人類的營養(yǎng)作用

1、人類的營養(yǎng)作用內(nèi)容摘要表：營養(yǎng)作用的主要過程攝食食物經(jīng)口腔進(jìn)入消化道消化作用食物逐步分解成簡(jiǎn)單而細(xì)小的分子，能讓身體吸收吸收作用簡(jiǎn)單和細(xì)小的可溶食物分子經(jīng)消化道上皮進(jìn)入血管同化作用已吸收的食物經(jīng)血液運(yùn)送到身體細(xì)胞以運(yùn)用，例如釋出能量或形成新組織排遺作用未被消化的物質(zhì)以糞便的形式排出體外表：牙齒的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)外部結(jié)構(gòu)齒冠凸出齒齦以外的部分齒頸齒根和齒冠之間的部分齒根嵌在顎骨裏的部分內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)琺瑯質(zhì)齒冠最外層、最堅(jiān)硬的物質(zhì)含有鈣，但沒有活細(xì)胞形成堅(jiān)硬的咀嚼面，能保護(hù)牙齒免受機(jī)械性磨損牙本質(zhì)位於牙齒中層近似骨骼的物質(zhì)有幼細(xì)的管道，細(xì)胞質(zhì)在其間穿梭流動(dòng)髓腔牙齒的最內(nèi)層有血管，為牙齒供應(yīng)營養(yǎng)素和氧有神經(jīng)，

2、產(chǎn)生冷熱、受壓和痛楚的感覺牙骨質(zhì)一層薄薄的物質(zhì)，覆蓋齒根部分的牙本質(zhì)連牙周膜，把牙齒固定在顎骨上牙周膜纖維狀的薄膜容許牙齒作輕微移動(dòng)，當(dāng)咀嚼堅(jiān)硬物時(shí)能吸收震盪表：牙齒的種類及功能牙齒種類位置特點(diǎn)功能門齒顎的前方邊緣如鑿子般鋒利把食物切成小塊犬齒門齒旁邊鋒利和尖銳刺入及撕破食物前臼齒顎的左右兩旁齒面闊大，並有尖突的地方壓爛及磨碎食物臼齒顎的最後方，前臼齒之後跟前臼齒相似，但體積比前臼齒大壓碎和磨爛食物表：齒系與齒式齒系哺乳動(dòng)物各種牙齒的數(shù)量和排列情況齒式表示齒系的方式，顯示側(cè)面上下顎的牙齒數(shù)量和種類表：乳齒齒系與恒齒齒系乳齒齒系恒齒齒系齒式 牙齒總數(shù)2032表：牙科問題成因形成過程蛀牙進(jìn)食太多糖

3、果、含糖的零食和飲料在牙齒表面形成一層肉眼看不見、帶有黏性的薄膜含糖的食物渣滓附於牙齒表面或牙縫間，成為牙菌膜裏細(xì)菌的食物細(xì)菌把糖分解成酸，逐漸溶掉琺瑯質(zhì)，形成小洞酸最終入侵牙本質(zhì)，並到達(dá)髓腔，引致疼痛 牙周病牙菌膜積聚在牙齒的齒頸附近牙菌膜持續(xù)積聚，漸漸演變成牙石牙石的細(xì)菌在齒齦四周產(chǎn)生毒素，引致齒齦發(fā)炎疾病漫延至齒根，最終使牙齒鬆脫表：口腔健康方法目的進(jìn)食均衡的膳食，以攝取足夠的鈣、磷和維生素D保持牙齒健康避免進(jìn)食太多糖分高的食物防止細(xì)菌將糖分解成酸用含有氟化物的牙膏刷牙使牙齒更強(qiáng)壯及防止蛀牙每天起後和臨睡前刷牙，及在每次飯後刷牙有效地清除牙菌膜及牙縫中的食物渣滓刷牙的方法要正確牙刷的刷毛

