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1、l1 翻譯的定義翻譯的定義l2 翻譯的目的翻譯的目的 l3 翻譯的意義翻譯的意義l4 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)l5 翻譯的條件翻譯的條件l6 翻譯的分類(lèi)翻譯的分類(lèi)l7 翻譯的方法翻譯的方法l8 翻譯的步驟翻譯的步驟l辭海:把一種語(yǔ)言文字的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言文字表達(dá)出來(lái)l一種語(yǔ)言符號(hào)解釋另一種語(yǔ)言符號(hào)lOxford: to turn from one language into anotherlWebster: to turn into ones own or another languageDefinitions of translation lTranslating is the art of r

2、ecomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia EncyclopedialTranslating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). J. C. CarfordDefinitions of translationlTranslating consists in reproducing

3、 in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.( 翻譯是指從語(yǔ)義到文體在譯語(yǔ)中用最切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原文的信息。) Eugene A. NidalTo translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. Samuel J

4、ohnsonDefinitions of translationl(Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Peter NewmarklTranslation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Malcolm CowleyDef

5、initions of translationlA translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. Gideon TourylTranslation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is

6、 specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. Christiane Nord Definitions of translationlTranslation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communica

7、tion. Jean SagerElements involved in the process of translatingAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TTElements involved in the process of translating Intermediate information receiverAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TT Secondary information dispatcher Definitions of translationl翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換活

8、動(dòng),其本翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換活動(dòng),其本質(zhì)是傳播,是傳播學(xué)中一個(gè)有特殊性質(zhì)的領(lǐng)域。質(zhì)是傳播,是傳播學(xué)中一個(gè)有特殊性質(zhì)的領(lǐng)域。 呂俊l翻譯是把具有某一種文化背景的發(fā)送者用某種語(yǔ)翻譯是把具有某一種文化背景的發(fā)送者用某種語(yǔ)言(文字)所表述的內(nèi)容盡可能充分地、有效地言(文字)所表述的內(nèi)容盡可能充分地、有效地傳達(dá)給使用另一種語(yǔ)言(文字)、具有另一種文傳達(dá)給使用另一種語(yǔ)言(文字)、具有另一種文化背景的接受者?;尘暗慕邮苷?。 沈蘇儒Definitions of translationl翻譯是兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言社會(huì)之間的交際過(guò)程和交際工翻譯是兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言社會(huì)之間的交際過(guò)程和交際工具,它的目的是要促進(jìn)本語(yǔ)言社會(huì)的

9、政治、經(jīng)具,它的目的是要促進(jìn)本語(yǔ)言社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步,它的任務(wù)是要把原作中包含的濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步,它的任務(wù)是要把原作中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映像或藝術(shù)映像,完好無(wú)損地現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映像或藝術(shù)映像,完好無(wú)損地從一種語(yǔ)言譯注到另一種語(yǔ)言中去。從一種語(yǔ)言譯注到另一種語(yǔ)言中去。 張今l是一種語(yǔ)言活動(dòng),是“把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容忠實(shí)地用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)”。l是一種語(yǔ)言活動(dòng),是“把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容忠實(shí)地用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)”,它包含著一個(gè)對(duì)原文含義的理解逐步深入,對(duì)原文含義的表達(dá)逐步完善的過(guò)程。(古今明,P4)l翻譯是科學(xué)。翻譯是科學(xué)。l翻譯是藝術(shù)。翻譯是藝術(shù)。l翻譯是技能

10、、技藝。l翻譯是跨文化交際。l翻譯工作作為一種腦力勞動(dòng),其目的是將文學(xué)、科學(xué)方面的材料從一種語(yǔ)言譯成另一種語(yǔ)言,從事這一工作的人承擔(dān)著由該工作性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的特殊義務(wù)。l(Translation,being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the transfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another,imposes on those who practice it specific obligations inherent

11、 in its very nature.)國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)翻譯工作者憲章(THE TRANSLATORS CHARTER of The International Federation of Translators)What is translation?o Translation is a science.o Translation is an art.o Translation is a craft.o Translation is a skill.o Translation is an operation.o Translation is a language activity.o

