無機非金屬材料工程專業(yè)英語 第1章

1、Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter1 IntroductionlLearning Objectives 2l1.1 Historical Perspective 2l1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2l1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4l1.4 Classification of Materials 5l1.5 Advanced Materials 6l1.6 Modern Materials Needs

2、6Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l材料科學l材料工程l金屬材料l非金屬材料l陶瓷材料l高分子材料l復合材料l生物材料l半導體材料l先進材料Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDeep-seated: close/intimate 緊密的lVirtually: practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in effect/in essence實際上地lEvery segment of our everyday lives:日常生

3、活的每個方面lSegment: section/division/part/piece部分、片 lManipulate: control/employ控制、使用Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDesignate: define/denote/label/ name 標記、命名lAccess to): approach 途徑lPottery: pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln (oven) 陶器lAlter: change 改變lUtil

4、ization: application /use 應(yīng)用、 用途lEmpower: control 駕馭、控制Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lCharacteristic: peculiarity, feature/trait/attribute/property特質(zhì)lEvolve: produce 生產(chǎn)lComplex: sophisticated 復雜的lContemporary：Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as some

5、one else. Modern/belonging to the present time 同時代的lNebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱兩可的Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lRelated to: be concerned with 相關(guān)的lEncompass：to completely cover or surround sth.覆蓋或環(huán)繞lRealm：territroy/monarchy/ zone/dom

6、ain/region /kingdom/area/branch 區(qū)域lAgglomerate：melt 團聚、成塊-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused togetherFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering VocabularyContemporary 當代當代Stimulus 激勵，刺激激勵，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深層的根深蒂固的，深層的Existence

7、存在存在, 實在實在, 生活生活, 存在物存在物, 實在物實在物Sophisticated 復雜的復雜的Forerunner 先驅(qū)先驅(qū)(者者), 傳令官傳令官, 預兆預兆Intimately 密切地密切地Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lElaboration Elaboration 解釋，闡述解釋，闡述lStepwiseStepwise樓梯式的樓梯式的, , 逐步的逐步的lRecreation Recreation 消遣消遣, , 娛樂娛樂lsegmentsegment段段, , 節(jié)節(jié), , 片斷片斷l(xiāng)Deteriorati

8、ve Deteriorative 惡化，變質(zhì)，惡化，變質(zhì)， Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lEvoke 引起，喚起引起，喚起lInterdisciplinary 交叉學科交叉學科lMetallurgy 冶金冶金lNebulous 模糊的，云霧狀的模糊的，云霧狀的lAgglomerate 團聚，大塊團聚，大塊lDielectric current 介電常數(shù)介電常數(shù)lThermal conductivity 熱傳導熱傳導Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHeat

9、 capacity 熱容熱容lRefraction 折射，衍射折射，衍射lDuctility 延展性延展性lOverriding 最重要的最重要的lProhibitive 抑制抑制lJudicious 明智的明智的lcriterion 準則準則Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.1 Historical perspective (觀察，透視觀察，透視) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根根深蒂固的深蒂固的, 深層的深層的) in our culture than most of

10、 us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娛樂）, and food productionvirtually（事實上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHistorically, the development and ad

11、vancement of societies have been intimately（密切地） tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate （使用）materials to fill their needs. lIn fact, early civilizations have been designated（命名） by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).Fundamentals of Materia

12、ls Science and Engineering Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze ageFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘土）, skins, and so on. lWith time they dis

13、covered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery （陶器） and various metals. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFurthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered （改變

14、）by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. lAt this point, materials utilization（利用） was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of （憑借）its characteristics（特性）.Fundamental

15、s of Materials Science and Engineering It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能夠） them to fashion(shape ), to a lar

16、ge degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出現(xiàn)）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. lThese include metals, plastics, glasses,

17、 and fibers.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramicsFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The development of m

18、any technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility (途徑) of suitable materials. lAn advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner（先驅(qū)）（先驅(qū)） to the stepwise （逐步的） progression of a technology. Fundamentals of Materia

19、ls Science and Engineering lFor example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability （利用）of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. lIn our contemporary (同時代的) era, sophisticated （復雜的）electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semi-c

20、onducting （半導體的） materials.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Materials scientists and engineers seek （try, investigate尋求）尋求）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger, lighter, brighter, safer, faster and better suited (adapt, fi

21、t )to (適合適合) human needs. Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize (優(yōu)化優(yōu)化) performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineersFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 4.Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) disc

22、ipline The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to prod

23、uce a predetermined (預定的) set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lStructure is at this point a nebulous（模糊的） term that deserves some explanation. lIn brief, t

24、he structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. lSubatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei(原子核). lOn an atomic level, structure encompasses (包含) the organization of atoms or molecules relative to on

25、e another. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe next larger structural realm (區(qū)域), which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated (團聚) together, is termed microscopic, meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope.l Finally,

