高考閱讀干擾項排除法

1、高考閱讀理解題十種高考閱讀理解題十種常見干擾項設(shè)置手法常見干擾項設(shè)置手法 在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其它三項 (或其中某一項)的理、解，那么我們就說選項A 與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。 如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項中，正確答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰, 因為玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。包含項原則包含項原則 Living in a residence hall （學生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（義務(wù)）. You have to be considerate of others, especially during

2、 study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（衛(wèi)生） as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant（容忍的） of another persons habits that may differ from your own. Q: What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dorm

3、itory? A.Your roommates telephone calls B.Habits that may differ from your own C. Visits by your roommates friends D. Roommates who are unsanitary 個案解析：個案解析：從四個選項分析中我們可以看出，選項B“與你不同的生活習慣”其實就包含并概括了其他三選項，即A室友的電話、C室友的朋友來訪、D室友不愛衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習慣。如果我們可以選A、C、D任一選項，那么B也可以選，但正確答案只有一個，所以我們只能選B。 再如: Q: The thr

4、ee examples are cited to show that_. A. Quit smoking is necessary B. Healthy habits benefit our health C. Fruits and vegetables are better than milk D. We should drink more water everyday. 個案解析：個案解析： 答案為B。 顯而易見，B為包含項，概括了A、C、D三項，即 “quit smoking, have more fruits and vegetables and drink more water”都是

5、“Healthy habits”。 Q: In the building of the rail lines, _. A. more equipment made in China should be used B. more imported equipment should be used C. more exported equipment should be used D. more equipment used in infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)） projects should be used 個案解析：個案解析： 正確答案為A。選項A命題（應該使用更多的國產(chǎn)設(shè)備）包含了選項

6、C命題（應該使用更多的出口設(shè)備），因為出口設(shè)備本身就意味著它是國產(chǎn)設(shè)備。 包含項原則預示：選項中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強的，往往是選項中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強的，往往是正確答案。正確答案。 2正反項原則正反項原則 所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識：兩個相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當中取其一。 They feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other

7、 is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only with their ears. Q:According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when_ A.we are emotionally tired B.we are physically disabled C. we are so interested in the topic

8、D.we are asked many questions 【原文題意原文題意】:當他們心不在焉, 感到厭倦, 或?qū)λ?她談?wù)摰脑掝}不感興趣的時候，他們就會覺得自己不是一個好的聽眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非用心去聽。 個案解析：個案解析：四個選項中，A與C陳述互相矛盾, 互為正反項。我們什么時候不會用心去聽? A我們情緒厭倦的時候，C我們對話題很感興趣的時候。顯然這兩個選項是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個而且必有一個是真，所以我們可以先排除B、D選項，然后再結(jié)合我們下文將要提及的常識項原則常識項原則，可以把答案確定為A。再看一例：The main problem is that our neig

9、hbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surfaces temperature is very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals. Q: There is unl

10、ikely any life on Venus because_.A.it has very thin atmosphereB.the surface temperature is too hotC.the weather is too coldD.it is extremely short of water個案解析：個案解析：B項（表面溫度太熱）與C項（氣候太寒冷）語義相反互為正反項。根據(jù)正反項原則，可以排除A、D項，然后在B、C項中選其一，這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50。其實，此題為細節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。正反項原則預示:陳述內(nèi)

11、容或基調(diào)完全相反的兩選項往往有一個是正確陳述內(nèi)容或基調(diào)完全相反的兩選項往往有一個是正確答案。答案。 3委婉項原則委婉項原則 所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，be li

12、able to等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly,already等等。 Q: According to the first two paragraphs, _. A.the use of water is a completely new concept B. the sea has already long been used as a way of power C.water is a source of