12、Translation is communicating. -劉重德 文學(xué)翻譯十講,1998l交流信息,克服語(yǔ)言障礙l學(xué)習(xí)其他語(yǔ)言的文化和文明,幫助向更高的文明發(fā)展l幫助經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治等各方面的交流和發(fā)展l其他l特定文本的翻譯具有其特定的目的,有其預(yù)設(shè)的讀者群l尤金奈達(dá)Eugene Nida:翻譯是“人們所能從事的最復(fù)雜的腦力勞動(dòng)”。lRichards:翻譯是開(kāi)天辟地以來(lái)最為復(fù)雜的事件。l語(yǔ)言和文化的障礙(Language / Cultural Barriers)lTranslatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quit

13、e distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures. Betrayal: Loss / Distortionl西歐之所以有今天的文明,要“歸功于翻譯者”。Kelly,1979l季羨林:中華文化之所以能常葆青春,萬(wàn)靈之藥就是翻譯。翻譯之為用大矣哉!(林煌天,1997序)l國(guó)際譯聯(lián)主席Betty Cohen:Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade

14、, culture, peace, and humanityJust imagine one day in the world without translationwould all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap.l貿(mào)易、文化、和平、人道等都離不開(kāi)翻譯,翻譯在歷史上從未如此不可或缺請(qǐng)大家試想一下,世上一日無(wú)翻譯會(huì)怎樣都將鴉雀無(wú)聲。翻譯工作者就象電線中的電流,水管中的水流。l嚴(yán)復(fù):信、達(dá)、雅lFaithfulness, expressiveness and elegance

15、信:忠實(shí)于原文 達(dá):文筆流暢 雅:文風(fēng)典雅 (士大夫) -保持原文的風(fēng)格Criteria of translationl“譯譯”事三難:信、達(dá)、雅。求其信,已大難矣。顧事三難:信、達(dá)、雅。求其信,已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá),雖譯猶不譯也,則達(dá)尚焉。信矣不達(dá),雖譯猶不譯也,則達(dá)尚焉。譯文取明譯文取明深意,故詞句之間,時(shí)有所顛倒附益,斤斤于字比句深意,故詞句之間,時(shí)有所顛倒附益,斤斤于字比句次,而意義則不倍本文。次,而意義則不倍本文。至原文詞理本深,難于至原文詞理本深,難于共喻,則當(dāng)前思后襯,以顯其意。凡此經(jīng)營(yíng),皆以為共喻,則當(dāng)前思后襯,以顯其意。凡此經(jīng)營(yíng),皆以為達(dá):為達(dá),即以為信也。達(dá):為達(dá),即以為信

16、也。易易曰:曰:“修辭立誠(chéng)修辭立誠(chéng)”。子曰子曰“辭達(dá)而已!辭達(dá)而已!”又曰:又曰:“言之無(wú)文,行之不遠(yuǎn)言之無(wú)文,行之不遠(yuǎn)”。三者乃文章正軌,亦即為譯事楷模。故信達(dá)而外,求三者乃文章正軌,亦即為譯事楷模。故信達(dá)而外,求其爾雅。其爾雅。 嚴(yán)復(fù)(18541921,天演論譯例言)lTranslation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet

17、 if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required.lThe Book of Changes says that rhetoric should uphold truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if ones language lacks grace, it will

18、 not travel far. These qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, a translator should also aim at elegance. (王佐良 譯)Criteria of translationl譯者不但要求達(dá)義,并且要以傳神為目的,譯文必須忠實(shí)于原文之字神句氣與言外之意。 林語(yǔ)堂l以效果而論,翻譯應(yīng)像臨畫(huà)一樣,所求的不在形

19、似,而是神似。 傅雷Criteria of translationl文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以說(shuō)是“化”。把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國(guó)文字,既不能因語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡,又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味,那就算得入于“化境”。 錢(qián)鐘書(shū)l真有靈感的譯文,像投胎重生的靈魂一般,令人覺(jué)得是一種“再創(chuàng)造”。 余光中Criteria of translation We expect approximate truth in translationwhat we want to have is the truest possible feel of the original. The characters

20、, the situation, the reflection, must come to us as they were in the authors mind and breast, not necessarily by precisely as he had them on his lips. Oliver EdwardsCriteria of translationlA good translator is: 1) To give a just representation of the sense of the original, 2) To convey into his vers

21、ion, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language with which he writes, the authors spirit and manners, and 3) To take care that the version has at least the quality of an original performance so as to appear natural and easy. George CampbellCriteria of translationlThe best

22、of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all. J. B. PhilipslNo translation, however learned, is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original. A. J. ArborryCriteria of translationl(Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressive

23、ness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation. Herbert RotheinsteinCriteria of translationl一是易解,二是保存原作的豐姿(魯迅)l神似(similarity in spirit)(傅雷)l 化境(sublimation)(錢(qián)鐘書(shū))lAlexander F. Tytlers three principleslFunctional equivalence (Eugene A. Nida)l功能相似,語(yǔ)義相符(similarity in

24、function and correspondence in meaning) Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation Diverse interpretations are made of Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation as:l“信”Being faithful to the original(忠實(shí)于原文)l“達(dá)”Being explicit and smooth(明白曉暢)l“雅”Being elegant in diction (words)(措辭的優(yōu)雅)Ya

25、n Fus three-character criterion for translationl“信”(faithfulness)達(dá)旨(將原文說(shuō)明)l“達(dá)”(expressiveness)前后引襯,以顯其意l“雅”(elegance)爾雅(用漢以前字法句法)Alexander F. Tytlerl(1)譯文應(yīng)完全傳達(dá)原文的思想。(A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.)l(2)譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文一致。(The style and manner of writing

26、 should be of the same character as that of the original.)l(3)譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢。(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)l魯迅:信和順“凡是翻譯,必須兼顧著兩面,一當(dāng)然力求其易解,一則保存原作的風(fēng)姿。”寧信而毋順 vs 趙景深:Milky Way=牛奶路我的翻譯向來(lái)是用直譯法我現(xiàn)在還是相信直譯法,因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得沒(méi)有更好的辦法。保留一定的洋腔洋調(diào)l林語(yǔ)堂:忠實(shí)、通順和美l faithfulness, smoothness, beautyl

27、劉重德:信、達(dá)、切l(wèi) faithfulness, expressiveness and closenessl傅雷:傳神論/神似說(shuō) lTransference of soul or spirit“以效果而論,翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫(huà)一樣,所求的不在形似而在神似?!?譯文同原文在內(nèi)容上一致,這叫“意似”,是翻譯的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。譯文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同時(shí)一致起來(lái),或稱(chēng)“形似”和“神似”,這是翻譯的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 理想的譯文仿佛是原作者的(中文)寫(xiě)作。l錢(qián)鐘書(shū):化境說(shuō)理想 l sublimed adaptation“文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是化。把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國(guó)文字,既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的

28、痕跡,又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味,那就算得入于化境。”所謂“化境”,就是原作向譯文的“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”,文字形式雖然換了,而原文的思想、感情、風(fēng)格、神韻都原原本本地化到了譯文的境界里了,絲毫不留下翻譯的痕跡,讓讀者讀譯作就完全像在讀原作一樣。 l許淵沖l詩(shī)歌翻譯l三美原則:意美、音美、形美l英國(guó) 泰特勒 Tytler -論翻譯的原則翻譯中的三項(xiàng)基本原則: 一、譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫(xiě)出原作的思想(相當(dāng)于“信”) 二、譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同(相當(dāng)于“雅”) 三、譯文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢(相當(dāng)于“達(dá)”) l美國(guó) 奈達(dá) Eugene Nida: 讀者反應(yīng)論忠實(shí)原文易于理解形式恰當(dāng)吸引讀者l使譯文讀者在讀譯文時(shí),

29、和原文讀者在讀原文時(shí)有著大體相同的感受lnatural / close; dynamic/functional equivalencel蘇聯(lián) 費(fèi)道羅夫:等值論 Equivalence 與原文作用相符(表達(dá)方面的等值)譯者選用的語(yǔ)言材料的等值(語(yǔ)言和文體的等值)l德: 施萊爾馬赫 Shleiermacherl不是尊重作者就是尊重讀者l讀者接近作者vs作者接近讀者l有關(guān)翻譯的言論:l意大利諺語(yǔ):Traduttore, traditore. 翻譯即叛逆。l翻譯好像女人,忠實(shí)的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠實(shí)l理想的譯者應(yīng)成為一塊玻璃,透明得讓讀者感覺(jué)不到他的存在(果戈理)l把翻譯看作是“譯者擺布文本的一個(gè)過(guò)程”

30、(Susan Bassnett)l關(guān)于譯者的比喻關(guān)于譯者的比喻lA courier of the human spirits (普希金)lA sculptor who tries to recreate a work of paintinglA straitjacketed dancerlA musician / an actorlTraduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)l翻譯的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)忠實(shí)與通順 faithfulness and smoothness“Understanding translation is embedded in th

