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1、can與could的用法詳解 一、表示能力(1) 表示現(xiàn)在的能力,用can:My sister can drive. 我妹妹會(huì)開(kāi)車。Everyone here can speak English. 這兒人人會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。(2) 表示將來(lái)的能力,通常不用can或could,而用be able to的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài):Ill be able to speak French in another few months. 再過(guò)幾個(gè)月我就會(huì)講法語(yǔ)了。One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 總有一天人們可以到月球上去度假。但是,若表

2、示現(xiàn)在決定將來(lái)是否有能力做某事,則可用 can:Can you come to the party tomorrow? 你明天能來(lái)參加我們的聚會(huì)嗎?(3) 表示過(guò)去的能力,有時(shí)可用could,有時(shí)不能用could,具體應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn): 若表示過(guò)去一般的能力(即想做某事就隨時(shí)可做某事的能力),可用could:Could you speak English then? 那時(shí)候你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎? 若表示過(guò)去的特定能力(即在過(guò)去特定場(chǎng)合做某事的能力),則不能用could,而用was (were) able to do sth,或用 managed to do sth,或用 succeeded in doi

3、ng sth 等。He studied hard and was able to pass the exam. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試能及格。At last he succeeded in solving the problem. 他終于把那個(gè)問(wèn)題解決了。【注】could 不用來(lái)表示過(guò)去特定能力通常只限于肯定句,否定句或疑問(wèn)句中,它則可以表示過(guò)去特定的能力:I managed to find the street, but I couldnt find her house. 我想法找到了那條街,但沒(méi)找到她的房子。(前句為肯定句用managed to,不用could,后句為否定句,可用could

4、)另外,could還可與表示感知的動(dòng)詞(如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, understand等)連用表示的特定能力:Looking down from the plane, we could see lights on the runway. 從飛機(jī)上向下看,我們可以看見(jiàn)機(jī)場(chǎng)跑道上的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)燈火。還有在間接引語(yǔ)中,could也可表示過(guò)去特定的能力:He said he could see me next week. 他說(shuō)他下周能見(jiàn)我。二、表示許可(1) 對(duì)于現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的“許可”,要區(qū)分以下兩種情況: 表示請(qǐng)求允許(即請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事),兩者均可用,但用coul

5、d 語(yǔ)氣更委婉:Can Could I come in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎?【注】此時(shí)也可用may或might,其中might和could均不表過(guò)去,只表委婉語(yǔ)氣。 表示給予允許(即自己允許別人做某事), 一般只用 can,而不用 could:“Could Can I use your pen? ” “Yes, of course you can.” “我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎?”“當(dāng)然可以?!?不能說(shuō)Yes, you could.)(2) 對(duì)于過(guò)去的“許可”,也要區(qū)分以下兩種情況: 表示過(guò)去一般性允許(即表示某人隨時(shí)都可以做某事),用can的過(guò)去式could:When I lived at home

6、, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里時(shí), 想什么時(shí)候看電影就可以什么時(shí)候看。(一般性允許) 表示過(guò)去特定的允許(即表示在過(guò)去某一特定情況下允許進(jìn)行某一特定的活動(dòng)),則不用 could,而需換成其他表達(dá)(如had permission, was were allowed to):I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允許我去看了電影。(特定的允許,不能用 could) 三、表示推測(cè)(1) 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的推測(cè),兩者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中,一般不

7、用于肯定句,而could則可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句:It cant be true. 那不可能是真的。What can they be doing? 他們會(huì)在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我們可能要去那兒。(將來(lái)可能性)You could be right, but I dont think you are. 你可能是對(duì)的,但我并不認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。(現(xiàn)在可能性)【注】can 有時(shí)也用于肯定句中表示推測(cè),這主要見(jiàn)于: 表示理論上的可能性(即從理論上看是可能的,但實(shí)際未必會(huì)發(fā)生):Even experienced teachers can mak

