英語語法定語從句學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)講析

1、英語語法：定語從句學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)講析定語從句是各類從句學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),也是難點(diǎn)。同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)中常遇到一些難題,出現(xiàn)一些錯誤。下面就幾個難點(diǎn)作一講析。一、如何正確使用連接主從句的引導(dǎo)詞一個定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,這是同學(xué)們首先遇到的一個難題,由于把握不準(zhǔn),所以出錯較多。請看以下例子:1.A. That is the school _we studied three years ago.B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2.A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the fil

2、m copy.B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he fixed for me to have the operation.3.A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace.B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities.這三組句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同學(xué)們在判斷空格線上所使用的引導(dǎo)詞時很容易出錯。我們來做一解析:上述各組A句中先行詞所表示的是從句中謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)或

3、時間,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引導(dǎo)詞指的是狀語,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種謂狀關(guān)系,要分別用 where, when, where;而上面各組B句中的先行詞表示的是定語從句的賓語或主語,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種動賓或主謂關(guān)系,因此,引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系代詞that或which(3B句是一個非限制性定語從句,只能用which)。通過解析我們可知:判斷是

4、用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞要看先行詞在從句中的指代。如果是謂語與狀語的關(guān)系,就用關(guān)系副詞,如果是主謂或是動賓關(guān)系就用關(guān)系代詞。二、弄清幾個問題1. 區(qū)別清It +be引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句與帶有定語從句的復(fù)合句。請看下列兩組句子:A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001_ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the t

5、hree-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.以上兩組A、B句除了分別相差介詞on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一詞之差句式不同,橫線上的詞也不同。那么究竟哪個是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,哪個是含定語從句的復(fù)合句呢?有一個簡單的判定方法:去掉It was和連接詞(橫線部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一個完整的句子,則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句;否則,那個空格中所用的引導(dǎo)詞及其引導(dǎo)的部分就是定語從句。根據(jù)這個原則我們就很容易判斷出兩組的A句是含定語從句的復(fù)合句,橫線部分分別

6、用關(guān)系副詞when 和where。而B句則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,橫線部分應(yīng)是that。2. 定冠詞的有無有時定冠詞在句中有決定性的作用。有無定冠詞影響著定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:(1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore.(2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore.sell取單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)?分析:在(1)中,that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一個the, 句子重心前移,這時從句修飾的是the on

7、e。因此(1)應(yīng)用sell, (2)應(yīng)用sells。再看:(1) Is this the boy _ you want to talk to?(2) Is this boy _ you want to talk to?在這兩個句子中,(1)the boy 是先行詞,它在主句中是表語,定語從句修飾的是主句的表語,因此空格處應(yīng)用whom, that(甚至who 也可以); 但(2)則不同,從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,這個主句不全,this boy是主語,is是系動詞,沒有表語(先行詞),所以首先要補(bǔ)上先行詞(名詞或代詞),寫成Is this boy the boy _ you want to talk to?這里

8、boy重復(fù),用one代替,然后再在空白處加上關(guān)系代詞whom(who),或that,即是Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to?3. 注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的形式有時我們會見到這樣的句子:(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: Ive left for Harbin.(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: Ive left for Harbin.一個標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號決定一個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。在(1

9、)中,橫線前是一個逗號,說明逗號前后是一個句子的兩個部分。根據(jù)句意可知逗號后是一個非限制性定語從句,因此橫線部分用which。(2)中前后兩句之間用了句號,說明前后是兩個獨(dú)立的句子,因此,空格處應(yīng)填入能做主語,代替a note的代詞。因?yàn)橹肝?故用It。 超越語法: 定語從句典型錯誤剖析定語從句是中學(xué)英語中的一個重要語法項(xiàng)目,學(xué)生們在學(xué)習(xí)和使用中出現(xiàn)了這樣或那樣的錯誤。現(xiàn)將其中的一些典型錯誤句例總結(jié)如下,供大家引以為鑒。1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?答案:去掉it。解析:定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。因此從句中不能

10、再出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系詞作用相同的代詞或名詞,以避免重復(fù)。誤句中省略的關(guān)系代詞(which/that)作bought的賓語,故it是多余的。2. Have you been to the company where she works there?答案:去掉there。解析:關(guān)系副詞已作了working的地點(diǎn)狀語。3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.答案:將when改為which/that。解析:先行詞在定語從句中作spent的賓語,故用which/that,而when在從句中只作時間狀語。4. Is this all what