4、應(yīng)軟硬適中養(yǎng)成飯後使用牙線的習(xí)慣定期接受口腔檢查找出蛀牙或牙周病的癥狀，而作出適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煴恚喝祟愊到y(tǒng)的組成部分組成部分消化道口 咽 食道 胃 小腸（十二指腸和迴腸） 大腸（結(jié)腸、直腸、盲腸和闌尾） 肛門附屬於消化道的腺體唾腺、胃腺、腸腺、胰臟和肝臟 表：消化道有助食物移動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造功能/作用消化道上皮製造黏液起潤滑劑作用，幫助食物通過消化道 保護(hù)消化道內(nèi)壁免受消化的作用損壞環(huán)肌和縱肌肌肉節(jié)奏性的收縮和放鬆（蠕動(dòng)），把食物沿消化道向前推進(jìn)表：人類消化作用的種類過程相關(guān)的作用機(jī)械性消化作用食物經(jīng)物理過程，被機(jī)械化地分成小塊牙齒的咀嚼動(dòng)作胃部的攪拌動(dòng)作化學(xué)性消化作用較大和複雜的食物分子經(jīng)的作用，

5、分解成較小和簡(jiǎn)單分子從唾腺、胃腺、胰臟和腸腺分泌消化碳水化合物：把碳水化合物消化成單糖脂肪：把脂肪消化成脂肪酸和甘油蛋白：把蛋白質(zhì)消化成氨基酸表：吞嚥食物吞嚥的過程在口腔內(nèi)，經(jīng)咀嚼的食物與唾液混合舌頭把食物滾成一個(gè)軟球，即食團(tuán)，準(zhǔn)備吞嚥舌頭上升，向口腔頂部後方推去，食團(tuán)被推進(jìn)咽軟向上升，防止食團(tuán)進(jìn)入鼻腔喉的軟骨向上移，使會(huì)厭覆蓋聲門食團(tuán)進(jìn)入食道表：消化道適應(yīng)於進(jìn)行消化作用的特徵消化道的部分適應(yīng)特徵功能口牙齒的切割和磨碎動(dòng)作將食物分成小塊增加食物與消化接觸的表面積，提高消化作用的效率唾液經(jīng)唾管流入口腔唾液的水分使食物濕潤和軟化唾液把食物碎片黏合在一起，並加以潤滑，使易於吞嚥胃由肌肉組成的大型囊狀

6、器官，上方接連食道，下方通往十二指腸暫存食物：液體食物比固體食物逗留的時(shí)間短入口處有賁門括約肌控制食物從食道進(jìn)入胃出口處有幽門括約肌控制食物離開胃進(jìn)入十二指腸一層厚厚的黏液覆蓋其內(nèi)壁保護(hù)胃部免受消化液和酸的作用破壞週期性地產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的蠕動(dòng)收縮 （攪拌）把胃液和食物徹底攪拌混合，並進(jìn)一步將食物機(jī)械性地分解肝臟製造膽汁加快脂肪的消化過程 含有幫助消化脂肪的膽鹽。膽鹽是肝分解破損紅血球時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的廢物，令糞便呈綠或啡色小腸不斷蠕動(dòng)，將食物不斷地?cái)嚢璋严汉褪澄锘旌鲜澄镒罱K分解成簡(jiǎn)單的分子，供身體吸收表：消化道不同部分進(jìn)行的消化作用消化道的部分消化液製造消化液的腺體或化合物作用口腔唾液唾腺澱粉澱粉 麥芽

7、糖胃胃液胃腺蛋白凝乳(在幼童體內(nèi))蛋白質(zhì) 鏈乳蛋白 不可溶蛋白質(zhì)氫氯酸為蛋白提供酸性介質(zhì)小腸膽汁肝臟膽鹽 把脂肪乳化成小滴，藉以增加供脂肪進(jìn)行作用的表面積鹼鹽中和來自胃的酸性食糜胰液胰臟澱粉澱粉 麥芽糖脂肪脂肪 脂肪酸和甘油蛋白蛋白質(zhì) 鏈和氨基酸鹼鹽中和來自胃的酸性食糜腸液腸腺碳水化合物雙糖 單糖，例如：¨ 麥芽糖 葡萄糖¨ 蔗糖 葡萄糖蛋白鏈 氨基酸鹼鹽中和來自胃的酸性食糜表：已消化的食物在小腸的吸收作用小腸的結(jié)構(gòu)功能被吸收的物質(zhì)十分長，而且交疊很多為吸收作用提供很大的表面積¨ 水溶性物質(zhì)：如單糖、氨基酸和礦物質(zhì) ¨ 脂肪酸和甘油：在絨毛上皮再結(jié)合成脂