8、e mistakes. 即使是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師也可能出錯(cuò)。 用于含有only等表示限制的肯定句:(from )“Who is that at the door? ” “It can only be the postman.”“門(mén)外是誰(shuí)?”“只能是郵遞員?!?后接“be (get, seem, become)+形容詞”,表示“有時(shí)會(huì)”、“時(shí)常會(huì)”等:It can get very hot here. 這里有時(shí)會(huì)很熱。She can be very unpleasant. 她有時(shí)很令人討厭。(2) 對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè),必須在 can, could 之后接動(dòng)詞的完成式。但此時(shí)can仍只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句,不用

9、于肯定句;而could則可用于各種句型:He cant couldnt have seen her there. 他不可能在那兒見(jiàn)到她。 He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。Who could have taken it? 是誰(shuí)把它拿走了呢?I do not see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出那時(shí)我還能有別的做法。She could not have been more than sixteen. 那時(shí)她不可能超過(guò)十六歲。I couldnt have won, so I didnt go in for the rac

10、e. 我不可能獲勝,因此我沒(méi)參賽?!咀ⅰ縞ould后接動(dòng)詞的完成式,除表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)外,還有以下用法(不用can): 表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性(即某事本來(lái)可以發(fā)生,卻沒(méi)發(fā)生):He could have told her, but he didnt choose to. 他本來(lái)可以告訴她的,但他卻沒(méi)有。I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? 我本來(lái)可以借這筆錢(qián)給你的。你為什么不問(wèn)我? 用來(lái)委婉地責(zé)備某人過(guò)去應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)有去做:You could have been a little more considerate. 你

11、本可考慮得更周到些的。You could ask me before you use my phone. 你打電話之前可以問(wèn)我一聲。You could have helped me why did you just sit and watch? 你本可幫助我的,為什么只坐在一旁瞧著? 表示“差點(diǎn)兒就要”:I could have died laughing. 我差點(diǎn)笑死了。I was so angry I could have killed him. 我是那樣生氣,差點(diǎn)把他殺了。She felt miserable. She could have cried. 她感到很痛苦,她差點(diǎn)哭了。may

12、與might用法詳解 一、表示允許(1) 表示請(qǐng)求允許(即請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事),兩者都可用,只是 might 表示的語(yǔ)氣較委婉(但并不表示過(guò)去):May I come round in the morning? 我早上來(lái)可以嗎?Might I have a little brandy? 我可以喝點(diǎn)白蘭地嗎?I asked her if I might call and see her. 我問(wèn)她我可否來(lái)看她。Id like to ask a question if I may. 如果可以的話,我想提個(gè)問(wèn)題。(2) 表示給予允許(即自己允許別人做某事),通常要用 may而不用migh

13、t:You may leave whenever you please. 你高興隨時(shí)可以走。You may go or stay, according as you decide. 是去是留由你自己決定。You may use the room so long as you keep it clean. 你可以使用這個(gè)房間,只要你能保持干凈。體會(huì)以下對(duì)話的問(wèn)句與答句:A:May Might I stay? 我可以留下嗎? (表請(qǐng)求,可用兩者)B:Yes, you may. 可以。(表允許,不能用 might)【注】在通常情況下,may 表示允許(請(qǐng)求允許或給予允許)時(shí),總是針對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”或“將來(lái)

14、”而言,若要表示已經(jīng)給予或已經(jīng)存在的允許,則通常不用 may,而用can:Nowadays, children can do what they like. 現(xiàn)在小孩子喜歡干什么就可以干什么。Its unfair. He can stay and I have to leave. 這不公平,他可以留下,而我卻得離開(kāi)。例外的情況是,might用于間接引語(yǔ)和 may 用于否定句表示禁止:He said that I might borrow his car. 他說(shuō)我可以用他的車。Visitors may not (=must not) feed the animals. 參觀者不得給動(dòng)物喂食。&#

