特除句式和主謂一致

1、特除句式（倒裝、省略、強調(diào)）和主謂一致專題 吳章玲一、考試說明的內(nèi)容及要求特殊句式和主謂一致是中學英語語法的重要組成部分，也是高考考查的考點之一。高考題對特殊句式的考查主要集中在倒裝省略和強調(diào)上。高考對主謂一致的考查主要集中在意義一致原則以及時態(tài)與主謂一致的綜合考查上。二、近五年安徽高考考點分布及命題趨勢考點考查情況主謂一致和時態(tài)結合2012年單選第33題 1分主謂一致和時態(tài)結合2011年單選第27題 1分強調(diào)句2010年單選第27題 1分省略2008年單選第32題 1分從近五年安徽英語試題來看，本專題內(nèi)容知識性強，主要涉及語言形式；注重考查知識之間交叉現(xiàn)象，加大了綜合考查語法知識的力度，未來

2、還會保持這一趨勢，但是這類題目的綜合性和情景性將會變得越來越明顯。三 一輪復習中存在的問題一輪復習中并未對此語法進行專項講解，但是在各次段考中都會涉及此語法?？梢钥闯鰧W生對于強調(diào)句的各種句式以及部分倒裝和全部倒裝的區(qū)別上存有困惑，失分嚴重。在二輪復習中要對學生的疑惑處進行針對性的講解和訓練。四 教學重點和教學策略教學重點：鑒于高考命題趨勢和學生學習中存在的問題，本專題的教學重點內(nèi)容是：“倒裝句與時態(tài)和主謂一致相結合”以及“強調(diào)句與其他從句的區(qū)別”兩個考點，重在讓學生在理解語法規(guī)則的基礎上進行靈活應用。 1. 倒裝句與時態(tài)和主謂一致相結合的考查 如：-Is everyone here?-Not

3、yetLook, there _the rest of our guests! (2010江蘇) A come B comes C is coming D are coming 答案 A 此題容易選 D here there,now, then 等位于句首的全部倒裝句中， 謂語動詞 be ,come, go 等不能用于進行時，另外謂語動詞要與主語 the rest of our guests 保持一致 2. 強調(diào)句與定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別1.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village_the hoste

4、ss cooked such a nice dinner. (2010安徽) A where B that C when D which答案 B 本題容易選A 難度在于被強調(diào)部分中有一個that 引導的定語從句，強調(diào)句中的that 沒有意義，并且不作任何成分，而定語從句中的that 為關系代詞，在從句中充當主語，賓語和表語。2.It was at six oclock _ I got up today. A that B when C as D while答案 A 本題容易選B 解題關鍵在于強調(diào)句型去掉 “It is/wasthat” 之后，句子結構完整，而 “It is. when” 結構中

5、， it 指代時間。教學策略教學的基本策略為向學生展示各項語法的基本解題方法。1. 積累標志詞匯，判斷是否倒裝在倒裝句的解題時要注意題干中是否有倒裝句的構成條件，這就要求學生在平時的學習中積累標志詞匯。如：On the chairs_, who had come here for this job interview. A did three graduates sit B sat three graduates C three graduates sat D sitting three graduates 答案 B 介詞短語 on the chairs 放在句首，主句要用全部倒裝形式。2.

6、分析主語特點，判斷是否省略高考對省略情況的考查主要在狀語從句的省略中以及定語從句和虛擬語氣的省略，同時也會考察在一些固定結構中的省略。 Some of you may have finished Unit One._, you can go on to UnitTwo. A If you may B If you do C If not D If so 答案 D 從后面的 you can go on to Unit two 可知道選D， 如果這樣的話3. 掌握強調(diào)句型特點， 判斷句子種類強調(diào)句型用來強調(diào)主語，賓語和狀語等成分。that 只是起連接作用，不作成分，但不能省略。判斷是否是強調(diào)句，可

7、采用“還原法”，也就是把 “ It is/was . that/who” 去掉。如果還原成一般句式后，句子各部分成分完整，則是強調(diào)句，否則不是。 It is the test system, rather than the teachers, _is to blame for the students heavy burden nowadays. A who B this C that D whom 答案 C 把 it is .that 去掉后，句子結構依然成立，故這是一個強調(diào)句。4.了解三大原則，考慮主謂一致高考對主謂一致的考查主要在意義一致原則以及時態(tài)和主謂一致的綜合考察中。在復習備考中，