8、肪小滴¨ 水和其他物質(zhì)：如已溶解的維生素腸壁有很多如手指般的絨毛蠕動(dòng)將食物攪爛使已消化的食物與絨毛更接近，讓吸收作用更有效地進(jìn)行上皮只由單層細(xì)胞構(gòu)成令物質(zhì)能迅速通過絨毛的乳糜管被密集的微血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)包圍迅速運(yùn)走已吸收的食物表：已消化的食物在胃和大腸的吸收作用被吸收的食物胃少量的簡(jiǎn)單物質(zhì)如水、礦物質(zhì)、酒精和單糖大腸從廢物中緩慢地吸收剩餘的水分和一些礦物質(zhì)表：食物運(yùn)輸?shù)缴眢w細(xì)胞的途徑單糖和氨基酸經(jīng)肝門靜脈帶入肝部分會(huì)儲(chǔ)存在肝臟裏，另一些經(jīng)肝臟處理後，經(jīng)肝靜脈返回血流脂肪經(jīng)淋巴管（小腸的乳糜管）運(yùn)輸，在接近頸的位置返回血流表：已吸收食物的去向葡萄糖提供能量，以推動(dòng)各種細(xì)胞活動(dòng)，維持生命多餘的葡

9、萄糖會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化成糖原，儲(chǔ)存在肝臟和骨骼肌，或轉(zhuǎn)化成脂肪，儲(chǔ)存於皮下供給各種細(xì)胞活動(dòng)所需的能量脂肪形成細(xì)胞膜和其他細(xì)胞構(gòu)造多餘的脂肪會(huì)積存在皮下，或體內(nèi)器官的周圍氨基酸組成蛋白質(zhì)，供生長、修復(fù)身體組織和形成或激素等用途多餘的氨基酸在肝臟經(jīng)脫氨作用後，再轉(zhuǎn)化成碳水化合物和尿素 碳水化合物可以用作釋放能量或作能量?jī)?chǔ)備尿素經(jīng)尿液排出體外表：肝臟在同化作用中的角色功能代謝作用調(diào)節(jié)血液的葡萄糖水平（血糖水平）在飯後，肝臟將過量的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)化成糖原，儲(chǔ)存起來禁食時(shí)，肝臟會(huì)把糖原轉(zhuǎn)回葡萄糖處理過剩的氨基酸經(jīng)脫氨作用後，其產(chǎn)物逐步轉(zhuǎn)化成碳水化合物和尿素製造膽汁乳化脂肪，形成細(xì)小的小滴中和來自胃的酸性食糜，為小腸的提供

10、鹼性的介質(zhì)儲(chǔ)藏鐵形成新的紅血球維生素A和D使身體正常運(yùn)作解毒作用毒素轉(zhuǎn)化成無害的物質(zhì)表：排便作用糞便的成分糞便包括未被消化和未被吸收的食物、膽色素、大腸壁脫落的細(xì)胞，及大量細(xì)菌排遺的過程在排糞時(shí)，肛門括約肌放鬆，以把糞便排走詞彙表 (詞彙 筆畫序)詞彙Vocabulary解釋Description十二指腸duodenum脊椎動(dòng)物小腸的前部分anterior part of the small intestine of vertebrate上皮epithelium薄細(xì)胞層，覆蓋並保護(hù)體內(nèi)或體外構(gòu)造的表面a thin layer of cells covering and protecting t

11、he free surfaces of an internal or external structure大腸large intestine哺乳動(dòng)物的消化道中較後的一部分，包括盲腸、闌尾、結(jié)腸和直腸latter part of the alimentary canal of mammals, including the caecum, appendix, colon and rectum大腸large intestine哺乳動(dòng)物的消化道中較後的一部分，包括盲腸、闌尾、結(jié)腸和直腸latter part of the alimentary canal of mammals, including t

