能把車開動(dòng)起來(lái)嗎？I got my watch repaired yesterday. 我昨天讓人把表修了。 2.have 的用法： have + 賓語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形 have + 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞 have + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞1) 表示“使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被他人做”。例如：He had everybody fil

16、l out a form. 他讓所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal. 在吃飯過(guò)程中，她使我們始終笑個(gè)不停。 If you dont get out of my house, I will have you arrested. 如果你不離開我的房子，我就讓讓人把你抓起來(lái)。2) 經(jīng)歷某個(gè)時(shí)間或行動(dòng)，遭遇。句子的主語(yǔ)不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如： He had his left hand cut off when operating the machine.他在操作這部機(jī)器時(shí),左手被切掉了。3) 拒絕接受，不允許。（wont have）,相當(dāng)

17、于 dont allow / permit sb. to do sth., 或forbid sb. to do sth. 例如： I wont have you do (doing) that again. 我決不會(huì)讓你做那件事。3. 后面接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞：wonder (at); object (to); insist (on); imagine; deny; consider; appreciate; admit; suggest六、時(shí)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在由when, if, after, before, although / though, as soon as, whether, bec

18、ause, even if, in case, till / until, unless, so long as, where / wherever, whatever 等引導(dǎo)的表示時(shí)間、條件、比較等狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例如： I will tell her when she comes tomorrow. You will sonly succeed if you try your best. I shall have a good time whether I win or lose. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-hea

19、ded.2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要用來(lái)表示a) 從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)完成而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和already, before, in the past few months, just, so far, this year, today, up to now, yet等狀語(yǔ)連用b) 從過(guò)去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和be, live, stay, study, teach, want, work等延續(xù)動(dòng)詞及for , since或these days等引出的狀語(yǔ)連用。 瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的否定式可以和for或since引出的狀語(yǔ)連用。He has not come to wor

20、k for a week.I havent heard from him since last year.c)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。 I will let you know after I have talked with him. The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.2) 比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去時(shí)a) 意義上的區(qū)別： 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在(now)的結(jié)果;過(guò)去時(shí)著眼過(guò)去(then)的動(dòng)或狀態(tài)本身。比較: I have seen the film. I s

21、aw a film yesterday. She has taught English for ten years. She taught English for ten years. b)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)只用于過(guò)去時(shí),不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 例如: He died ten days ago.He has been dead for ten days.since引出的狀語(yǔ)通常不與過(guò)去時(shí)而與完成時(shí)連用; 而since引出的狀語(yǔ)從句本身通常用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如: She hasnt eaten anything since yesterday. We have known each oth

22、er since we were boys.有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)可用同一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但時(shí)間含義不同。例如: I have read ninety pages this morning.(說(shuō)話時(shí)間在上午)I read ninety pages this morning.(說(shuō)話時(shí)間在下午或晚上)c)特殊用法在“It is the first time”后用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:It is the first time Ive worked on the farm.It is the first time they have traveled by air.在“It is/has been a long time

23、 since”后用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:It is/has been a long time since we parted. It is/has been ten years since he left his hometown 在“It/ This is+最高級(jí)形容詞+名詞”后的從句中,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:It/ This is the best film I have ever seen this year.He is the most interesting person I have ever met.2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要表示：a） 過(guò)去某時(shí)刻前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和after

24、, before, by, up till等引入的詞連用。例如： Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed. b) 特殊用法:) 和before連用, 表示“還沒(méi)就”。 例如: They set out before I had told them the address.) 在“ It was the first time”后面。例如： It was the first time he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.）在“no sooner than ”和 “hardlywhen”的結(jié)構(gòu)中。例

25、如：I had no sooner returned than he called.We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.2）比較過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一時(shí)刻，或某一動(dòng)作前發(fā)生的事情，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，它著眼于顯示過(guò)去發(fā)生的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后。過(guò)去時(shí)只敘述發(fā)生于過(guò)去某時(shí)刻或某時(shí)刻后的動(dòng)作，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間順序。例如： When she got home, her husband had already prepared the dinner.When she got home, she saw a telegram on her desk