8、要注意了解主謂一致的三大原則，牢記主謂一致的用法。 An average of about 100 emails a week_received. Such _the case with Martin at present. A are, are B is, is C is, are D are, is 答案 D an average of +主語+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)作主語，其后的謂語動詞應該用復數(shù)， such 指代前面整個事情，謂語動詞應該用單數(shù)。五專題教學主要內(nèi)容考點：1. 倒裝 英語句子的自然語序是主語在前，謂語在后。把謂語放在主語之前，就叫做倒裝結構。如果全部謂語放在主語之前，叫全部倒裝；如

9、果只把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主句之前，就叫部分倒裝。分類倒裝條件結構例句全部倒裝 (全部謂語提到主語之前)1.引導詞there引出倒裝句，此結構中的be動詞有時用stand,exist,lie,live,happen,appear,remain等不及物動詞代替。There+謂語+主語There exist many problems among the students.2.以here, there,now, then, thus,such 等詞位于句首，謂語動詞多為come,follow, begin, end,be；主語是名詞副詞+謂語+主語Such was Albert Einstein,

10、 a simple but great scientist.Here comes the bus.3.以out,in,up,down,away,off,back,over等副詞位于句首，謂語動詞多為come, go 等表示位移的動詞；主語是名詞副詞+謂語+主語Out rushed the children.Away flew the birds.4.表示地點的介詞短語位于句首且謂語動詞為表示存在的如exist,stand等不及物動詞，主語是名詞。介詞短語+謂語+主語Behind the counter stood a beautiful girl.On the top of the hill

11、stands a temple.5.表語（形容詞、介詞短語、 現(xiàn)在分詞、 過去分詞）位于句首，為了保持句子平衡，以示強調(diào)，或利于上下文銜接。表語+be+主語Seated in the first line are some advanced workers.Gone are the days when HongKong was governed by Britain.部分倒裝（助動詞，系動詞，be動詞，情態(tài)動詞提到主語前）1.only 修飾的副詞，介詞短語或從句作狀語位于句首時Only+副詞 介詞短語 狀語從句+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語其他部分Only in this way ca

12、n you solve this problem.2.含有否定意義的副詞或介詞短語（not，never, seldom, hardly, little, few, not until, in no case, under no circumstances）位于句首時否定副詞或介詞短語+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語其他部分Seldom have I seen him so upset.Not until we pointed out their fault did they realize it.3.hardly.when, no soonerthan, not only.but (al

13、so) 等引導兩個分句時，如果hardly, no sooner, not only 位于句首，前一個分句部分倒裝，后一個分句語序不變。Hardly/No sooner/ Not only+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語其他部分No sooner had the bell rang than the teacher came in.Not only did I know her, but also I was her best friend.4.so/such.that 結構中，so/such位于句首時So/such+adj/adv+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語其他部分+that

14、 從句So busy is he that he cant attend the concert.Such a fine day is it that wed like to play outside.部分倒裝（助動詞，be 動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞提到主語前）5.So/neither/nor 位于句首，表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物，譯為“也”或“也不” So/neither/nor+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語He likes football very much. So do I.He didnt see the film, neither/nor did I.6.在含有助動詞

15、情態(tài)動詞were,had, should的if 虛擬條件句中，如將if 省略，則要將were, had, should 移到主語之前Were/had/should+主語+謂語其他部分+主句Were I you, I would help her.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.7.as 引導讓步狀語從句時，通常把句中狀語，表語或動詞提前；若表語是名詞，其前不用冠詞。Adj/adv/n(一般不帶冠詞)/v(原形)+ as+ 主謂結構Child as he is, he knows a lot.Much as I love it, I wi

16、ll not buy it.特別提醒1.here,there,now,then,such,out,in,up,down,away,off,back,over 等詞位于句首，當主語為人稱代詞時，不用倒裝。Here you are.There he comes.2.only 修飾主語時位于句首， 不能倒裝。Only she knows the secret.3.當前面兩件或兩件以上的事也適用于另一個人或物時，通常用So it is with sb或 It is the same with sb.He likes singing, but he doent like dancing. So it i

