英語語法詞性和句子成分

1、英語基礎(chǔ)語法復(fù)習(xí)鞏固英語基礎(chǔ)語法復(fù)習(xí)鞏固 一、詞性的分類一、詞性的分類 一、詞性的分類一、詞性的分類詞類又叫詞性（詞類又叫詞性（part of speech），英語單詞根據(jù)其），英語單詞根據(jù)其在句子中的功用，可以分十個大類。在句子中的功用，可以分十個大類。 1 名詞名詞 noun n. 2 代詞代詞 pronoun pron. 3 形容詞形容詞 adjective adj. 4 副詞副詞 adverb adv. 5 動詞動詞 verb v. 6 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞 numeral num. 7 冠詞冠詞 article art. 8 介詞介詞 preposition prep. 9 連詞連詞 conju

2、nction conj. 10 感嘆詞感嘆詞 interjection interj. c = 可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞，countable noun的縮寫的縮寫 u = 不可數(shù)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞，uncountable noun的縮寫的縮寫 pl = 復(fù)數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)，plural的縮寫的縮寫 vi = 不及物動詞，不及物動詞，intransitive verb的縮寫的縮寫 vt = 及物動詞，及物動詞，transitive verb的縮寫的縮寫you 你你happy 高興的高興的 three 三三 quickly 迅速地迅速地 student 學(xué)生學(xué)生 cut 砍、割砍、割 a 一個一個 at 在在.

3、and 和和 oh 哦哦pron. adj. num. adv. n. v. art. prep. conj. interj. (感嘆詞感嘆詞)Ex. Write down the part of speech of the following words:十大詞類十大詞類名詞名詞-表示人或事物的名稱表示人或事物的名稱形容詞形容詞-表示人或事物的特征表示人或事物的特征副詞副詞-修飾動詞、形容詞、或其他副詞修飾動詞、形容詞、或其他副詞動詞動詞-表示動作或狀態(tài)表示動作或狀態(tài)代詞代詞-代替名詞、數(shù)詞代替名詞、數(shù)詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞-表示數(shù)量或順序表示數(shù)量或順序冠詞冠詞-限制名詞的意義限制名詞的意義介詞介詞-表

4、示名詞、代詞和其他詞的關(guān)系表示名詞、代詞和其他詞的關(guān)系連詞連詞-連接詞與詞或句與句連接詞與詞或句與句 二、英語句子成分二、英語句子成分 （一）主語：（一）主語：一個句子所敘述的主體，表示一個句子所敘述的主體，表示句子所說的是：句子所說的是：“什么人什么人”或或“什么事物什么事物”1. We often speak English in class.2. Smoking does harm to the health. 3. The rich should help the poor.4. It is necessary to master a foreign language.1.一般位于句首

5、或謂語之前。一般位于句首或謂語之前。Is your father a lawyer or a doctor ? Has she got a big flat ?Shall we have a swim with your friends ?2. 疑問句的主語在系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后疑問句的主語在系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后 Sit down, please. Come in, please.3. 祈使句中主語常省略祈使句中主語常省略 Gone are the days when farmers live in the poor houses. No sooner had she give

6、n him a welcome than she went in to prepare him a meal. Only in this way can we solve the problem.There is a clock on the wall.Once there lived a king called Lear.There goes the bell!倒裝句的主語在系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后倒裝句的主語在系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后There be結(jié)構(gòu)中主語在結(jié)構(gòu)中主語在be動詞之后動詞之后1. One-third is produced. 2. Running does goo

7、d to the health.3. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.4. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.5. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.6. The rich should help the poor.7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.8. We often spea

8、k English in class.1. Honest is a fine quality of human beings and therefore we should not tell lies.2. Help others is to help ourselves.3. Do a lot of housework day and night made Catherine become weaker and weaker.4. Liuxiang got the first place in the 2004 Olympic Games shocked people all over th

9、e world.5. In my opinion, visit universities is just a popular culture.單句改錯（只有一處錯誤）。單句改錯（只有一處錯誤）。 （二）謂語：（二）謂語：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。He practices running every morning.She takes good care of her sick mother.2、復(fù)合謂語：、復(fù)合謂語：（1）情態(tài)動詞）情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形。動詞原形。He can speak French very fluently.She doe

10、snt seem to like dancing.（2）系動詞）系動詞+表語。表語。The film is interesting.He looked a bit excited.6. It is warm here all the year round because Guangzhou located in the middle of Guangdong province.7. To get prepared for the Asian Games, Guangzhou built 82 sports courts so far.8. It not only have a lot of h

11、igh-rise building, but is also famous for the scenic spots.9. Can it attracts the tourists from home and abroad?單句改錯（只有一處錯誤）。單句改錯（只有一處錯誤）。 （三）賓語：（三）賓語：賓語表示賓語表示動作的對象或承受者動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2. Please take them to the waiting room.3. I have