12、he caecum, appendix, colon and rectum小腸small intestine消化道中從胃部到大腸的部分，分為十二指腸和迴腸，負(fù)責(zé)消化和吸收食物a portion of the alimentary canal leading from the stomach to the large intestine, divided into the duodenum and ileum; functions in the digestion and absorption of food小腸small intestine消化道中從胃部到大腸的部分，分為十二指腸和迴腸，負(fù)責(zé)消

13、化和吸收食物a portion of the alimentary canal leading from the stomach to the large intestine, divided into the duodenum and ileum; functions in the digestion and absorption of food化學(xué)性消化作用chemical digestion一個(gè)集合名詞，指大型複雜的食物分子，透過消化的作用，發(fā)生化學(xué)性轉(zhuǎn)變，而分解成細(xì)小而簡(jiǎn)單的分子的過程a collective term referring to the processes in whi

14、ch large and complex food molecules are broken down into simpler and smaller molecules; the food substances are changed chemically by the action of digestive enzymes牙本質(zhì)dentine牙齒內(nèi)部琺瑯質(zhì)以下的堅(jiān)固骨狀物質(zhì)a hard, bone-like substance forming the inner part of a tooth, beneath the enamel牙石calculus牙齒上堅(jiān)硬呈黃色的沉積物，內(nèi)含有機(jī)分

15、泌物和食物粒子，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致齒齦病和蛀牙a hard yellowish deposit on the teeth, consisting of organic secretions and food particles, which may lead to gum diseases and tooth decay牙周病periodontal disease亦見齒齦病see “gum disease”牙周膜periodontal membrane覆蓋牙齒周圍的纖維膜a fibrous membrane covering the teeth牙骨質(zhì)cement覆蓋牙根的堅(jiān)硬骨狀物質(zhì)a hard bo

16、ne-like substance that covers the roots of the teeth牙菌膜plague牙齒表面一層肉眼看不見而帶有黏性的薄膜，當(dāng)中含有細(xì)菌和溶解的食物物質(zhì)an invisible, sticky film on the tooth surface, containing bacteria and dissolved food substances牙線dental floss有蠟質(zhì)或非蠟質(zhì)兩種，用以移除牙縫間及齒齦底部的食物碎屑及牙菌膜a waxed or unwaxed thread used to remove food particles and pla

17、que from between the teeth and under the gums犬齒canine部分哺乳動(dòng)物口腔內(nèi)，位處上下顎兩邊的尖銳成刀形的牙齒，用以捕殺獵物和撕開肉塊sharp, dagger-like tooth at each side of the jaws of some mammals, for killing preys and tearing flesh同化作用assimilation消化物在吸收進(jìn)身體細(xì)胞後，形成身體的複雜物質(zhì)的過程process of absorbing and building up products of digestion into ne

18、w complex body substances同化作用assimilation消化物在吸收進(jìn)身體細(xì)胞後，形成身體的複雜物質(zhì)的過程process of absorbing and building up products of digestion into new complex body substances肉食性動(dòng)物carnivore以其他動(dòng)物的身體部分作為食物的動(dòng)物，屬異養(yǎng)生物，例子有狗和獅子an animal that feed on the body parts of other animals, is a kind of heterotroph; examples are dog

19、s and lions臼齒molar有4個(gè)尖突及2或3顆齒根，位處顎的後方large tooth with four cusps and two or three roots, situated at the back of the jaw吞嚥swallow使物質(zhì)（如食物和飲品）經(jīng)由口腔與喉嚨傳送進(jìn)食道的動(dòng)作the action to cause (food or drink, for example) to pass through the mouth and throat into the oesophagus吸收作用absorption經(jīng)腸壁把已消化（可溶）的食物和水?dāng)z入至血管內(nèi)the

20、uptake of digested (soluble) food and water through the walls of gut into the bloodstream吸收作用absorption經(jīng)腸壁把已消化（可溶）的食物和水?dāng)z入至血管內(nèi)the uptake of digested (soluble) food and water through the walls of gut into the bloodstream抗生素antibiotic生物（通常指細(xì)菌與真菌）所製造的物質(zhì)，對(duì)其他生物有害，現(xiàn)常用於藥物中以消滅病原體a substance produced by organ