13、energy far more economical than any other energies D.water, if properly handled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis. 個案解析：個案解析：很明顯，根據(jù)委婉原則，正確答案應該為D, 其他三項都含有過于肯定語氣的詞，如：completely, has already, far more than any other。而選項D比較委婉，if分詞短語使說話留有余地，情態(tài)動詞may使語氣相對平緩。 再如： The opinion of the writer i

14、s that_. A.there may be other intelligent beings in the universe B. there are other intelligent beings in the universe C. people living on the earth arealmost certainly the only intelligent beings in the universe D. people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beings in the univers

15、e Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Working hard is a basic requirement ofallemployees. B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field C. The only qualification for getting hired by a company is good communication skills D. While the importance of ones ability t

16、o communicate increases, his professional background may become increasingly less important. 個案解析：個案解析： 答案：D。選項A（工作努力是對所有所有員工最起碼的要求）；選項B（單憑單憑好的寫作技能可使你在任何任何領(lǐng)域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一唯一條件就是要有良好的表達技能）都過于絕對化；選項D（當交流表達能力重要性上升時，專業(yè)技術(shù)背景的重要性就可能會相應降低）中“may”表推測的情態(tài)動詞使語氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。 4同形項原則同形項原則 幾個選項如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似，那它們就互

17、為同形項。同形項組可喻為高爾夫球場上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細微變化來考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項一般存在有正確答案。 The development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallel(與與平行平行) local economic development and blind construction of such lines should be avoidedIt stressed that

18、the amount of domestically made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased.Q:The rapid-transit rail lines should _.A. develop as quickly as possibleB. develop with local economic developmentC. develop after local economic developmentD. develop with the construction industry

19、個案解析：個案解析：答案為B。經(jīng)語言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C選項形式與結(jié)構(gòu)相似（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結(jié)合常識（常識項原則/下文）：高速路軌的建設(shè)應該與地方經(jīng)濟互相促進、同步發(fā)展，最終確定答案為B。檢驗：根據(jù)原文中的“parallel”（與平行）可以確定上述分析結(jié)果正確。 5常識項原則常識項原則 在議論文當中，那些符合一般常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項往往是正確答案。 Trees are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood

20、and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. Q: What is the most important service of trees to man according to the passage? A. They help

21、him make money B. They give him wood and other products C. They help him prevent droughts and floods D. They give him shade 個案解析：個案解析：答案為C，這是常識項。植樹造林是我國的一大國策，目的在于防止洪澇、風沙、旱災，這是我國公民的普遍常識，所以C為正確答案：樹木可以幫助人類阻擋洪澇與旱災。相對于其它三項，C項意義更加深遠。 其實，根據(jù)“Unfortunately(語義轉(zhuǎn)折標志)，in many parts of the world, man has not real

22、ized that the third of these services is the mostimportant，”我們也可以得出C項為正確答案。再如：If Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for one or two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily. But if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit. Q: According to t

23、he passage, the insurance company will make great profits.A. If the premium（保險費）is increased so the company can earn more money each year.B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance against death.C. If most insurance buyers live longer than the average length of life.D. If most insurance buyers live s

24、horter than the average length of life.個案解析：個案解析：答案為C，這也是常識項。眾所周知，保險公司之所以能盈利，那是因為被保險的對象平安無事，所以，人活得越長，他交的保險額就越多，保險公司利潤就越高，所以C為正確答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更長。注意注意：人的平均年齡往往是保險公司設(shè)置保率的基準。另外，此題根據(jù)“But （語義轉(zhuǎn)折標志）if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推斷出答案為C。 6因果項原則因果項原

25、則 閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題型的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則規(guī)定：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是這兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可以產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項；如果果項可以對應幾個原因，那么答案就是果項。 No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniform t

26、ell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individual in a uniform loses self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most important, i

27、f an organization is so weak that it must rely on the uniform to inspire it members, that organization has not right to continue its existence. On the other hand, uniforms also hurt the economy. Q: The authors main purpose in writing this paragraph is to_. A. show that uniform are possible in a demo