15、160;二、表示推測(cè)兩者都可用,只是 might 比 may 語(yǔ)氣更不確定,表示的可能性更小。(1) 在句型使用方面:兩者均可用于肯定句和否定句,但用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),may通常不用于句首,但可用于疑問(wèn)句的句中(如特殊疑問(wèn)句等),而might盡管可以用于疑問(wèn)句的句首,但不算普通,通常會(huì)改用其他句式(如用could等):He may might know the answer. 他可能知道答案。And who may might she be? 那么她會(huì)哪一位呢?Do you think he may might not be able to pay? 你認(rèn)為他可能會(huì)付不起錢(qián)嗎?Might it be

16、 true? 那會(huì)是真的嗎?【注】在很正式的文體中,may 可用于否定疑問(wèn)句的句首:May we not be making a big mistake? 我們難道不可能在犯大錯(cuò)誤嗎?(2) 在用法方面注意以下幾點(diǎn): 后接動(dòng)詞原形,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的推測(cè):You may might be right. 你可能是對(duì)的。He may might tell his wife. 他也許會(huì)告訴他妻子。 后接動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或?qū)⒁l(fā)生:I may might be going back in the fall. 我可能秋天回去。She may might be waiting for us.

17、她可能在等我們。They may might be going abroad next month. 他們可能在下個(gè)月出國(guó)。 后接動(dòng)詞完成式,表示對(duì)過(guò)去可能發(fā)生的事進(jìn)行推測(cè):She may might have read it in the papers. 她可能在報(bào)上已讀到過(guò)此事。He may might have gone to have his hair cut. 他可能理發(fā)去了。They may have seen him. 他們可能見(jiàn)到過(guò)他。I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或許得出了錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。might 后接動(dòng)詞的完成式,除表示對(duì)

18、過(guò)去的推測(cè)外,還有以下用法(不用may):1) 表示過(guò)去某事可能發(fā)生而實(shí)際上卻并沒(méi)發(fā)生: A lot of men died who might have been saved很多人本來(lái)可以獲救的卻死了。It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危險(xiǎn)了,我差點(diǎn)沒(méi)命了。2) 表示委婉的批評(píng)或責(zé)備:You might have made greater progress. 你的進(jìn)步本來(lái)可更大一些的。You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以回我一封信嘛。

19、60;三、may和can表推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別can和may均可表示推測(cè),can用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,may用于肯定句和否定式。兩者均可用于否定句,但是含義不同:cannot=不可能,may not=可能不。比較:It cant be true. 這不可能是真的。It may not be true. 這可能不是真的。 四、如何加強(qiáng)推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣若要加強(qiáng)推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣,表示較大的可能性,可在may, might后加副詞well: You may well be right. 你很可能是對(duì)的。That may well have been their intention這很可能是他們的意圖?!咀ⅰ縞ou

20、ld表推測(cè)時(shí)也可后接well來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。五、用于 may might (just) as well.意為“不妨”、“還是為好”等,用 might 比用 may 語(yǔ)氣更委婉:Im ready, so I might as well go now我已準(zhǔn)備好,因此不妨現(xiàn)在就走。Theres nothing to do, so I may might as well go to bed. 既然沒(méi)什么事可做,我還是去睡覺(jué)為好?!咀ⅰ縨ight as well 還可用于指過(guò)去的情況或用于比較兩個(gè)令人不愉快的情況:This holiday isnt much fun; we might as well be

21、 back home. 這個(gè)假日過(guò)得真沒(méi)意思,我們還不如呆在家里。 六、may 用于表示祝愿主要用于正式場(chǎng)合或書(shū)面語(yǔ)中:May you be happy! 祝你幸福! May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!must用法詳解 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的用法,應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn): 一、must表示“必須”、“一定要” (1) 可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問(wèn)句;用于否定句時(shí),mustnt 的意思是“一定不要”、“不能”,而不是“不必”:You must finish it today. 你一定要在今天完成它。You must see the doctor. 你一定要看

22、醫(yī)生。Must you go so soon? 你一定得這么早就走嗎?We mustnt think only of ourselves. 我們可不能只考慮自己。(2) 主要表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái),但有時(shí)(如在間接引語(yǔ)中)也可表過(guò)去(=had to):She asked if she must (had to) leave. 她問(wèn)她是否一定要離開(kāi)。(3) 對(duì)于must 開(kāi)頭一般疑問(wèn)句,若要作否定回答,可用neednt,不用mustnt:"Must I come over tonight?" "No, you neednt." “我今晚必須過(guò)來(lái)嗎?”“不必?!?4