26、.She had learned how to drive before she came to work in the factory.She learned to drive 5 years ago.七、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的詞1) 某些感官動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet. The cloth feels very soft.2）某些及物動(dòng)詞后加副詞（有些可不加動(dòng)詞）也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。如： wash, write, sell,

27、 read, cut, lock, play, clean等。This type of recorder sells well.This kind of shirt washes very well.The novel reads well.The meat cuts easily.This kind of shirt cleans easily.3) want, deserve, need. require, stand, take, worth等詞的后面可以用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞與句中的主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。若動(dòng)名詞是不及物的，后面還應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，例如： The book

28、is worth reading. This point deserves mentioning. The coat requires mending. The children need looking after. The table wants cleaning.4) 某些作表語(yǔ)的形容詞后，用不定式主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：The fish is not fit to eat.He is hard to please.The passage is difficult to read.九、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 （包括三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：1） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞的一般特點(diǎn)

29、（如可有賓語(yǔ)、有時(shí)態(tài)、有語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化、可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾等），但在句中不能充當(dāng)主要謂語(yǔ)。2） 沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。3） 在句中可充當(dāng)各種語(yǔ)法成分。1. 動(dòng)詞不定式1) 在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, rather than, would sooner, would soonerthan, cannot help but, do nothing but, might as well. 等結(jié)構(gòu)后用省to不定式。 They would rather (would sooner, had rather, had sooner) d

30、ie than surrender. 他們寧死也不投降。She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一個(gè)勁地問(wèn)一些傻問(wèn)題。I cant help but be sorry.但是，如果but 或者except等前的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是do或help，to不能省略。例如：She had no choice but to fight to the end. 她別無(wú)選擇，只有斗爭(zhēng)到底。She never came except to quarrel.2) 不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用“it”作形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放在謂語(yǔ)的后面。例如：To train a horse

31、to jump is difficult. 可改寫成： It is difficult to train a horse to jump. 3) 在let, make, have, see, hear, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to 等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式均省去to。如： We were made to work on Sundays.二、 動(dòng)名詞1、動(dòng)名詞具有名詞性質(zhì)，故在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，和介詞賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意：1） 在 (good) 等結(jié)構(gòu)中常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。句首的it作主語(yǔ)。如： It is no use doing it

32、again.2） 在 There is no + 動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。例如：There is no joking about this matter.3) 有些動(dòng)詞后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式和跟動(dòng)名詞所表示的意義完全不同，有時(shí)甚至相反，比較：He stopped talking. 他停止講話.He stopped to talk. 他停下來(lái)開始講話.Please remember to post the letters. 請(qǐng)別忘了寄著幾封信I remember posting your letters. 我記得寄出了你的信.I regret not having told her earlier

33、. 沒(méi)能更早的告訴她,我很后悔.I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 我很遺憾的說(shuō),我明天必須走了.He will try to finish the work as early as possible. 他將設(shè)法盡早完成這項(xiàng)工作.He will try making a model ship. 他將試做一個(gè)模型船.They want to repair the house. 他們要把房子維修一下.The house wants repairing. 這房子需要維修了.3. 分詞 分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞的形式是動(dòng)詞原形 + ing；規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

34、的過(guò)去分詞在動(dòng)詞原形后 +ed。 比較現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別：1） 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別主要在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間概念上。在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞（除被動(dòng)式外）表主動(dòng)意思，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)意思。在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞則表示動(dòng)作的完成。比較：What he said is very touching. 他說(shuō)的話非常感人。（主動(dòng)）I was touched by the sight. 我被這景象深深地打動(dòng)了。（被動(dòng)）the falling leaves 紛紛飄落的樹葉the fallen leaves 落了的樹葉boiling water 正在沸騰的水boiled water 煮沸了的水