11、you want to say?答案:將what改為that。解析:先行詞為指物的不定代詞時,其后的定語從句用that來引導(dǎo),作賓語時也可省略。而what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.答案:將it改為which。解析:這是一個含有非限制性定語從句的復(fù)合句, which在從句中作介詞賓語。6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.答案:將when改為which。解析: which指代時間(Dec

12、ember 21)作定語從句的主語。7. This is the ring for which she is looking.答案:將for移到looking之后。解析:look for是固定短語動詞,不能夠拆開使用。8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?答案:在that前加the one。解析:犯這類錯誤的主要原因是錯把this history museum看作是定語從句的先行詞。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),this history museum應(yīng)是主句的主語。故應(yīng)添加一個定語從句的先行詞the one作

13、主句中的表語。9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.答案:將her改為whose。解析:用whose代替her引起定語從句,修飾先行詞the monitor。10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.答案:去掉it。解析:關(guān)系代詞as作know的賓語,再使用it就重復(fù)了。11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.答案:將that改為which。解析:that作為關(guān)系代詞不能用于非限制定

14、語從句中。此處which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。12. I dont like the way which you treat your mother.答案: 1)在which前加in。 2) 將which改為that。 3) 去掉which。解析:當(dāng)先行詞the way在定語從句中作狀語時,其關(guān)系代詞可用that/in which或不用。13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.答案:將was改為were。解析:定語從句中的謂語動詞,在數(shù)和人稱上必須與主句中的先行詞保

15、持一致。該句的先行詞是those, 故應(yīng)用were。14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.答案:在visited前加who。解析:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不能省略。15. Whos the old man whom you just shook hands?答案:在hands后加上with。解析:定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞whom作with的賓語,故介詞with不能省略.定語從句歸納拓展(一)引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫作關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;關(guān)系副詞有when、 w

16、here、 why等。它們具有三個功能:1.連接主句和從句; 2. 指代先行詞; 3. 在從句中充當(dāng)一種成分。如:This is the book that I want to buy.that連接主句This is the book和從句I want to buy,指代先行詞book,并在從句中作buy的賓語。一、關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞的選用:第一,取決于它指代的是人還是物,指代人時可用who、 whom、 that或as, 指代物時用that、 which或as;第二,取決于它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?關(guān)系代詞在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等。如:1) The man who / that is

17、 standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在門口的那個人是我的英語老師。(who / that在從句中充當(dāng)主語)2) Do you know the man whom / that we met in the street? 你認(rèn)識我們在街上碰到的那個人嗎?(whom / that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語)指人的who和whom有格的區(qū)別:who在從句中作主語(在非正式說法中也可作賓語),whom在從句中只能作賓語,不能作主語,也可以省略。3) The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish

18、the work in time. 使我們煩惱的問題是怎樣才能按時完成這項(xiàng)工作。 (that / which在從句中作主語)4) The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我買的這本書值得一讀。(that / which在從句中作賓語,這時可以省略)關(guān)系代詞whose一般指人,表示該人的,也可指物,表示該物的,在從句中作定語。如:Thats the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高評價的畫家。The building whose roof

19、 we can see from here is a hotel. 我們在這兒望得見屋頂?shù)哪亲孔邮且粋€旅館。whose在以物為先行詞時,可用of which代替,尤其是口語中。上例相當(dāng)于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hotel.二、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞whom, which在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時,可以跟介詞一起放在主句和從句之間;當(dāng)先行詞指人時,介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用whom, 其余用which,這時的關(guān)系代詞不能省略;有時為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞,也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的

20、后面,這時的which可用that替換。當(dāng)介詞放在從句有關(guān)動詞的后面時,關(guān)系代詞which, that, whom在口語中和非正式文體中經(jīng)常省略。如:This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. 這是他過去居住過的房間。Whos the man with whom you just shook hands? =Whos the man (that / whom) you just shook hands with? 剛才你與他握手的那個人是誰?但含

21、有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在動詞的后面。如:This is the book (which / that) Im looking for. 這就是我在找的那本書。在這類定語從句中,介詞的選擇一般根據(jù)動詞的需要,如上述幾例,或者根據(jù)先行詞來決定。如:There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山頂總是覆蓋著雪的山。三、關(guān)于使用關(guān)系代詞的幾點(diǎn)說明:1. 指物的關(guān)系代詞that和which常可互換,但下列情況下通常用關(guān)系代詞that:1)當(dāng)先行詞是:all, none, much, little,

22、 everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代詞時。如:All (that) he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在會上說的一切,使我們受到很大的鼓舞。2)當(dāng)先行詞前有形容詞的最高級、序數(shù)詞及the last, the same, the only, the very等修飾時。如:This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 這是我所看過影片中最好的一部。The first article (that) Lucy wrote in Chinese

23、 was good. 露西用漢語寫的第一篇文章很好。3)先行詞中既含有人也含有物時。如:He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. 他談起他所訪問過的老師和學(xué)校。2. 關(guān)系代詞作表語時一般不用who,而用that。如:He is not the man that he was. 他不是從前的他了。(從句中that是was的表語)3. 若含有疑問代詞:who, which, what等時,應(yīng)避免使用關(guān)系代詞who, which,而應(yīng)用that。如:Who that knows him will believe h

24、im. 認(rèn)識他的人會相信他。Which of the two cows (that) you keep produces more milk? 你養(yǎng)的兩頭奶牛,哪頭產(chǎn)奶多?定語從句歸納拓展(二)-when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語從句學(xué)習(xí)四要素when、where、why引導(dǎo)的定語從句是定語從句重要內(nèi)容,也是高考重要考點(diǎn),學(xué)習(xí)這些定語從句時應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn):一、掌握when、 where、 why基本用法when、 where、 why是關(guān)系副詞,其基本用法如下表。關(guān)系副詞 屬性 在句中作用 例 句when 表時間 時間狀語 I remember the days when I staye

25、d there.where 表地點(diǎn) 地點(diǎn)狀語 This is the room where I lost my pen.why 表原因 原因狀語 This is the reason why he was late.二、熟悉易誤用when, where, why的場合若先行詞雖表時間、地點(diǎn)、原因,但在定語從句中不作時間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語而作主語或賓語,屬于關(guān)系代詞范疇,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which,而不能用關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語從句。例:I regret the days (that / which) I wasted in the woods. 我后悔在森林里虛度

26、的日子。(先行詞在從句中作賓語)Ill never forget the year 1976 which /that was full of sadness.我不會忘記充滿悲哀的1976年。(先行詞在從句中作主語)That is the factory that/which produces cars.那是生產(chǎn)小汽車的工廠。(先行詞在從句中作主語)That is the factory (that / which) he visited yesterday. 那是他昨天參觀的工廠。(先行詞在從句中作賓語)He gave the reason that / which was unreasona

27、ble. 他給出一個沒道理的理由。(先行詞在從句中作主語)What is the reason (that/which) he raised? 他提出的理由是什么?(先行詞在從句中作賓語)三、了解關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律關(guān)系代詞whom或which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,介詞可放在后面,也可提前構(gòu)成介詞+關(guān)系代詞whom (先行詞指人)/which(先行詞指物)引導(dǎo)定語從句(這種方法更為正式)。例:Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 瑪麗就

28、是我向她借書的那個女孩。Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 這是他曾經(jīng)住過的房子嗎?常見的有以下幾種情況:1. where=in/on which 例:This is the room where / in which he lives.這是他住的房間。I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看見他們進(jìn)行運(yùn)動的操場。2. when= on/in/at which 例:I sti

29、ll remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然記得入黨的那一年。I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然記得入黨的那一天。I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然記得那個火箭發(fā)射的時刻。3. why=for which 例:This is the reason why / for which he was killed.這是他被殺害的原因。但下列情況

30、下介詞不能提前:用who代替whom,用that代替which時,介詞不能提前。例:Hes the boy who I learned English from.這是我向他學(xué)英語的男孩。This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 這應(yīng)是湯姆送包裹的地方。當(dāng)whom、which省去時介詞不能提前。例:Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那兒的男孩嗎? This is the room he lived in. 這是他住過的房間。當(dāng)whom, which作為含有介詞的動詞短語的賓語時,介詞一般來說不能拆開提前。例:Youre the very man whom Im looking for. 你正是我在找的那個人。This is the program which he listened to. 這就是他聽過的節(jié)目。再看下面幾種結(jié)構(gòu):(一)介詞+whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新句型:介詞+whose引導(dǎo)定語從句。解這種