23、) 其后可接被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)或進(jìn)行形式:Something must be done to stop it. 必須采取措施來(lái)阻止它。I think I must be going. 我想我得走了。 二、must表示推測(cè)其意為“準(zhǔn)是”、“一定是”,注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 通常只用于肯定句,在否定句或疑問(wèn)句用 can 代之:It must be true. 那一定是真的。比較:Can it be true? 那可能是真的嗎? / It cant be true. 那不可能是真的。(2) 后接動(dòng)詞原形,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè): He must be wrong. 他一定錯(cuò)了。The man must

24、have a lot of money. 這個(gè)人一定有不少錢(qián)?!咀ⅰ縨ust 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)后接動(dòng)詞原形時(shí),該動(dòng)詞通常為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如 be, have, know 等),若為動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,通常要轉(zhuǎn)換其他說(shuō)法。如要表示“他一定會(huì)贏”,通常不說(shuō)He must win,可說(shuō)He is sure to win。(He must win的意思是“他必須要贏”)(3) 其后可接進(jìn)行式或完成進(jìn)行式,用以談?wù)撘粋€(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:He must be writing a letter to his girl friend. 他一定在給他女朋友寫(xiě)信。Someone must have been smoking

25、here一定有人一直在這里抽煙。(4) 后接完成式,用來(lái)談?wù)撘寻l(fā)生的情況:He must have arrived already他一定已經(jīng)到了。I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話鈴,我一定是睡著了。 三、must表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”相當(dāng)于should, ought to的意思:You must say hello to her你應(yīng)當(dāng)跟她打個(gè)招呼。We must go and have a weekend there我們應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)侥抢锒戎苣?#160;四、表示“偏偏”有時(shí)表示不巧,有時(shí)表示固執(zhí),通常都是指令人不快的事

26、:Must you make so much noise? 你就非得弄出這么大的聲音嗎?Why must you always interrupt me? 你為什么硬是老要打斷我?We were ready to leave, but the baby must catch cold. 我們剛準(zhǔn)備好要走, 可孩子偏偏得了感冒。Just when I was busy, the neighbor must come and chatter. 正當(dāng)我忙碌的時(shí)候,鄰居偏偏過(guò)來(lái)聊天。 五、must 與 have to 的區(qū)別(1) 強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)不同:兩者都表示“必須”,但 must 側(cè)重于說(shuō)話者

27、的主觀看法,認(rèn)為有必要或有義務(wù)去做某事;have to則重于客觀需要,含有“不得不”或“被迫”之意:We must go at once. 我們必須馬上就走。If I buy that car, Ill have to borrow some money. 如果我要買那輛汽車, 我得借些錢(qián)。(2) 時(shí)態(tài)形式不同:must 只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)一種形式(在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以表示過(guò)去),而 have to則有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式:He said (that) she must go with me. 他說(shuō)她必須同我一起去。She had to go there on foot yesterday. 昨天她不得不步行去那

28、兒。They have had to buy a car. 他們不得不買了輛小汽車。(3) have to可以有分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式等形式,而must則沒(méi)有這些形式:He only saw her in the evening, having to be away all day. 他整天得外出,只能晚上見(jiàn)她。I regret to have to trouble you again. 我很抱歉不得不再麻煩你一次。(4) 否定式的意義不同:must 的否定式 mustnt 意為“一定不要”、“不允許”;而 have to 的否定式 dont have to 意為“不必”(=neednt)。比較

29、:You mustnt tell him about it你一定不要告訴他這件事。(這可能是秘密) You neednt tell him about it你不必告訴他這件事。(他可能知道了) shall與should用法詳解 1. shall在疑問(wèn)句中的用法在疑問(wèn)句中用于征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),主要用于第一人稱(在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,也用于第三人稱),其意為“要不要”、“好嗎”:Shall I get you a chair for you? 要不要我給你拿把椅子來(lái)?What shall we do this evening? 我們今天晚上做什么呢?Shall the boy come a