35、十, 虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用條件從句結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在 事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或werewould / should / could+ 動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had donewould / should / could have done與將來(lái)時(shí)間相反一般過(guò)去式或were to do或should dowould / should / could + 動(dòng)詞原形 I would not feel cold if I were in doors. 我要是在室內(nèi)就不會(huì)覺得了冷了。 If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conferenc

36、e wouldnt have been so successful. 如果我們不做充分的準(zhǔn)備，會(huì)議是不會(huì)開得如此成功的。 If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. 如果她嫁給杰克，她會(huì)幸福的。 If she should know it, she would tell me. 如果她知道那件事，她會(huì)告訴我的。2. 動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用were或動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式；與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用had + 過(guò)去分詞或would, could have+ 過(guò)去分詞；表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用would, shoul

37、d could might + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：I wish she were here.I wish you would go with us tomorrow.I wish she had taken my advice.3. if only 和would that 后面用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。常翻譯為“要是就好了” If only she had known where to find you. 她要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。Would that I were young again. would that實(shí)際上是I

38、(we) would 的簡(jiǎn)化。I would 相當(dāng)于I wish。 I would I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在suggest, order, demand 等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中。這類動(dòng)詞有：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, recommend, advise, intend。這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：He determined that she go at once.They

39、intended that the news be suppressed.She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.注：當(dāng)suggest作“暗示，表明”解時(shí)，insist 不表示“堅(jiān)決要求”而作“堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為”解時(shí)，其后的從句要用陳述語(yǔ)氣，不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如： He insisted that he was not involved in the case. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己和那個(gè)案子沒(méi)有牽連。 When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on

40、good terms with the director. 5. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在advice, demand, order等名詞后的主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，常用的這類名詞有：advice, demand, order, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, recommendation, idea, request, desire, motion,等。這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：Their desire was that a treaty be signed.His issued

41、that the troops withdraw at once.The demand is that manuscripts be written on one side only.按照要求手稿單面眷寫。6. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在 important, necessary, 等后的從句中。 這類形容詞有：important, necessary, essential, urgent, vital, appropriate, insistent, advisable, 例如： It is necessary that some immediate effort be made. It is essen

42、tial that the program be loaded into computer. 把程序輸進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)非常必要。7. It is (high / about) time 句型要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況。表示早該干某事但已經(jīng)晚了。例如： It is high time that we were off. 是我們?cè)撟叩臅r(shí)候了。 It is time that we went to bed. 我們?cè)摼蛯嬃恕?It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.8. for fear that, in or

43、der that, so that, 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should, could, might,+ 動(dòng)詞原形。例如： I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you. 我不會(huì)作聲以免打擾你。 I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.9. would rather,

44、would sooner, had better, would as soon, just as soon 后的句子用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。1) 接動(dòng)詞原形，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間，表示一種主觀愿望或選擇，例如： I would rather do it today. He would rather die than surrender. He would rather not go dancing tonight.4) 接不定式完成式，表示過(guò)去的某種選擇不恰當(dāng)。例如：I would rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.I would

45、rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.5) 接從句，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示一個(gè)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的愿望。例如：I would rather you paid the money yourself. (現(xiàn)在)I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. (將來(lái))I would rather she hadnt done that. (過(guò)去)十一、從句1定語(yǔ)從句 (使用要點(diǎn))1）如果關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面，不能用who, that，只能

46、用which, whom。This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks. 這就是幾周來(lái)他們反復(fù)討論的那個(gè)問(wèn)題。 The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange. 同他一起工作的人都覺得他有點(diǎn)怪。2） 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that, 不用which

47、。 Please just tell me anything that you know about the author of the book. 凡是你知道的關(guān)于本書作者的情況請(qǐng)都告訴我。That is all (that) I could do at that time. 這就是我當(dāng)時(shí)所能做的。3）It is + 名詞 + 定語(yǔ)從句 + 定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，后一定語(yǔ)從句要用that。 It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.只有閱歷豐富的人才能當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 It is always the mou

