(1)詞類與句子成分

1、綿陽市文學藝術培訓學校 綿陽市青少年文化藝術人才的搖籃 Advocating PersonalityEDU.教案編號：【 1 】個體差異性輔導教案 學科: 任課教師： 授課時間： 年 月 日 (星期 )姓名年級 性別 教材人教版總課時 第 課教學目標知識點：考點：能力：方法：難點 重點 課堂教學過程課堂教學過程課前檢查作業(yè)完成情況：優(yōu) 良 中 差 建議：過程過程詞類英語名稱作用所作句子成分例詞實詞名詞Noun(n.)表示人或事物名稱主語/賓語/表語/定語/狀語/同位語/補語 man, car, China, Beijing, desk, advice(建議), 代詞Pronoun (pron.

2、)代替名詞等主語/賓語/表語/定語I, it, them, that, his, who, any,數(shù)詞Numeral (num.)表示數(shù)目或順序主語/賓語/表語/定語one, two, first, second 動詞Verb (v.)表示動作或狀態(tài)謂語is, am, are, have, study，work，want, like形容詞Adjective（adj.）修飾人、事物的特征表語/定語/補語big，small，long，short, boring, new, sad, funny 副詞Adverb (adv.)修飾動詞/形容詞/副詞狀語/表語also, too, very, oft

3、en, here, there, not 虛詞冠詞Article (art.)用在名詞前，限制名詞的意義不作句子成分a, an, the介詞Preposition（prep.）表示名詞或代詞與他詞關系 of，in，on, for, at, about，with，over, 連詞Conjunction（conj.）用來連接詞與短語/從句/句子的詞/從句/句子and，but，or，because，when，where感嘆詞Interjection（interj.）表示說話的感情oh，aha，hi, hello,詞類與句子成分主謂賓定狀補表同位語名詞代詞形容詞副詞動詞數(shù)詞介短To todoingdo

4、ne一 、主語主語相當于句子的話題或主題，即要說明的人或物。主語一般位于句首，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑問句倒裝句祈使句感嘆句等，句子主語也可以位于謂語動詞之后或省略?！鞠胍幌搿磕男┰~類或短語可以用作主語？（答：能用來做主語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞或動名詞短語、動詞不定式或動詞不定式短語、主語從句等。）名詞（或名詞詞組）My penisgreen. (單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)Jane is an American girl. (專有名詞)、代詞I am a student. (主格人稱代詞)Her pen is blue, and mine is red.（名詞性物主代詞）These

5、 are my books. (指示代詞)Who is not here today? (疑問代詞)Nothing was wrong with his eyes. (不定代詞)、數(shù)詞Two and one is three. (基數(shù)詞) The second was a tall man. (序數(shù)詞)、動名詞Eating too much is bad for your health. (動名詞)Playing games is much better than staying at home. (動名詞短語)、形容詞The rich are not always happy.(少數(shù)形容詞前

6、邊加the 相當于名詞)、動詞不定式To see is to believe.(動詞不定式)It will take you 2 hours to get to the station.(it作形式主語，動詞不定式短語作真正主語)、主語從句（僅作了解）What the teacher said yesterday is important. 幾個常見加the后可以名詞化的形容詞是：poor, rich, young, old，happy,blind, beautiful等。 主語和謂語的順序有兩種：（1）自然順序，即主語在前，謂語在后；（2）倒裝語序，即謂語或謂語的一部分在前， 主語位于其后。

7、例如： Are you a student？Do you like English songs?What do you speak?There is a bird in the tree. (there be 句型) Here is your pen. (以副詞here/there開頭的句子習慣上主謂倒裝)There stands a policeman.二 、謂語句子中用來說明主語的動作或存在的狀態(tài)的部分，叫謂語。謂語一般位于主語之后，謂語中最重要的部分是謂語動詞，它有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化，并受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響；既然謂語是以動詞為中心的，那么，我們研究謂語就從動詞入手。（附：動詞）（一）

8、、動詞的意義：表示動作或狀態(tài)。（二）、動詞的用法：1、作謂語動詞；2、可以有自己的狀語；3、及物動詞有自己的賓語。（三）、動詞的分類：1、行為動詞（或?qū)嵙x動詞,v.），占動詞數(shù)量的絕大多數(shù)，具有明確的動作意義,行為動詞分為不及物動詞和及物動詞，不及物動詞本身詞義完整，可以獨立作謂語，及物動詞本身詞義不完整，必須后跟賓語共同作謂語；2、連系動詞(link v.)，起連接主語和表語的作用，本身有一定的詞義，但是較弱，它和實意動詞一樣有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，也受主語的人稱和數(shù)的影響。連系動詞可分為兩大類：1）表示存在的連系動詞，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, f

9、eel, remain(仍是，保持), seem(好像)，lie(處于)，appear(呈現(xiàn))等; 2）表示變化、形成的連系動詞，如：become, get, turn, fall（變成），come(實現(xiàn))，grow(變成)等。3、助動詞(aux v.),用以幫助行為動詞和聯(lián)系動詞，構成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣，或構成疑問、否定、強調(diào)等句子結構；常見的助動詞有：be, do, have, will ( shall )。助動詞一般無詞義，不能單獨作謂語，只能和行為動詞或聯(lián)系動詞共同作謂語動詞。注意：上述四個助動詞都兼有另外的動詞類別，在不同的語境中扮演著不同的角色： be a、助動詞，幫助動詞的現(xiàn)在