30、t once? 要不要這孩子馬上來(lái)? 2. shall在陳述句中的用法在陳述句表示說(shuō)話者的允諾、告誡、威脅、命令、規(guī)定、必然性等,主要用于第二、三人稱:You shall suffer for this. 你會(huì)為此事吃苦頭的。(表威脅)That day shall come那一天一定會(huì)來(lái)。(表必然性)Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow. 告訴他這本書(shū)明天給他。(表允諾)Persons under 18 shall not be employed in night work不滿十八歲的人不得雇傭干夜間工作。(表規(guī)定)【注】有時(shí)用于

31、第一人稱,表示決心:I shall return. 我一定回來(lái)。(表示決心) 3. should表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任should表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該”:We should learn from each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。We should help the aged. 我們應(yīng)該幫助老人。You should pay your debts. 你應(yīng)該還債。 4. should 表示建議或勸告should 表示建議或勸告時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該”:You should give up smoking. 你應(yīng)該戒煙。You should go and ask your teac

32、her. 你應(yīng)該去問(wèn)問(wèn)老師?!咀ⅰ坑袝r(shí)語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng),含有命令的意味:You should leave at once. 你應(yīng)該馬上離開(kāi) 。5. should 表示推斷should 表示推斷時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該”、“可能”:They should be there by now, I think. 我想現(xiàn)在他們都已經(jīng)到了。The concert should be great fun. 音樂(lè)會(huì)應(yīng)該很有意思。The poems should be out in a month or so. 個(gè)把月之后這些詩(shī)估計(jì)就可以出版了。With an early start he should be here by no

33、on. 動(dòng)身得早,他中午就該到這里了?!咀ⅰ縮hould表示推斷時(shí),語(yǔ)氣較肯定,通常是指非常可能的事(因?yàn)榘凳居幸欢ǖ氖聦?shí)依據(jù)或合乎常理),而may, might, could等表示推測(cè)時(shí),則語(yǔ)氣較不肯定,尤其是might, could。請(qǐng)看一道考題:(from )"When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon." "They _ be ready by 12:00."A. canB. shouldC. mightD. need在四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中,A、B和C均表示推測(cè),但A通常不

34、用于肯定句中表示推測(cè),故不宜選;B和C雖均可用于肯定句表示推測(cè),但根據(jù)對(duì)話情景顧客下午要照片,如果店主中午12點(diǎn)還不能把照片沖洗出來(lái),那么生意肯定難做成,所以店主應(yīng)用肯定語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)的should(=應(yīng)該)來(lái)回答顧客,而不是用語(yǔ)氣較弱的might(=有可能),即應(yīng)選B不選C。 6. should 用于征求意見(jiàn)主要用于第一人稱的疑問(wèn)句形式:Should I open the window? 我可以打開(kāi)窗戶嗎?Where should I meet you tonight? 我今晚該到哪兒與你見(jiàn)面?What should we do now? 我們現(xiàn)在該干什么呢?【注】該用法與Shall I

35、 (we)?的用法相似。 7. should 表示謙遜或委婉通常與like, love, think, say, imagine等動(dòng)詞連用:I should like to know why. 我想知道這是為什么。I should say shes over forty. 我想他有40多歲了。I should think its too expensive. 我看這太貴了。I should imagine it will take about three hours. 我想得花大約三個(gè)小時(shí)。8. should表示意外或驚訝I(yíng)ts strange that he should come

36、 so late. 他竟然來(lái)這么遲真是奇怪。Im sorry that this should have happened. 我很遺憾竟然發(fā)生這種事。Im surprised that he should say so. 他竟這樣說(shuō),這使我很驚訝。有時(shí)與why, who, how 等疑問(wèn)詞連用:Why should you think that way? 你為什么會(huì)那樣想?How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道?Who should come in but my old friend Betty!我當(dāng)是誰(shuí)進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),原來(lái)是我的老朋友貝蒂呀! 9. should后所接動(dòng)詞形式根