21、isms, usually bacteria and fungi, which is toxic to other organisms. It is used in medicine to kill pathogens肝門靜脈hepatic portal vein將已吸收的食物從小腸運(yùn)送到肝臟的血管blood vessel that carries absorbed food from small intestine to liver肝動(dòng)脈hepatic artery 從把血液運(yùn)輸至身體下半部分的大動(dòng)脈延伸出的血管分支，負(fù)責(zé)把含氧血帶往肝臟a branch of the blood vesse

22、l arising from the aorta that transport blood to the lower part of the body, carries oxygenated blood to the liver肝靜脈hepatic vein離開肝臟的靜脈，然後與下腔靜脈匯合a vein leaving the liver and entering the inferior vena cava肝臟liver哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)最大的消化腺；經(jīng)導(dǎo)管將分泌物引入小腸，以進(jìn)行消化作用，亦負(fù)責(zé)製造膽汁，及儲(chǔ)存糖原the largest digestive gland of mammals; i

23、ts duct carries secretions into the small intestine for digestive function; it also produces bile and stores glycogen肝臟liver哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)最大的消化腺；經(jīng)導(dǎo)管將分泌物引入小腸，以進(jìn)行消化作用，亦負(fù)責(zé)製造膽汁，及儲(chǔ)存糖原the largest digestive gland of mammals; its duct carries secretions into the small intestine for digestive function; it also produ

24、ces bile and stores glycogen肛門anus消化道末端的開口，未被消化的食物經(jīng)此排出體外the posterior opening of the digestive tract through which indigested substances are eliminated from the body肛門anus消化道末端的開口，未被消化的食物經(jīng)此排出體外the posterior opening of the digestive tract through which indigested substances are eliminated from the bo

25、dy肛門括約肌anal sphincter導(dǎo)致肛門收縮或閉合的肌肉muscle that make the anus close or contracts乳化emulsify分解物質(zhì)成乳劑或粒子微小的懸濁液，物質(zhì)的表面積因而增大；在腸道內(nèi)，脂肪因膽汁的作用，乳化成小滴，促進(jìn)消化脂肪的過程to break down a substance into emulsion or fine suspension, the surface area of the substance will be increased; in the intestine, fat is emulsified by the

26、action of bile that aid the digestion process乳齒milk teeth哺乳動(dòng)物長出的第一組牙齒the first set of teeth produced by mammals乳糖不耐癥lactose intolerance因部分成年人的小腸內(nèi)缺乏乳糖所致?；颊唢嬘媚填愶嬈丰?，會(huì)出現(xiàn)腹瀉的情況the lack of lactase in the small intestine in some adults; resulting in diarrhoea after drinking milk乳糖lactase一種腸液中的，催化乳糖分解成葡萄糖和半乳

27、糖的反應(yīng)an enzyme in intestinal juice which catalyze the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose乳糜chyle食物被完全消化後，在小腸內(nèi)所形成的白色乳狀物，隨後被絨毛吸收進(jìn)血液the completely digested form of food which is a white emulsion in the small intestine; absorbed by the villi into the bloodstream乳糜管lacteal哺乳動(dòng)物腸壁的絨毛內(nèi)的淋巴管lymph v

28、essel in a villus of intestinal wall of mammals盲腸caecum腸內(nèi)小腸與大腸交界間的分支，另一端是盡頭，草食性動(dòng)物進(jìn)食的纖維素於此被消化a blind-ended branch of the intestine at the junction between the small and large intestine, concerned with cellulose digestion in herbivores盲腸caecum腸內(nèi)小腸與大腸交界間的分支，另一端是盡頭，草食性動(dòng)物進(jìn)食的纖維素於此被消化a blind-ended branch o