12、three.4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5. He pretended not to see me.6. Mary enjoys .7. I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞）（名詞）（代詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）（名詞化形容詞）（名詞化形容詞）（不定式短語）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（動名詞短語）（從句）（從句）（1）雙賓語（間接賓語雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）直接賓語） Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語復(fù)合賓語

13、（賓語+賓補）賓補） They elected him their monitor. We consider the answer wrong. （四）表語：（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞系動詞之后。之后。1. Yang Liwei is an astronaut.2. Thats all I want to tell you.3. Three times four is twelve.4. The weather has turned warm.5. The speech is exciting and the

14、students are excited.6. His hobby is playing football.7. My job is to teach English.8. Our teacher isnt in. He is out.9. He is in good health.10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（五）定語：（五）定語：起修飾作用，翻譯成起修飾作用，翻譯成“的的”1. He is a clever boy.2. Your hair needs cutting.3. Theres only one way to do

15、 it.4. There is a baby girl.5. We can not use sleeping pills at random.6. The retired worker find life boring.7. Thats the way to do it.8. This is a map of China.9. Can you help me to clean the room above.10. The car thats parked outside is mine. 狀語狀語(副詞副詞)的位置：的位置：1. She speaks French fluently.2. I

16、usually eat breakfast at home.3. You neednt always help me.4. He is always complaining.5. The local people are very kind to the visitors.6. The room is big enough to hold 80 people.7. He never studies. Instead, he plays all day.謂語謂語(+賓語賓語)后后頻度副詞位于被修飾頻度副詞位于被修飾動詞前，動詞前，be動詞、助動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后。動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后。被修飾

17、詞前被修飾詞前(enough特殊特殊)修飾全句或起連接作用的副詞放在句首修飾全句或起連接作用的副詞放在句首（六）狀語：（六）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子或整個句子1. How about meeting again at six?2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.5. She put the eggs into th

18、e basket with great care. （時間狀語）（時間狀語） （原因狀語）（原因狀語） （條件狀語）（條件狀語） （地點狀語）（地點狀語） （方式狀語）（方式狀語）狀語的種類：狀語的種類：6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.9. She works very hard though she is old.1

19、0. I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（伴隨狀語） （目的狀語）（目的狀語） （結(jié)果狀語）（結(jié)果狀語） （讓步狀語）（讓步狀語） （比較狀語）（比較狀語）（七）補足語：（七）補足語：賓語補足語賓語補足語: 補充說明賓語，使句意完整。補充說明賓語，使句意完整。1. His father named him Dongming.2. They painted their boat white.3. Please let him in.4. The teacher advised the students to have a rest.5. I see her enterin

20、g a supermarket.6. He just had his hair cut. 劃分句子成份劃分句子成份1. The machine runs smoothly.2. Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.3. They have set up a network of financial advice centre.4. Mr. Chen, the director of Grade 3, is known for his humor.5. The man went to the shop with all the money he

21、had.6. He left here at six in the morning in order to catch the plane. 7. Our English teacher, Ms Wang, is very kind to us. 8. To our surprise, he has changed greatly. 9. It is not a good idea to drive for four hours without a break. 10. She was the second to enter the reading room. 11. His hair has

22、 turned gray, and lines have appeared on his face. 12. She is looking into the box. 13. Mr. Wu told us a funny story yesterday. 14. He bought me a pen. 15. We made him our monitor. 16. He asked me to help him out of the debt. 三、句子類型三、句子類型 按結(jié)構(gòu)分按結(jié)構(gòu)分1、簡單句、簡單句2、并列句、并列句3、復(fù)合句、復(fù)合句簡單句簡單句: 由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語由

23、一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子。即一套主謂關(guān)系。（或并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子。即一套主謂關(guān)系。All roads lead to Rome.1、一個主語和一個謂語動詞、一個主語和一個謂語動詞The teacher and the children are playing.2、并列主語和一個謂語動詞、并列主語和一個謂語動詞He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.3、一個主語和并列謂語、一個主語和并列謂語Tom and Mary came and gave me a present.4、并列主語和并列謂語

24、、并列主語和并列謂語I . 簡單句的五種基本句型簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語、主語+不及物動詞：不及物動詞：We work.2、主語、主語+系動詞系動詞+表語：表語：He is a student.3、主語、主語+及物動詞及物動詞+賓語：賓語：4、主語、主語+及物動詞及物動詞+雙賓語雙賓語(間接賓語間接賓語+直直接賓語接賓語)5、主語、主語+及物動詞及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語復(fù)合賓語(賓語賓語+賓補賓補)判斷下列簡單句的類型判斷下列簡單句的類型(1) The problem is hard to solve.(2) The pen writes smoothly.(3) I showed him my

25、 old pictures.(4) Barking dogs seldom bite.(5) We enjoy ourselves this New Years Day this year. (6) Helens face turned red.(7) He admits his mistakes.(8) Mother cooked me a delicious meal.(9) I saw a cat running across the road.(10) New methods make the job easy.Ex. 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We o