26、structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli （刺激）（刺激） that evoke（喚起）（喚起） some type of response. lFor

27、 example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait（特性） in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed （施加的）stimulus （刺激）（刺激）. lGenerally, definitions of properties are made independe

28、nt of （與無關(guān)）material shape and size.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. lFor each there is a characteristic type of

29、 stimulus capable of provoking (evoke) different responses. lMechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus (彈性模量) and strength.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity （電導率）

30、and dielectric constant（介電場數(shù)）, the stimulus is an electric field（電場）.lThe thermal（熱的） behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity （熱容） and thermal conductivity（熱導率）. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lMagnetic（磁性的） properties demonstrate the response of a material

31、 to the application of a magnetic field （磁場）.lFor optical（光學的） properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic （電磁的）or light radiation（光輻射）; index of refraction（折射） and reflectivity （反射）are representative optical properties. lFinally, deteriorative（腐敗的） characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity（化

32、學反應(yīng)） of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz (n

33、amely, that is). processing (加工) and performance（性能）. With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a materials performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing,

34、structure, properties, and performance is linear, as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThroughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilizat

35、ion of materials.lMaterials Science and Engineering (MSE) is the discipline(學科) devoted to (專心于) helping human beings use materials more effectively(有力的) and efficiently (有效的). lThe story of materials is an ancient one that began with humanity learning to shape（成形）（成形） rock and work metal. From the

36、prehistoric beginning, the story of human advances in materials continues to unfold (展開).Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering For example, the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges; advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation

37、 for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives. Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials propertiesFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering This focus has pu

38、shed our discipline to the forefront（最（最前沿）前沿） of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales. These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century. Fundamentals of Mater

39、ials Science and Engineering 5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（現(xiàn)代）（現(xiàn)代） life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

40、Automobiles, satellites, televisions, computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers, ceramics, metals and semiconductors. New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering pThe direct threat of global warming an

41、d dwindling(縮小縮小)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(優(yōu)先優(yōu)先). pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(促進促進,增強增強) fuel efficiency. pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature mater

42、ials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera. MSE faculty and students work

43、 to find ways to Interface（ 界面）界面）silicon technology to neural tissue（神經(jīng)組織）（神經(jīng)組織）. This requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容的生物相容的) and electrically conducting.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Moores law states that the number of transistors（晶體（晶體管）管） on

44、 the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months. This translates into more memory and faster, cheaper computers. But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering MSE fa

45、culty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自發(fā)）（自發(fā)）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum （量子）（量子）computers. These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement （量子陷阱）（量子陷阱） that dominate at that tiny scale. Fundam

46、entals of Materials Science and Engineering Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design, creation, testing and redesign. This process is costly and time consuming. MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such

47、 as resistance to failure, stability, and high temperature formability. These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fieldsFundam

48、entals of Materials Science and Engineering Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed, its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry. Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumen

49、tation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.（you can be a police using SEM or TEM） Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Because materials enable new products and technologies, it is nearly impossible to find an engineering disci

50、pline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering. This is especially true for mechanical, aerospace, electrical, chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.2 Materials science and engine

51、ering1. Terms of definition Materials Science: investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.Materials Engineering: on the basis of structure property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of

52、properties.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Structure: A nebulous(模糊）模糊） term; In brief, the arrangement of its internal componentsSubatomic structure-involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nucleiAt atomic level-structure encompasses the organizat

53、ion of atoms or molecules relative to one another.microscopic (顯微顯微)a large group of atoms agglomerated together.Macroscopic (宏觀宏觀) where the structure elements might be viewed by naked eye. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering property: 1.a material trait (特性特性) in terms of the kind an

54、d magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus。Examples:A loaded steel bar will be deformedA heated plastic plate will be softened A polished metal surface will reflect lightFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.Mechanical2.electrical 3.thermal 4. Magnetic5.optical 6.deteriorat

55、ive(變質(zhì)，化學變質(zhì)，化學) a elastic modulusb. index of refractionc. strengthd. reflectivitye. thermal conductivityf. heat capacityg. electrical conductivityh. plasticityI. electromagneticj. light radiationk. chemical reactivityl.Dielectric constantVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be g

56、rouped into six different property:Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering In addition to structure and properties, processing and performance are another two important components for MSE. Four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of materialsprocessing st

57、ructure properties performanceFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter, from left to right they are transparent, translucent and opaque, why? Because they are processed differently , then have different structure; different struc

58、ture leads to different properties and if they are put into use, the performance must be different too.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering? Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another，whether mechanical, civil (土木),

59、chemical, or electrical, be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear (傳動齒輪), the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery (煉油廠) component, or an integrated circuit chip (集成電路板). Of course, materials scientists and engineers are such specialist who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. For them try to selection proper materials to fulfill specific purpose is not easy. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Three criteria that are important in the