29、f the intestine at the junction between the small and large intestine, concerned with cellulose digestion in herbivores直腸rectum大腸最後的部分，經(jīng)肛門通往體外，作用是暫時(shí)儲(chǔ)存糞便the last part of the large intestine, for storing faeces temporarily, opening to the outside of the body through the anus 直腸rectum大腸最後的部分，經(jīng)肛門通往體外，作用

30、是暫時(shí)儲(chǔ)存糞便the last part of the large intestine, for storing faeces temporarily, opening to the outside of the body through the anus 門齒incisor兩顎前端成鑿形的牙齒，用以咀嚼和切割食物chisel-shaped tooth at the front of the jaws for biting and cutting food前臼齒premolar牙齒體積大，有2個(gè)尖突及1 或 2顆齒根，位於犬齒後面，用以磨碎食物large tooth with 2 cusps

31、and 1 or 2 roots situated behind the canine. It is used for grinding food咽pharynx脊椎動(dòng)物消化道的一部分，範(fàn)圍由口的後方一直至食道的開口部分the part of the alimentary canal of vertebrate which leads from the back of the mouth to the opening to oesophagus幽門括約肌pyloric sphincter環(huán)狀的平滑肌纖維，包圍胃部與十二指腸之間的開口a ring of smooth muscle fibres

32、around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum毒素toxin源自動(dòng)物、植物或微生物的有毒物質(zhì)the poisonous substance of derived from animals, plants or microorganisms氟化物fluoride一種礦物質(zhì)，透過取代骨和牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)中的氫氧基，使牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)更強(qiáng)壯堅(jiān)固，可減低蛀牙的機(jī)會(huì)a mineral that helps to make bone and teeth stronger and prevent tooth decay by replacing the hydro

33、xyl groups in the structural materials in bones and teeth胃stomach消化系統(tǒng)的器官之一，當(dāng)中的食物在酸性的介質(zhì)下被攪拌，並經(jīng)的作用分解an organ in the digestive system, in which the food is churned up and broken down by enzymes under acidic medium胃stomach消化系統(tǒng)的器官之一，當(dāng)中的食物在酸性的介質(zhì)下被攪拌，並經(jīng)的作用分解an organ in the digestive system, in which the fo

34、od is churned up and broken down by enzymes under acidic medium胃液gastric juice內(nèi)含和氫氯酸的酸性消化液，由胃腺所分泌，在胃內(nèi)產(chǎn)生作用時(shí)主要把食物中的蛋白質(zhì)分解an acidic digestive juice containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid secreted by the gastric gland, acts on foods to break down proteins胃腺gastric gland在胃壁中的外分泌腺，負(fù)責(zé)分泌胃液an exocrine gland

35、 in the wall of stomach, for the secretion of gastric juice胃腺gastric gland在胃壁中的外分泌腺，負(fù)責(zé)分泌胃液an exocrine gland in the wall of stomach, for the secretion of gastric juice食道oesophagus食物自口腔傳到胃部的肌肉管道m(xù)uscular tube through which food passes from the mouth cavity to the stomach食道oesophagus食物自口腔傳到胃部的肌肉管道m(xù)uscul

36、ar tube through which food passes from the mouth cavity to the stomach食團(tuán)bolus食物經(jīng)咀嚼後與唾液混合的球狀物，在舌頭上形成後吞嚥進(jìn)入食道a ball of chewed food, mixed with saliva, formed at the tongue, then swallowed食糜chyme食物在胃內(nèi)局部消化後所形成的糊狀物，其後會(huì)傳送至十二指腸a paste-like form of food formed after partial digestion in the stomach, to be pa

37、ssed into the duodenum恒齒permanent teeth哺乳動(dòng)物的顎長出以代替乳齒的牙齒teeth formed in the jaw in mammal that replace the milk dentition氣管trachea連接喉嚨與肺部的管道a tube connecting the throat to the lungs消化作用digestion食物經(jīng)消化液的作用，分解成較簡(jiǎn)單的分子的過程the process by which food is broken down into simpler molecules by the action of dige