31、e concept of faithfulness. ”忠實(shí)于內(nèi)容vs忠實(shí)于形式共核標(biāo)準(zhǔn):信息傳真、風(fēng)格再現(xiàn)、可讀性好具體操作時(shí):誰(shuí)不瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)以遠(yuǎn)的地方射擊,誰(shuí)就不會(huì)擊中目標(biāo) ( Cowley 考利 )l忠實(shí)是翻譯的首要問(wèn)題l要忠實(shí)于原文的真正含義l忠實(shí)+通順:抓住原文的真正含義,但不要受原文結(jié)構(gòu)形式的束縛,而是按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用法來(lái)安排譯文。lThe commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit(E. B. White: The Three New Yorks) l原譯:上班族的人死去時(shí)有跨越千山萬(wàn)水的輝煌記錄。l改譯:上班族一生中有著驚

32、人的行程。l不可以忽視通順lFrom there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. (N. S. Momaday: The End of My Childhood) l原譯:從那里,我可以看見(jiàn)下面的整個(gè)山谷,那田野、河流和村莊。這一切非常美麗,見(jiàn)到后使我心里充滿了渴望。l改譯:從這里望下去,整個(gè)山谷一覽無(wú)遺,只見(jiàn)那田野、河流和村莊,全都美

33、不勝收,真叫我心馳神往。l不能逐字死譯lAll that glitters is not gold. l原譯:所有光輝燦爛的都不是金子。l改譯:所有光輝燦爛的并非都是金子。 lHe sleeps late. l原譯:他睡得晚。l改譯:他起得晚。lI shall not expect you until I see you. l原譯:我不期待你直到我見(jiàn)到你。l改譯:你隨便什么時(shí)候來(lái)吧。lEdward Ferras was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He wa

34、s not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself(J. Austin: Sense and Sensibility,Ch.3,V.I)l原譯:愛(ài)德華弗納斯在外表或言談方面,都沒(méi)有什么特殊的風(fēng)度足以博得她們的良好印象。他相貌平平,禮貌要求他親切表現(xiàn),以使她們愉快。他過(guò)于羞怯,不能適當(dāng)?shù)靥幚碜约骸改譯:愛(ài)德華費(fèi)拉斯之所以能博得她們的好感,倒不是因?yàn)樗似烦霰?,風(fēng)度翩翩。他并不漂亮,那副儀態(tài)嘛,只有和他熟悉了才覺(jué)

35、得逗人喜愛(ài)。他過(guò)于靦腆,這就使他越發(fā)不能顯現(xiàn)本色了。l不要濫用四字格lHe found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to housewives. (C. Quinn: The Jeaning of America) l原譯:他發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)谙蚣彝ブ鲖D推銷(xiāo)針頭線腦、鍋碗瓢盆。l推銷(xiāo)針線、鍋罐、緞帶、剪刀和紐扣。l第一個(gè)條件就是漢語(yǔ)功底要好。 l第二個(gè)條件就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力要強(qiáng)。 l第三個(gè)條件是知識(shí)面要廣。 l第四個(gè)條件是譯者的責(zé)任心、工作條件等Basic Qualificat

36、ions required of a good translator/interpretern1. Knowledge: Good bilingual ability &Extensive background knowledge - good understanding & expressingn2. Skills: Good command of the methods used in translation and the theory guiding translationn3. Experience: through training and practicen4.

37、Attitude: Professional ethics - stay calm & sober; responsible & loyall譯者的責(zé)任(Responsibility of translator):lCompetent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledgelBeing as transparent as possiblelBeing a good negotiatorlThe craft of translator is deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radi

38、cal tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation. George Steinerl譯者的技藝是一個(gè)深刻的矛盾體。這種技藝是在兩種沖譯者的技藝是一個(gè)深刻的矛盾體。這種技藝是在兩種沖動(dòng)的極度張力之間形成的:一方面是依樣畫(huà)葫蘆的沖動(dòng)動(dòng)的極度張力之間形成的:一方面是依樣畫(huà)葫蘆的沖動(dòng),另一方面又有適當(dāng)再創(chuàng)作的沖動(dòng)。,另一方面又有適當(dāng)再創(chuàng)作的沖動(dòng)。l不愿付諸努力、不愿忍受挫折者永遠(yuǎn)成不了翻譯家。 蘭德斯l目前外語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的本科生和研究生有項(xiàng)明顯的不足:l知識(shí)面窄l中國(guó)語(yǔ)文水平低l理論素養(yǎng)差l(張柏然