48、th which talks too much that arouses troubles. 言多必失。 It is a man who is honest that can do the work. 只有誠(chéng)實(shí)的人才能做這項(xiàng)工作。4）如果先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞只用that。 He is the only person that was present at that time.他是當(dāng)時(shí)唯一在場(chǎng)的人。 This is the best TV set that is made i

49、n China.這是中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的最好的電視機(jī)。5）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用that，作賓語(yǔ)用的代詞也不能省略。 The Heavenly Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tienshan Mountain. 天池是世界名勝之一，位于天山之上。 There were thirty students in the class, the majority of whom are from the city. 這個(gè)班上有30個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來(lái)自城市。2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1). when, whenever, as, w

50、hilewhen表示某個(gè)具體的時(shí)間，所引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作或是與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是先于主句動(dòng)作。When 可指一段時(shí)間，也可指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間。即可表示一時(shí)性的動(dòng)作也可表示持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。Whenever 指的是任何一個(gè)不具體的時(shí)間。As所表示的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。While只能表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，不能表示一時(shí)性或短暫的動(dòng)作。 As和while可翻譯為“一邊一邊”，“正當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”。例如：He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on. 正當(dāng)開會(huì)的時(shí)候，他走進(jìn)了房間。 （指一段時(shí)間）Wh

51、ile (as) Jim was reading, Jack was writing. 吉姆閱讀的時(shí)候，杰克在寫東西。 （指一段時(shí)間）As (when) he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause. 他講話結(jié)束的時(shí)候，聽眾掌聲雷動(dòng)。 （指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，不能用while）2). no soonerthan; hardly (scarcely)when 這幾個(gè)連詞詞組都是表示主句和從句動(dòng)作隨即相繼發(fā)生，意思為“一就”，“剛就”，主句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，如果no sooner，hardly (scarcely) 位于句首，主句要倒裝，即

52、把had放在主句前。例如：He had hardly gone to bed when the doorbell rang. 他剛睡下門鈴就響了。No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him. 他剛一下車，女兒就跑了過(guò)來(lái)。3. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句1) because, since, for和as because 表示原因語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，常用于回答以疑問(wèn)詞why引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句。Because從句一般用于主句后面，也可放在主句前面，但是當(dāng)because從句表示理由時(shí)，只能放在主后面。For引導(dǎo)的從句并不說(shuō)明主句行為發(fā)生的直

53、接原因，只是提供一些有助于說(shuō)明情況的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，且不可位于主句前。Since表示一種附帶的原因，或者表示已經(jīng)知道的顯然的理由，意思為“既然”，引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是對(duì)主句的附帶說(shuō)明，重點(diǎn)在主句。As從句通常放在主句前，有時(shí)也可改用so引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句。例如：Because he did not obey the regulations, he was punished. （不可說(shuō)for he）他受了處分因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有遵守規(guī)定。（原因）Since you say so, I supposed it is true. 你既然這么說(shuō)，我想這是真的。 As I am about to

54、start a journey, I shall not be able to begin the work before I return. 因?yàn)槲壹磳⒊鋈ヂ眯?，回?lái)之前我不能開始呢外項(xiàng)工作。注意： 強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)只能用“it is because that”結(jié)構(gòu)，這里只能用becauseIt was because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 他正是因?yàn)樘中牟趴荚嚊](méi)有通過(guò)。 for 不可用于 “not.but”的結(jié)構(gòu)，引導(dǎo)的從句不可作表語(yǔ)，也不可被副詞，如 only, simply, just 修飾。I like her not because he is rich, but because she is noble hearted. 我喜歡她并不是因?yàn)樗挥?，而是因?yàn)樗幸活w高尚的心。It is because he is warm hearted.He l