38、stive juices消化作用digestion食物經(jīng)消化液的作用，分解成較簡(jiǎn)單的分子的過程the process by which food is broken down into simpler molecules by the action of digestive juices消化系統(tǒng)digestive system體內(nèi)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，由負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行消化作用的器官和組織組成，以把食物分解至簡(jiǎn)單的分子a system in the body, make up of organs and tissues that are related to the digestion of food into

39、simple molecules消化道alimentary canal從口腔延伸至肛門，內(nèi)裡進(jìn)行食物的消化與吸收的管道a tube passing from the mouth cavity to anus, inside which digestion and absorption of food take place消化道alimentary canal從口腔延伸至肛門，內(nèi)裡進(jìn)行食物的消化與吸收的管道a tube passing from the mouth cavity to anus, inside which digestion and absorption of food take

40、 place脂肪lipase由小腸製造的，催化脂肪和油分解成甘油和脂肪酸的反應(yīng)an enzyme produced in the small intestine which catalyze the breakdown of fat and oil into glycerol and fatty acids胰管pancreatic duct從胰臟伸出的導(dǎo)管，與膽管接合後再進(jìn)入十二指腸a duct leading from the pancreas, joining the bile duct before entering the duodenum胰臟pancreas位處胃部與十二指腸之間的器

41、官。胰臟經(jīng)導(dǎo)管分泌胰液至十二指腸，分泌胰島素至血管an organ situated between the stomach and the duodenum, secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the duodenum, and insulin into the bloodstream胰臟pancreas位處胃部與十二指腸之間的器官。胰臟經(jīng)導(dǎo)管分泌胰液至十二指腸，分泌胰島素至血管an organ situated between the stomach and the duodenum, secretes pancreatic jui

42、ce through a duct into the duodenum, and insulin into the bloodstream草食性動(dòng)物herbivore只以植物作為食物的動(dòng)物，屬異養(yǎng)生物，例子有羊、牛和兔animal which feed on plants only, is a kind of heterotroph; examples are sheep, rabbits, cows迴腸ileum小腸後端的部分，是完成消化作用和進(jìn)行吸收的位置posterior part of the small intestine, where digestion is completed

43、and absorption takes place迴腸ileum小腸後端的部分，是完成消化作用和進(jìn)行吸收的位置posterior part of the small intestine, where digestion is completed and absorption takes place迴腸ileum小腸後端的部分，是完成消化作用和進(jìn)行吸收的位置posterior part of the small intestine, where digestion is completed and absorption takes place排遺作用egestion從體內(nèi)排走糞便或未能消化的食

44、物的過程the process of removing faeces or indigestible food from the body排遺作用egestion從體內(nèi)排走糞便或未能消化的食物的過程the process of removing faeces or indigestible food from the body排糞defaecate經(jīng)肛門排出未被消化的物質(zhì)to remove indigestible substances from the anus淋巴lymph從胞間隙流入淋巴管的液體fluids drained by lymph vessels from intercellu

45、lar spaces痔瘡haemorrhoids是因靜脈擴(kuò)張而導(dǎo)致肛門組織腫脹的問題，患者的肛門部分可能有發(fā)癢、疼痛和出血的現(xiàn)象；一般成因是膳食中缺乏纖維素also known as piles, a condition of swollen veins in and around the anus; may be associated with pain, bleeding and itching; a common cause is the low fibre content in diet蛀牙tooth decay又稱齲齒，成因是在牙齒表面的牙垢膜中，細(xì)菌把糖分解成酸，酸則把琺瑯質(zhì)溶解，

46、使琺瑯質(zhì)逐步受侵蝕also called dental cavities or dental caries, is the destruction of the enamel of a tooth, due to the action of bacteria that live in plaque, using sugary substances from food particles to produce acid and the acids dissolve away the enamel蛋白protease能分解蛋白質(zhì)的enzyme that catalyes the splitting

47、 proteins軟soft palate脊椎動(dòng)物口腔的頂部；吞嚥時(shí)軟上升，使通往鼻腔的通道封閉the roof of the mouth of a vertebrate; raise upwards during swallowing to close the passage to the nasal cavity麥芽糖maltase催化麥芽糖分解成兩個(gè)葡萄糖分子的反應(yīng)的an enzyme catalyze the breakdown of a maltose molecule into two glucose molecules唾液saliva從三對(duì)唾腺中分泌進(jìn)口腔的液體，人類的唾液中含有