39、、許鈞:面向21世紀(jì)的譯學(xué)研究,P17)l工作方式筆譯 translation口譯 interpretation機(jī)器翻譯 machine translation機(jī)助翻譯 machine-aided translationl內(nèi)容題材文學(xué)翻譯 literary translation: 詩(shī)歌、小說(shuō)、戲劇、散文和其他文學(xué)作品,著重情感內(nèi)容、修辭特征以及文體風(fēng)格的傳達(dá)實(shí)用翻譯 pragmatic translation: 科技資料、公文、商務(wù)或其他資料,強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際內(nèi)容的表達(dá)(英國(guó) 薩瓦里 Savory:把文學(xué)翻譯比作繪畫(huà),把科技翻譯比作攝影)l處理方式全譯摘譯縮譯節(jié)譯編譯l涉及代碼語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯 intral

40、ingual translation語(yǔ)際翻譯 interlingual translation符際翻譯 intersemiotic translationWhat is translation?o Intralingual translation(語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯)/rewriting(重述)o Interlingual translation(語(yǔ)際翻譯)/translation proper(真正的翻譯)o Intersemiotic translation(符際翻譯)/transmutation(跨類(lèi)翻譯) -Roman Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Tran

41、slation, 1959l涉及語(yǔ)言外語(yǔ)譯成母語(yǔ)英譯漢母語(yǔ)譯成外語(yǔ)漢譯英l直譯 literal translationl茅盾:我以為所謂“直譯”也者,倒并非一定是“字對(duì)字”,一個(gè)不多,一個(gè)也不少。 “直譯”的意義就是不要歪曲了原作的面目,要能表達(dá)原作的精神。(翻譯通報(bào)編輯部,1984:362)好處:有助于不同文化間的交流,引進(jìn)外來(lái)文化;有助于保存原作的格調(diào),保存原作風(fēng)姿;有助于從國(guó)外引進(jìn)新鮮的詞語(yǔ)、生動(dòng)表達(dá)法,從而豐富本民族的語(yǔ)言窄路、障礙瓶頸 bottleneck貓哭老鼠灑鱷魚(yú)淚 shed crocodile tears全副武裝武裝到牙齒 be armed to the teeth紙老虎pa

42、per tigerl意譯 liberal translation/free translation/ paraphrase 不拘泥于原文的形式,重在保存原文的思想內(nèi)容例:Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必過(guò)早地?fù)?dān)心。 They dont know their right hand from their left. 他們什么也不知道。l巴金:我覺(jué)得翻譯的方法其實(shí)只有一種,并沒(méi)有“直譯”和“意譯”的分別。好的翻譯應(yīng)該都是“直譯”,也都是“意譯” 。(一點(diǎn)感想,翻譯通報(bào)第2卷第5期,1951年5月)l具體情況 靈活處理直譯、意譯兼顧例1:Smas

43、hing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.直譯:砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會(huì)問(wèn)題煙消云散。意譯:砸鏡子并不能解決問(wèn)題。例2:Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.直譯:不要等馬被盜后,才去鎖馬廄門(mén)。意譯:不要賊走關(guān)門(mén)。literal translation and free translation: -Never trouble tro

44、uble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩,除非麻煩來(lái)找你。(不要杞人憂天) l音譯 transliteration主要用于翻譯英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)有名詞、科技術(shù)語(yǔ)或其他具有特殊色彩的詞匯如:microphone麥克風(fēng) Coca Cola 可口可樂(lè)salad色拉 sandwich三明治 McDonalds 麥當(dāng)勞copy 撈貝 radar雷達(dá) humor 幽默 旗袍qipao 豆腐doufu功夫kongful歸化法和異化法 domestication & foreignizationlVenuti提出:譯者的隱形,1995魯迅vs 嚴(yán)復(fù)、林紓 異化法要求譯者向作者靠攏,采取相應(yīng)于作者使用的原語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式,來(lái)傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容歸化法則要求譯者向譯語(yǔ)讀者靠攏,采取譯語(yǔ)讀者習(xí)慣的表達(dá)方式,來(lái)傳達(dá)原文內(nèi)容l異化魯迅l翻譯必須有異國(guó)情調(diào),就是所謂洋氣。其實(shí)世界上也不會(huì)有完全歸化的譯文,倘有,就是貌合神離,從嚴(yán)辨別起來(lái),它算不得翻譯。(翻譯通訊編輯部,1984:246)l嚴(yán)復(fù)、林紓、傅雷、錢(qián)鐘書(shū)歸化l天演論l神似說(shuō)/化境論l舉例:lHigh

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