37、據(jù)不同情況should后可接不同的動(dòng)詞形式:(1) 接動(dòng)詞原形,用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況。(2) 接進(jìn)行式,用于談?wù)撜谶M(jìn)行的事:He should be working now. 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該在工作?!咀ⅰ坑袝r(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的事(與進(jìn)行式表示將來(lái)意義相似):We should be leaving soon. 我們應(yīng)該馬上走。(比用should leave 委婉)(3) 接完成式,用于過(guò)去的情況,可指過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,也可接本該發(fā)生而實(shí)際上未發(fā)生的情況:The train should have already left. 火車大概已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了吧。You should not have left

38、 so soon. 你本不該那么早就走的。You are right; I should have thought of that. 你說(shuō)得對(duì),我本應(yīng)當(dāng)想到這一點(diǎn)的。(4) 接完成進(jìn)行式,表示過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行的情況:Why werent you helping Tom? You should have been helping him. 你為什么不在幫助湯姆?你是應(yīng)當(dāng)在幫助他的。有時(shí)也表示本來(lái)應(yīng)該做而未做的情況:I should have been leaving London before 9. 我本應(yīng)該在九點(diǎn)以前離開(kāi)倫敦的。 ought to用法詳解 1. 表示

39、義務(wù)或責(zé)任其意為“應(yīng)該”。如:We ought to leave at once. 我們應(yīng)該馬上離開(kāi)。Such things ought not to be allowed. 這類事不該容許。 2. 表示建議或勸告其意為“應(yīng)該”。如:You ought to see the new film. 你應(yīng)該看看這部新電影。We oughtnt to take risks. 我們不宜于冒險(xiǎn)。He said I ought to write an article about it. 他說(shuō)我應(yīng)當(dāng)寫(xiě)一篇文章談這事。 3. 表示推斷其意為“應(yīng)該”、“可能”。如:That ought to

40、be enough food for all of us. 那些該夠我們大家吃的了。Ask John. He ought to know. 問(wèn)問(wèn)約翰吧,他該知道。I ought to be fit for work next month. 下個(gè)月我想必可以工作了?!咀ⅰ坑胦ught to 表示推斷時(shí),語(yǔ)氣較肯定,通常指的是一種合乎邏輯的可能性(與should表推斷時(shí)相似),有時(shí)可譯為“準(zhǔn)是”(但語(yǔ)氣比must要弱):That ought to should be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上樓的準(zhǔn)是珍妮特。 4. 后接動(dòng)詞所用形式根據(jù)不同情況ought

41、 to后可接不同的動(dòng)詞形式。如:(1) 接動(dòng)詞原形,用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況。(2) 接進(jìn)行式,用于談?wù)撜谶M(jìn)行的事:You oughtnt to be talking so much,Annie. 你不宜講這么多話,安妮。It isnt what I ought to be doing. 這不是我現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該做的事。有時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的事(正如用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)一樣):I ought to be going. 我該走了。We ought to be hearing from him soon. 我們不久應(yīng)當(dāng)會(huì)接到他的信。(3) 接完成式,用于過(guò)去的情況,可指過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,也可接本該發(fā)生而實(shí)際

42、上未發(fā)生的情況:They ought to have arrived by now. 他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該已經(jīng)到了。I ought to have helped her,but I never could. 我本該幫助她的,卻從未能這樣做。I dont think you ought to have done that. 我想你不應(yīng)該這樣做的。5. 使用注意點(diǎn)(1) 在否定式中用ought not 或oughtnt,在疑問(wèn)中將ought提到主語(yǔ)之前:He ought to go now, oughtnt he? 他現(xiàn)在該走了,是嗎?(2) 在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,ought to用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)可將to省略