17、s with me.4. So +主語+助動詞 表示同一人或事時，翻譯成：某人的確如此You say he is a reacher.So he is.5.Neither,nor.連接兩個并列分句時，兩個并列分句都需要倒裝。Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.2. 省略省略是為了避免重復，突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語法修辭手段。省略在語言中，尤其在對話中，是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。用法如下表。種類要點歸納例句賓語從句1.wh-特除疑問詞或how 引導的賓語從句中，若有與前面主句重復的內(nèi)容，則可將重復內(nèi)容省略，而只保留wh-特除疑問詞或how

18、。Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it).2.引導賓語從句的從屬連詞that可省略。但及物動詞后跟兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句時，只有第一個連詞that 可省略。He told me （that） she was beautiful and that she was clever.3.Im afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作回答語，后面用so和not分別等于肯定和否定回答，賓語從句可省略。-Do you think it will rain?-I ho

19、pe not (that it will not rain)定語從句1.在限制性定語從句中，關系代詞that,which,whom充當賓語，而且前面無介詞時可以省略。關系代詞在從句中作表語時也可以省略。The man (who/whom) you shook hands with is called Smith.He still talks like the man (that)he was ten years ago.2.the way后的定語從句可省略關系詞。I dont like the way (that/in which/.) he speaks to others.狀語從句在時間，

20、條件，方式，讓步狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句主語一致或從句的主語為it而且從句的謂語動詞又包含be，就可以省略從句的“主語+be”部分。Come tomorrow if (it is )possible.While (he was) in Beijing, he paid a visit to the Great Wall.虛擬語氣1.在虛擬條件句中，如果含有had, were, should 等詞，if可省略，句子要用倒裝。Were I (if I were) twenty now, I would join the army.2.在表示虛擬語氣的名詞性從句中:It is desired

21、/suggested/imporant/strange/essential that從句 中謂語動詞中的should常省略。It is important that we (should) attend the meeting on time.動詞不定式（to 的省略）1.感官動詞或使役動詞（feel, see, hear, notic, have, make等）后接不定式作賓補時可省略to.I heard someone sing in the next room.2.在do nothing but do, cant help but do, would rather do than do,

22、 prefer to dorather than do等句型中省略to.He did nothing but wait all the time.I cant but admire his courage.動詞不定式（不定式 的省略）1. 使用不定式符號to來代替不定式后被省略的動詞，常在be afraid, expect, hope, intend, mean, like love,want 等后面。I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.2.當不定式在形容詞afraid, anxious ,eager, glad, happy,

23、ready, willing等后作狀語時，to 后的內(nèi)容常省略。You cant force him to answer the question if he is not ready to.3.如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 通常保留這些部分。-Are you a sailor?-No, but I used to be.特別提醒： 還有一些以固定形式出現(xiàn)的省略結構。 What about having a game of chess? How come they left you alone here? What if it is raining? Why not

24、 try again?3. 強調(diào) 在說話或寫文章中，有時要突出或強調(diào)某個詞，詞組或句子，這時就要用強調(diào)結構。種類要點歸納例句強調(diào)句1. 基本結構：It is/was .that/who 可以對除謂語以外的成分（一般不強調(diào)表語）進行強調(diào)。當強調(diào)部分為“人”時，可用that 或who,其他情況下用thatIt was Lucy that/who bought a pen in the nearest shop yesterday.2.在強調(diào)句中，當強調(diào)主語時，其后面的謂語動詞應和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。It is I who/that am to blame.3.強調(diào)原因狀語時，用連詞becau

25、seIt was because he was ill that he didnt go to school.4.“notuntil”句型的強調(diào)結構為 “It is/was not until.that”.It was not until yesterday that I knew the news.5.強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式：Is/Was it +被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分Was it ten years ago that he went to Beijing?6.強調(diào)句型的特除疑問句形式為：疑問句+is/was+it+that/who.?When was it that Ch