48、蛋白質(zhì)及唾液澱粉，呈弱鹼性liquid secreted into the mouth cavity by three pairs of salivary glands, in human contains proteins and amylase and is slightly alkaline 唾液澱粉salivary amylase 唾液中的一種，負(fù)責(zé)把澱粉消化成麥芽糖和糊精（一組可溶的多糖）an enzyme present in saliva which is responsible for digesting starch to maltose and dextrin (a gro

49、up of soluble polysaccharide)唾腺salivary gland位處頭部的外分泌腺，分泌出的唾液含有唾液澱粉；人類有三對(duì)唾腺，而兔子則有四對(duì)，各條腺體經(jīng)唾管通進(jìn)口腔ducted gland in the head that secretes saliva which contains ptyalin; three pairs in man and four pairs in rabbit; each gland is connected to the oral cavity by a duct唾腺salivary gland位處頭部的外分泌腺，分泌出的唾液含有唾液澱粉

50、；人類有三對(duì)唾腺，而兔子則有四對(duì)，各條腺體經(jīng)唾管通進(jìn)口腔ducted gland in the head that secretes saliva which contains ptyalin; three pairs in man and four pairs in rabbit; each gland is connected to the oral cavity by a duct唾管salivary duct把唾液傳送至口腔的導(dǎo)管is the duct passes saliva into the mouth cavity喉larynx大部分脊椎動(dòng)物的發(fā)聲器官，位處支氣管與舌頭的底部之

51、間the organ to produce voice in most vertebrates, which is located between the trachea and the base of the tongue智慧齒wisdom teeth人類最後長出的臼齒，約於21歲左右出現(xiàn)the last molars to appear in man at around the age of 21琺瑯質(zhì)enamel覆蓋牙齒的白色堅(jiān)硬物質(zhì)the hard, white covering of a tooth發(fā)炎inflammation 是身體對(duì)應(yīng)細(xì)胞或血管組織受損的一系列複雜的反應(yīng)，發(fā)炎的部

52、位會(huì)有更多血漿和白血球滲出，以殺滅細(xì)菌，因而導(dǎo)致的主要癥狀包括發(fā)炎的部位變得紅腫、發(fā)熱、痛楚、甚至失去正常的功能a complex reaction of the body to response to damage of its cells and blood vessels, symptoms of include redness, swelling, heat, pain and even malfunctioning of the area, due to release of plasma and white blood cells into the site of inflamma

53、tion to kill pathogens結(jié)腸colon大腸的一部分，負(fù)責(zé)從糞便中吸取水分part of the large intestine, absorbs water from the faeces結(jié)腸colon大腸的一部分，負(fù)責(zé)從糞便中吸取水分part of the large intestine, absorbs water from the faeces結(jié)腸癌colon cancer結(jié)腸組織的惡性異常生長，特徵在於有未分化的細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散，入侵四周的組織，使其他身體部位受到感染virulent abnormal new growth of tissue in the colon ch

54、aracterized by the proliferation of undifferentiated cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and infect new body sites絨毛villus (pl. villi)從腸壁伸出的細(xì)小呈指形構(gòu)造，大大增加了養(yǎng)分吸收的面積minute finger-like projections from the intestinal wall, greatly increases the surface area for the absorption of nutrients裂齒carnas

55、sial teeth肉食性動(dòng)物特有的牙齒，具有適應(yīng)特徵以切入肉類，及有助咬碎骨tooth modified to shear flesh and crack bone; found particularly in carnivore賁門括約肌cardiac sphincter位處食道與胃交界的環(huán)狀平滑纖維肌，控制進(jìn)入胃的食物分量a ring of smooth muscle fibres at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, controlling the enter of food into the stomach會(huì)厭epiglottis瓣?duì)罱Y(jié)構(gòu)，保護(hù)哺乳動(dòng)物在喉的入口處，吞嚥時(shí)防止食物和飲品進(jìn)入支氣管a flap-like structure protecting the o