43、(但在肯定句中to不宜省)。另外,在省略句中也可以省去to:Ought we (to) have done it? 我們本該做此事嗎? "Ought I to go?" "Yes, you ought (to)." “我該去嗎?”“對(duì),你該去?!?#160;6. ought to與 should的用法區(qū)別(1) 一般說(shuō)來(lái),兩者可替換,只是ought to語(yǔ)氣稍重:You ought to should go and see Mary sometime. 你應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候去看看瑪麗。The train ought to should have arrived

44、 at six. 火車本應(yīng)該6點(diǎn)鐘到的。(2) 表示出于法令規(guī)則、行為準(zhǔn)則、道德責(zé)任等客觀情況而“應(yīng)該”做某事時(shí),一般應(yīng)用ought to,若用should則含有個(gè)人意見(jiàn),強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法:We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will. 明天我們按理應(yīng)該去看看瑪麗,但是我認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)去(此句不宜用should)。(3) 在公告、須知或條例中,出于禮貌,常用should:You should not run alongside the swimming-pool. 不準(zhǔn)在游泳池邊奔跑。will與would用法詳解

45、0;1. 表示意愿will 表示現(xiàn)在的意愿,would表示過(guò)去的意愿: I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我愿意照你要求的價(jià)錢(qián)付款。Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。He wouldnt help me yesterday. 他昨天不愿幫助我。She asked if I would go with them. 她問(wèn)我是否愿同他們一起去?!咀ⅰ?1) 表示“意愿”的 will 有時(shí)可用于條件句中:If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如果你同意,我可以送你回家。(2) would也可表

46、示現(xiàn)在的意愿,語(yǔ)氣較委婉:Id go there with you. 我愿同你去那兒。I wouldnt go. 我不會(huì)去。 2. 表示征求意見(jiàn)或提出請(qǐng)求主要用于第二人稱的疑問(wèn)句中,will和would均可用,would此時(shí)并不表過(guò)去,而表示委婉語(yǔ)氣:Wont you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脫掉? Will would you please post the letter for me? 請(qǐng)幫我寄了這封信好嗎?Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上適合你嗎?【注】(1) 有時(shí)為使語(yǔ)氣委婉,可用否定式??偟恼f(shuō)來(lái),用would

47、比用will委婉,用wont和wouldnt比單獨(dú)用will和would要委婉。(2) would有時(shí)用于提出想法,通常與like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等連用,若用于第一人稱有時(shí)也可將would換成should:Id like love to have a look at it. 我想看看它。I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。 3. 表示習(xí)慣和傾向性will表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣,would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣:Oil will float on water. 油總是浮在水上。This w

48、indow wont open. 這扇窗戶經(jīng)常打不開(kāi)。Hell talk for hours, if you let him. 你要讓他講,他會(huì)講幾個(gè)小時(shí)。The wound would not heal. (過(guò)去)傷口老不愈合。When he was a child, he would often go skiing. 他小時(shí)候經(jīng)常去滑雪。He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有時(shí)他在那里一坐幾個(gè)鐘頭,什么也不做?!咀ⅰ坑袝r(shí)would表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的令人不耐煩的事:Thats just like himhe w

49、ould lose his keys! 他就是這樣,老丟鑰匙! 4. 表示推測(cè)will用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在,would可用于談?wù)撨^(guò)去,也可用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在(語(yǔ)氣較委婉):This car will hold six people. 這輛小汽車可以坐六個(gè)人。Ask him. He will know. 問(wèn)問(wèn)他吧,他大概知道。You wouldnt know. 你不會(huì)知道。Every family would have some sort of trouble. 家家都會(huì)有本難念的經(jīng)。The person you mentioned would be her father, is that right? 你提

50、的那個(gè)人想必是她的父親,對(duì)嗎?【注】有時(shí)可后接完成式,表示對(duì)過(guò)去可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè):You will have heard of it. 你已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到那事了吧。(from )I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你現(xiàn)在可能已經(jīng)做完了吧。 5. 表示執(zhí)意或決心will表示現(xiàn)在的執(zhí)意和決心,would表示過(guò)去的執(zhí)意和決心:“Tell me the secret.” “I wont.”“把秘密告訴我?!薄拔也挪涣?。”I wont have anything said against her. 我絕不讓誰(shuí)說(shuō)她的壞話。He woul