26、ina sent naval ships to protect ships against pirates?謂語動詞的強調(diào)1.Do/does/did +動詞原形Tom does study hard now.2.“never+do”也表示強調(diào)，一般意為“從來沒有，絕不”I never did like her, you know.特別提醒：注意強調(diào)句與其他從句的區(qū)別4.主謂一致 主謂一致指的是句子的主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應保持一致。通常指的主謂一致是主語和謂語在單數(shù)和復數(shù)上的一致性.原則主語謂語例句語法一致原則單數(shù)單數(shù)This table is a genuine antique.復數(shù)復數(shù)

27、The students are working hard to go to college.就近原則1.由or, nor, either.or,neither.nor, not onlybut also, not.but 等連接與最近的主語保持一致Neither they nor he is wholly right.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.2.由there,here 引起的主語不止一個時與最近的主語保持一致There are two pencils and a pen on the

28、desk.意義一致原則1.表示時間，重量，距離，價格，金錢等復數(shù)名詞表示整體概念單數(shù)Ten years is a moment in history.2.以-s結尾的表示學科，國家，機構，書籍，報刊等名詞的詞Maths is my favourite subject.3.動名詞，不定式短語和從句作主語To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.4.主語由many a +名詞或more than one +名詞構成More than one student has failed the exam.5.主語由one in/out of +復數(shù)名詞構

29、成One out of ten bottles is left untouched.6.不定代詞each,every,no 所修飾的名詞以及each.and each,every.andevery, noand no,many aand many a作主語Every man and every woman is at work.Each boy and each girl has an apple.7. 由連詞and 連接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)The teacher and writer has come.8.clothing, furniture, traffic, j

30、ewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等無生命的集體名詞Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area.意義一致原則1.山脈，群島，瀑布，運動會等以-s結尾的專有名詞復數(shù)The Olympic Games are held once every four years.2.people, police, cattle 等有生命的集體名詞People read for pleasure during their spare time.3.一些常用復數(shù)或只有復數(shù)形式的名詞 goods, stairs , arms等Th

31、e goods are sold out.4.and 連接兩成分表不同概念A writer and a poet have come5. the+adj表示一類人The poor are suffering a lot.意義一致原則1.集合名詞 class, family, team, crew,audience,等強調(diào)整體時用單數(shù)，強調(diào)個體時用復數(shù)單復數(shù)視情況而定Our family has a reunion every year.His family are waiting for him.2.單復數(shù)同形的名詞means, works,deer等Every means has been

32、tried.3.all,none, some, any等不定式作主語，根據(jù)指代的內(nèi)容而定All is going on very well.All are present besides the professor.4.分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+of 以及由 a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of+n 構成的短語60 percent of the work has been done.About one third of the books are worth reading. 特別提醒1. a number of +復數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語復數(shù)； the numb

33、er of +復數(shù)名詞作主語， 謂語單數(shù)A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.The number of students in our class is 60.2.當主語后有with, together with, including, like, but, except,other than, rather than 和as well as 等時，謂語應該和前面的主語保持一致Jim, together with his parents is going to Beijing this weekend.Nobody

34、except my parents knows anything about it.3.由兩部分構成的表示物體的名詞如trousers, glasses 等作主語時，謂語常復數(shù)，但是如果前面有 a pair of/two pairs of 修飾時，謂語動詞要與pair 保持一致These trousers need washing.This pair of trousers is mine.4.在定語從句中，關系代詞作主語，謂語動詞與先行詞保持一致。但one of 復數(shù)名詞后面的定語從句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)，而在the (only/very) one of +復數(shù)名詞后面所接的定語從句中，謂語動詞

35、用單數(shù)He is one of the students who have taken part in the activity.He is the only one of the students who has taken part in the activity.5.what 和whatever 引導主語從句時謂語動詞的單復數(shù)根據(jù)從句所表達的意義上的數(shù)確定。What he says and what he do not agree.What he says and does does not concern me.6.由kind (type, sort, series) of 等修飾的主

36、語，其謂語形式取決于這些詞的單復數(shù)。This new type of buses is now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.7.由 and 連接兩個動名詞，不定式短語或主語從句，表示兩個不同的概念則謂語動詞用復數(shù)，若表示同一概念，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Getting up early and going to bed early is a good habit.Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats were the childrens favourite game