28、cratic society B. advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms C. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages D. advocate doing away with uniforms個案解析：個案解析：答案為C，綜合分析四個選項，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)C與B、D項互為因果項，也就是說，因為C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。根據(jù)因果項原則，一個原因?qū)藘蓚€

29、結(jié)果，答案應該選原因項C。本題是主旨題，根據(jù)原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，說明制服弊大于利。B、D項為干擾項，屬于推理過頭。 7望文生義原則望文生義原則 這一干擾方法一般用于對句子或詞語含義的考查，即利用某個詞或句子的字面意義代替特定語境中的具體意義。例如：1995年全國夏季高考題D篇The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most

30、 of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives.The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the Kings baker(面包師)in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A

31、 strong wind blew the fire from the bakery(面包房) into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning. Q:The underlined word family in the second paragraph means .A. home B. children C. wife and husband D. wife and children個案解析：個案解析：一看到family這個詞同學們可能立即會想到“家、

32、家人”這些含義，這樣就會不自覺中將答案限定在了A、C、D中，而在短文his wife and family這一語境中family顯然指的是children。 8魚目混珠原則魚目混珠原則 這種干擾法常用于考查文章有關(guān)細節(jié)的題目中，即選項中表達的意思正誤并存，而且錯誤只是局部有誤。甚至干擾項所表達的意思根本就沒有錯誤，只是內(nèi)容不完整、不全面罷了，嚴格起來講，后面這個情況在沒有最佳答案項的情況下可以被選作正確答案。More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work. In the Unite

33、d States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday. This became known as “dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employers has reall

34、y become an everyday thing.” said business consultant Andony Jones.Q:According to the passage, which of the following is True? _A.Company workers started to dress down about 20 years ago.B.Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.C.“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a f

35、avour from employers.D.Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.個案解析：個案解析：本題答案為C。干擾項B運用了“魚目混珠法”，根據(jù)原文“Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon.”表達是正確的，但是加上時間狀語 since the early 1990s句意就與原意不符了，因為20世紀90年代初許多公司只允許員工星期五穿便衣。 9偷換概念原則偷換概念原則 這種干擾方法的命題思路是，在對原文進行同義轉(zhuǎn)換或解釋的過程中，通過改變一些詞匯或表達方法，使

36、改變后的意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大的改變。例如：Who first conceived the idea of the Festival of Hong Kong? To whom did he propose? How did he convince others of the feasibility of such a festival? How was the Festival told to the people of the “Pearl of the Orient”? Put it in another way: what purpose did the festival ser

37、ve?The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to give Hong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment in the grinding work of their daily lives.Q:The purpose of the Festival

38、 of Hong Kong is _.A. to furnish newspaper with news B. to attract tourists from abroadC. to provide relief for workers D. to enable people to realize that life is not all work個案解析：個案解析：此題答案為D。選項C采用了“偷換概念”的干擾方法。原文為“The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to give Hong Kong people a

39、sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment”而干擾項C把原文中的working people偷換成workers，使范圍縮小，表達不準確。 10故意夸張原則故意夸張原則 這種干擾方法常見于說明文的備選項中，即在介紹科學實驗或新科研成果時，把可能當作現(xiàn)實，把可能出現(xiàn)的問題設(shè)置為已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的問題，把未然當作已然。 例如：2003年湖北省黃岡市高三模擬題 With o

40、nly about 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone (克隆) the animal and save the endangered species (物種). Thats a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noahs Ark”. Noahs Ark is aimed

41、 at collecting eggs, embryos (胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&MS College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduc

42、e the species in the future. It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years. This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo introducing

43、cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer (核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of availabl

44、e (capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and its difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not

45、putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something thats never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noahs Ark. Were both trying to

46、 save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and theres a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. Its a research that is very much needed.”Q:The best title for the passage may be_.A.Chinas Success in Pandas Cloning B.The First Cloned Panda in the WorldC.Exploring the Possib