51、d do it, though I told him not to. 雖然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做?!咀ⅰ看擞梅梢暈楸硪庠傅募訌?qiáng)用法,即強(qiáng)烈的意愿即為決心。 6. 其他用法will 還可表示許諾、指示、叮囑等,而would還可用于評(píng)論某一特定的行為等:You will have your share. 你會(huì)得到你那一份的。You will do as I told you. 你得照我說(shuō)的去做。Thats just what he would say. 他就是愛(ài)那樣講話。You would never do anything to hurt me. 你絕不會(huì)做傷害我的事的。

52、0;7. would與虛擬條件句有時(shí)用would,可視為是省略了或包含有相關(guān)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可能親自去看她,那樣更好些。(=It would be better if I saw her personally.)Shed be stupid not to accept. 她不接受那才笨呢。(=She would be stupid if the didnt accept.)need用法詳解 一、基本用法特點(diǎn)need可用實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),意思是“有必要”或“需要”,其后接

53、動(dòng)詞原形,通常只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:You neednt do all these exercises. 你不需要做所有這些練習(xí)。Need he do it all at once? 他需要立即做這一切嗎?Need they have done it yesterday? 這事他們需要昨天做嗎?Do you think you need tell her about it? 你認(rèn)為有必要告訴她這件事嗎?I wonder if I need bring my mosquito-net. 不知我需不需要帶蚊帳?!咀ⅰ?1) 由于用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的need通

54、常不用于肯定句,所以對(duì)于以need開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句的否定回答可用neednt,但是肯定回答卻不能用Yes, you need之類的,應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況改用其他表達(dá):"Need he stay here?" "Yes, he must." “他有必要留在這兒?jiǎn)?”“是的,必須留在這兒?!?2) need有時(shí)用于含有only, all 等表限制意義的肯定句中:This is the only form you need fill in. 你要填的只有這一張表。All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只

55、需從機(jī)場(chǎng)打個(gè)的即可。 二、后接動(dòng)詞完成式的用法若要談?wù)撨^(guò)去情況,應(yīng)在其后接動(dòng)詞完成式:You neednt have mentioned it. 你沒(méi)有必要提及此事的。You neednt have come in person. 你當(dāng)時(shí)不必親自來(lái)的。Need you have paid so much? 你當(dāng)時(shí)真需付那么多錢(qián)嗎? 【注】(1) 在賓語(yǔ)從句中可直接用need表示過(guò)去(也可用didnt have to):He said he need not didnt have to hurry. 他說(shuō)他不必匆忙。(2) 注意對(duì)“need+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)疑問(wèn)式的回答:&qu

56、ot;Need he have come so early?" "Yes, he had to." / "No, he neednt have."“他來(lái)那么早有必要嗎?”“有必要,他必須來(lái)那么早?!?“不,他本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要來(lái)那么早的?!?#160;三、后接動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式的用法有時(shí)后接進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行:We neednt be waiting here. 我們不必在這里等。We neednt be standing here in the rain. 我們沒(méi)有必要站在這里被雨淋。四、neednt have done與didnt need to d

57、o前者主要表示某事已經(jīng)做了,但后來(lái)覺(jué)得沒(méi)必要去做,因此常含有責(zé)備或遺憾之意;后者則不具體表明某事是否做了(即可能做了也可能沒(méi)有做,此用法中的need為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞):I got up early, but I neednt have done so, because I had no work to do that morning. 我起床起得很早,但我本來(lái)不必起那么早的,因?yàn)槲夷翘煸缟蠜](méi)什么事做。I didnt need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am. 今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午九點(diǎn)鐘才起床。若沒(méi)有特定的上下文,有時(shí)可能有歧義:I didnt need to go the office yesterday.(1) 我昨天無(wú)需去那兒。(所以沒(méi)去)(=I didnt have to go there yesterday.)(2) 我昨天本來(lái)不必去那兒的。(但我卻去了)(=I neednt have gon

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