37、s.8. a quantity of后即可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞 謂語單數(shù)Quantities of后即可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞 謂語復數(shù) An amount of 后接不可數(shù)名詞 謂語單數(shù)Amounts of 后接不可數(shù)名詞 謂語復數(shù)Quantities of money have been spent on the project.A quantity of earth has been washed away.Amounts of money have been wasted.An amount of energy has been saved.六、精講例題1.【2012江西卷】

38、Never before seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.Ahad sheBshe hadChas sheDshe has2.【2012重慶卷】The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor_ it a thought.A. does he even give B. he even gives C. will he even give D. he will even give3.【2012重慶卷】It was 80 years before Chris

39、topher Columbus crossed the Atlantic_ Zheng sailed to East Africa.A. when B. that C. after D. since4.【2012 湖南卷】It was not until I came here_I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. A who B that C where D before5.【2012遼寧卷】Not until he retired from teaching three

40、years ago_having a holiday abroad. A he had considered B had he considered C he considered D did he consider6.【2012四川卷】This is not my story, nor_the whole story. My story plays out differently. A is there B there is C is it D it is 7.【2012 天津卷】Only after Mary read her composition the second time_the

41、 spelling mistake. A did he notice B she noticed C does she notice D she has noticed 8.【2012 山東卷】 When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or_. A whoever B wherever C whatever D however9.【2011陜西卷】 It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do_benefits our wo

42、rk most. A who B which C that D what10.【2012四川卷】Was is on a lonely island_he was saved one month after the boat went down? A where B that C which D what 11.【2011重慶卷】 Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn tree? _ Of course, I have. It was in our village_it was made.A that B where C when D which 1

43、2.【2011新課標卷】Only when he reached the tea-house _it was the same place he had been in last year. A he realized B he did realize C realized he D did he realize13.【2011福建卷】Its nice. Never before_such a special drink! _I am glad you like it.A I have had B I hadC have I had D had I 14. 【2011江蘇卷】It sounds

44、 like something is wrong with the cars engine._, we had better take it to the garage immediately.A Otherwise B If not C But for that D If so15. 【2011全國卷】Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and _.A neither wont Tom B Tom wont either C Tom will too D wo will tom16. 【2012安徽卷】Walmart, which is one of t

45、he largest American supermarket chains,_some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. A keeps B keep C have kept D had kept 17.【2012湖南卷】All the scientific evidence _that increasing use of chemicals in farming_damaging our health.A show are B shows are C show is D shows is 18 【2012陜西卷

46、】 The basketball coach, as well as his team,_interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A were B was C is D are19.【2011安徽卷】 The factory used 65% of the raw materials, the rest of which_savef for other pursoses.A is B are C was D were20【2011湖南卷】 One-third of the country_cov

47、ered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.A is are B is is C are are D are is 1-5 CCBBD 6-10 CAACD 11-15 ADCDB 16-20 ADBDA七、反饋試卷1. Try_ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.A. if B. when C. sine D as2. Only when he reached the tea-house _it was the same place hed been in last

48、 year. A. he realized B. he did realize C. realized he D did he realize3.Its nice. Never before_ such a special drink!Im glad you like it. A.I have had B. I had C have I had D had I 4.Only after they had discussed the matter for a few hours _a decision. A. they reached B. did they reach C. they reac

49、h D. do they reach5 It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine._ , wed better take it to the garage immediately. A. Otherwise B. If not C. But for that D If so 6.I have seldom seen my mother _ pleased with my progress as she is now .A. so B. very C. too D. rather7.It was from only a few

50、supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A. where B. that C. when D. which8.Johns success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work has made him what he is today.A. why B. when C. which D. that9.I have tried very hard to find a solution to

51、 the problem, but in vain. why not consult with Frank? You see, _.A. great minds think alike B. two heads are better than oneC. a bird in the hand is worth two in the bushD. its better to think twice before doing something10Is everyone here? Not yetLook , there_ the rest of our guests!A. come B. com

52、es C. is coming D. are coming11.If you have a job, _ yourself to it and finally youll succeed. A. do devote B. dont devote C. devoting D. not devoting12 .We laugh at jokes, but seldom about how they work. A. we think B. think we C. we do think D. do we think 0 13. John opened the door . There _ he had never seen before. A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl14.The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve