商業(yè)決策課業(yè)2完成版

1、NANJING UNIVERSITY OF ARONAUTICSAND ASTRONAUTICSCENTREBTEC HND IN BUSINESSASSIGNMENT COVER SHEETNAME OF STUDENT劉必成 LIU Bi ChengREGISTRATION NO. 19083120UNIT TITLEBusiness Decision Making ASSIGNMENT TITLEASSIGNMENT NO2 of 2NAME OF ASSESSORZhang WeiSUBMISSION DEADLINE November 23, 2010I, _劉必成 LIU Bi C

2、heng_hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work and not copied or plagiarized from any source. I have referenced the sources from which information is obtained by me for this assignment._SignatureDateFOR OFFICIAL USEAssignment Received By:Date:Unit OutcomesOutcomeEvidence for the criteriaFee

3、dbackAssessors decisionInternal VerificationUse software-generatedinformation to makedecisions at operational,tactical and strategic levels inan organisation4review management information systems andsuggest appropriate information processing tools foroperational, tactical and strategic levels of the

4、organization4.1review and evaluate inventory control systems in anorganization4.2prepare a spreadsheet to enable materialrequirements planning and calculate economic orderquantities4.3prepare a project plan for an activity and determinethe critical path4.4use financial tools discounted cash flow and

5、internal rates of return (IRR function) to evaluate thefinancial viability of proposed investments4.5Assessment CriteriaPassis achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria.MeritIdentify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions. (M1)An effective approach to st

6、udy and research used to investigate economic, social and global environment affect selected organisation as well as organisation responsibilities against its stakeholders.Select and apply appropriate techniques.(M2)Students reviewed the relevant theories that are applied to the practical case. Vari

7、ous sources of information used related to set tasks.Present and communicate appropriate findings(M3)An appropriate structure and approach have been used to prepare a report. Present data using a range of methods e.g. tables, diagrammatical and graphical forms.DistinctionUse critical reflection to e

8、valuate own work and justify valid conclusions (D1)Creation has been used to generate and justify valid comments based on investigation selected organisation, economic, social and global environment.Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities(D2)Demonstrates substantial investigations

9、 have planned, managed and organized for selected organisation related to objectives and responsibilities of an organisation as well as its environment. Demonstrate convergent, lateral and creative thinking (D3)An innovative and creative thought has been used to identify mission, objectives and resp

10、onsibilities of selected organisation as well as investigate related economic, social and global environment affects selected organisation. Merit grades awardedM1M2M3Distinction grades awardedD1D2D3Comments by Assessor Overall, youve got: Areas for improvement:ASSESSOR SIGNATURENAME:_DATE:_STUDENT S

11、IGNATURENAME:_DATE:_FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY VERIFIED: YESNO VERIFIED BY:DATE:Guidelines for PresentationThis is an individual assignment; all assignments must be word-processed using Times New Roman (size 12) andline space 1.5; a word account is required at the end of the essay if applicable; Secondar

12、y sources should be acknowledged using the Strictly according to the HND syllabus When do calculation, process must be presented rather than a simple results, and you need to explain each result in words. In a typical essay or assignment: formulae, chart, graph and tables are betteraccepted by compu

13、ter designing other than hand drawing may probably denying.A Good faith of the commitments. The contents of this assignment must be your own work. Where you refer to ideas other than your own you must acknowledge this by appropriate referencing.Task 1Read the documentation as follows.A. Through tech

14、nological innovation, one workshop in an automobile manufacturing company invested 13 million Yuan to establish a local area network by purchasing 40 sets of computer workstations and software used in computer-aided design, aided engineering, aided manufacturing and etc. After completion, the whole

15、workshop can do a lot of work such as design, strength analysis, simulation and experiment.B.The management of information in a brewery utilizes UF generic ERP software, of which the system module is consisted of financial systems, sales management systems, procurement management systems and invento

16、ry management system, etc. The system has achieved significant performance in the enterprise information sharing, enhancing business control, developing customer loyalty and using information to strengthen enterprise management.C.One aluminum company implemented a set of decision support system to s

17、upport senior management decision-making. The structure of the system is mainly of operation decision, which is product decision-making, marketing decisions and financial decisions.D.Inventory management subsystem is an important subsystem of information system in enterprise. The function of the sub

18、system is to handle a variety of materials to be put in storage in time and correctly, to maintain inventory accounts in real time, to ensure the inventory data is updated dynamically. Inventory system can offer query and analysis of types of information for other systems, minimize the inventory occ

19、upation and accelerate cash flow.E.The management information development project lists of some mechanical factories are as follow.Project No.successive activitiesEngineering time(weeks)AD6BE12CI,J,K13DF3EH,I6FG4GH,I2HJ,K5IN12JL10KM9LN8MN4N/11F. A electrical appliance factory has annual production c

20、apacity of 0.15 million of its main electrical switches production. The fixed cost of production is 2.5 million, and the unit variable cost is 80 Yuan. According to the sales contracts signed at the National Order meeting, the order quantity is 80,000, and unit price is 120 Yuan. Recently, a foreign

21、 trader gives an order requirement, but he proposed unit price should down to 100 Yuan, he can order 20000 and bear the transportation costs. As the export of 20,000 does not include marketing costs and transport costs, therefore the per unit variable cost will decreased to 70 Yuan.According to the

22、resources above, answer the following questions:1. Describe the influence which the information system makes on the operational, tactical and strategic decision of the organizational level of enterprise based on the resources A,B,C.1.1.The Definition of Information SystemAn information system (IS) i

23、s any combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and tech

24、nology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.Some make a clear distinction between information systems,and compu

25、ter systems ICT, and business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology in that an information system is typically seen as having an ICT component. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of bus

26、iness processes. Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans andor machines perform work using resources (including ICT) to produce specific products and or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose act

27、ivities are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information.Part of the difficulty in defining the term information system is due to vagueness in the definition of related terms such as system and information. Beynon-Davies argues for a c

28、learer terminology based in systemics and semiotics. He defines an information system as an example of a system concerned with the manipulation of signs. An information system is a type of socio-technical system. An information system is a mediating construct between actions and technology.As such,

29、information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language whic

30、h supports human decision making and action.Information systems are the primary focus of study for the information systems discipline and for organisational informatics.1.2.The Influence of Information System in the Organizational Level of Enterprise An enterprise operates at different levels, each

31、with different objectives, data needs, and methods. These levels can be classified by the decision-making horizon as follows: l Strategic decision-making affects activities in the distant future. These decisions are usually made in the face of external influences technical advances, market shifts, e

32、nvironmental factors, or competition. They have a high impact on the organization and require significant effort over a long period of time. Strategic enterprise decisions are made by the top management. l Tactical decisions involve actions intended to occur in the future business process re-enginee

33、ring, incorporating new suppliers, installing new software or equipment. The decisions are often interlinked to strategic plans and based on operational data. Tactical decisions are far-reaching and their implementation requires substantial time and effort. They are generally made by the middle mana

34、gement that translates the strategic intent to the concrete reality of business. l Operational decision-making is related to concerns of the immediate future resource allocation, priorities, and expenditures. Operational decisions have a direct impact on the conduct of business and typically do not

35、require laborious implementation. The decisions are made in response to tactical plans or based on operational data and are mostly made by front-line business managers. l Real-time decisions pertain to current activities. They are made within the operations themselves, in line with the operational p

36、lans, by automation or people conducting the work. Each level of decision-making drives the next level down. Strategic level sets performance measures for horizontal business processes on the tactical level. Tactical plans impose targets and decision rights for departmental processes on the operatio

37、nal level. Finally, operational decisions aim at optimizing the use of resources to meet these targets. Decision-making can also be driven inside out; operational demands may require escalation to the tactical level decision-making and tactical decisions may further propagate to the strategy process

38、. Strategic decision-making and planning pertains to the systemic organization of the enterprise and, thus, to its very identity its identification of systemic structures and their relationships, the specification of high-level business processes, and contract for coordination within the processes.

39、Tactical level decisions are about adapting the structure of the enterprise to changes in its organization definition of targets and performance measures for the operational level to optimize the performance of the total process as well as replacements and extensions concerning the systemic structur

40、es. Decision rights about these changes can be assigned to the operational level where the detailed decisions are made. Operational decisions are made within the structure. The control over resources is limited by the coordination and decision rights assigned to the structure. Depending on how you c

41、reate your classification, you can find almost any number of different types of information system. However, it is important to remember that different kinds of systems found in organizations exist to deal with the particular problems and tasks that are found in organizations. Consequently, most att

42、empts to classify Information systems into different types rely on the way in which task and responsibilities are divided within an organization. As most organizations are hierarchical, the way in which the different classes of information systems are categorized tends to follow the hierarchy. This

43、is often described as "the pyramid model" because the way in which the systems are arranged mirrors the nature of the tasks found at various different levels in the organization.For example, this is a three level pyramid model based on the type of decisions taken at different levels in the

44、 organization.Figure 1.Three level pyramid model based on the type of decisions taken at different levels in the organization Similarly, by changing our criteria to the differnt types of date / information / knowledge that are processed at different levels in the organization, we can create a five l

45、evel model.Figure 2.Five level pyramid model based on the processing requirement of different levels in theorganization 1.3.Control Structure Aligned with Decision-Making Perspectives Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a set of design principles to structure and expose informationresources, such

46、 as legacy systems, as coarse-level, context-independent services. It has been proposed as a means to reduce inherent complexity of an enterprise and improve its agility by organizing business functionality into modular, reusable services. Business-driven top-down BPM(Business Process Management) me

47、ets IT-driven bottom-up SOA at endpoints of service orchestration in which services are bound to process activities. Together, SOA and BPM improve the alignment between IT and business, but this requires appropriate governance to facilitate communication and alignresponsibilities between the two. Th

48、e governance model is a set of services, policies, and best practices to establish chains of decision rights and related measurement, policy, and control mechanisms. An applicable approach to arrange governance is to align the control structure of the enterprise with the decision-making perspectives

49、, as depicted in Figure 3: 2. Strategic: contract. The enterprise needs to identify its focal point, an unchangeable distillation of its corporate strategy e.g., Best Value, Zero-Defect Quality, or Fast Service. The focal point sets the destination with which the strategies shall be aligned. This in

50、cludes the classification of logical domains based on business functions, technical infrastructure, applications, or a combination of these. As the enterprise needs to adapt to fluctuating external circumstances, it needs to continuously revise its strategies and, consequently, its business processe

51、s. On the highest level, this translates to renegotiating the contract for coordination between service domains. From the systemic perspective, the enterprise realigns its organization to conform to its strategy. In HIM, the corresponding concept is known as Strategic Control. 3. Tactical: coordinat

52、ion. The coordination between service domains conforms to the negotiated contract. Choreography is a declarative formal description of the public process between business process participants, specifying their relationships and interactions. Orchestration, in contrast, is an imperative formal descri

53、ption of the private process of a business process participant, specifying the sequence and conditions in which the participant invokes services and interacts with other participants. As the enterprise changes the public process, it needs to reflect these changes in the respective private processes.

54、 If the required role does not exist, it needs to be implemented, typically by orchestrating services and exposing the process as a composite service. From the systemic perspective, the enterprise realigns, changes or extends its structure to conform to the new organization. In HIM, the correspondin

55、g concept is known as Executive Control. 4. Operational: control. The control within a service domain is restricted by coordination with other domains. The interface behavior of a business process participant must coincide with the public process governing the coordination. Within these bounds, howe

56、ver, it has control over its private process to achieve its objectives. As the private process is reorchestrated, new services may need to be bound to its context. If the required service does not exist, it needs to be implemented, typically by orchestrating native resources and exposing the process

57、 as a service. From the systemic perspective, the enterprise changes its structure in conformance with its existing organization. In HIM, the corresponding concept is known as Management Control. 5. Real-time: model. The model of the enterprise reflects how it perceives the reality of its business. It consists of the vast repository of “sources of truth” dispersed in enterprise information systems and databases the ultimate corporate knowledge. This knowledge needs to be elicited as a canonical operational an