10、分詞構成進行時；幫助動詞的過去分詞構成被動語態(tài)； We are running on the playground. The flowers are often watered by me. b、聯(lián)系動詞，表示存在，和它的表語共同構成謂語。 We are ready for the exam. I am in Beijing now. do a、助動詞，幫助行為動詞構成否定句、疑問句、或?qū)π袨閯釉~加以強調(diào)。 I dont know the man. I do believe my answer is right. b、行為動詞，“做”，例如：do shopping , do homework

11、, do sports 等等。 have a、助動詞，幫助動詞的過去分詞構成完成時。. b、行為動詞，“有”、“讓（做），使（做）”。 I have a new MP4. / I have had my hair cut. will a、助動詞，幫助行為動詞構成將來時。 He will visit China next year. b、情態(tài)動詞，表示意愿。 ill you please? Sorry, I won't.、情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞又被稱作情態(tài)助動詞，有一定的詞義，主要用來表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度或看法，表示能力、允許、請求、必要、可能、需要等。初中階段出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動詞有：

12、can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,由此可見，行為動詞、聯(lián)系動詞是謂語動詞的核心，助動詞和情態(tài)動詞在謂語動詞中起輔助作用（幫助構成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、疑問、否定和強調(diào)）。因此，行為動詞和聯(lián)系動詞決定著謂語的形式，從而演變出了簡單句的五種基本句型（ 、 ）：、當謂語動詞是聯(lián)系動詞時，謂語的形式是：聯(lián)系動詞表語，所構成的簡單句的基本句型是：“主語聯(lián)系動詞表語”，即“主系表”結構。、當謂語動詞是行為動詞時，又分為以下四種情況：（）、當謂語動詞是不及物動詞時，其后沒有賓語，獨自構成謂語，所構成的簡單句的基本句型是：“主語不及物動詞”。即“主謂”結構。

13、（）、當謂語動詞是及物動詞時，其后必須跟賓語，及物動詞和其賓語一起構成謂語。根據(jù)所跟賓語的形式（單賓語、雙賓語、復合賓語），又構成了三種簡單句的基本句型：“主語及物動詞賓語”，即“主謂賓”結構?！爸髡Z及物動詞間接賓語直接賓語”，即“主謂雙賓語”結構。“主語及物動詞賓語賓語補足語”，賓語和賓語補足語稱作復合賓語，所以稱作“主謂復合賓語”結構。下面就針對謂語中所包含的表語和賓語進行闡述：、表語表語在句中用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)、職業(yè)、內(nèi)容、數(shù)量、（動作）方向或處所等。表語一般位于連系動詞之后，二者共同構成謂語。可以擔任表語的有：名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式、動名詞、數(shù)詞以及從句

14、（表語從句）等。例如：（）、名詞Mr. Black is a worker. (名詞，表示身份。)Ann is an American girl.Five years later, he turned an engineer.（）、形容詞Those flowers are nice.(形容詞，表示性質(zhì)或特征。)I felt sorry for them. (形容詞，表示狀態(tài)。)We must keep healthy. (連系動詞keep形容詞作表語)This book looks new.The baby falls asleep.（連系動詞fall表語形容詞作表語）（）、代詞 Who is

15、 it? (疑問代詞，表示身份。) Its me. (代詞賓格，表示身份。)These are something new. (不定代詞，表示內(nèi)容。)The man in the picture is himself. (反身代詞，表示身份。)The right answer is that. (指示代詞，表示內(nèi)容。)（）、動詞不定式To see is to believe. (動詞不定式，表示內(nèi)容。)My aim is to become a doctor.（系動詞be不定式作表語，表示內(nèi)容。）（）、動名詞Seeing is believing. (動名詞，表示內(nèi)容。) My job is

16、teaching English. (動名詞短語，表示內(nèi)容。)（）、介詞短語Mike is from England. (表示動作方向)Your book is on the desk. (表示處所。)（）、副詞 Is Bill in? (此處的in是副詞：“在家”，表示處所。) No, he is out. (此處的out是副詞：“在外面”，表示處所。)（）、數(shù)詞The telephone number is 3332117. (基數(shù)詞，表示內(nèi)容。)Three minus two is one. (基數(shù)詞，表示內(nèi)容。)Who is first in the high jump? (序數(shù)詞獨立

17、作表語時前面不加the)He is always the first to come. (to come 作 first 的定語，前面加the 。)（）、表語從句Thats why I want to stay here. (表語從句，表示內(nèi)容。)、賓語句子中，表示謂語動詞動作對象的成分叫賓語，賓語是動作的承受著。英語中，及物動詞（或相當于及物動詞的短語動詞）、介詞后須帶賓語，少數(shù)形容詞后也可以帶賓語?？梢該钨e語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式（短語）、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞以及從句（賓語從句）等。（）、名詞I am reading a book. 名詞作動詞read的賓語。）Im goi

18、ng to Beijing with my father. (名詞作介詞with的賓語。)We couldnt finish the work without his help. (同上)In the past, many parents couldnt afford education for their children. （）、代詞Yesterday, Tom mother looked after him at home.(代詞賓格him作短語動詞look after的賓語。)Please look it up in the dictionary. (代詞賓格it 作短語動詞look

19、up的賓語)I have something to tell you.（不定代詞短語作動詞have的賓語）What would you like? (疑問代詞作動詞like的賓語。)Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分別作動詞bought的間接賓語和直接賓語)We got lost and couldnt find each other. (反身代詞)（）、數(shù)詞Give me three, please! (數(shù)詞作直接賓語。)（）、動詞不定式(短語)like to play basketball. (作動詞的賓語。)Glad to meet

20、you. (作形容詞的賓語。)Nice to see you again!（同上）Im sorry to trouble you. (同上)I think it impossible to climb the mountain. (it作形式賓語，動詞不定式短語作真正賓語。)I dont want to there again.I really like/hate to go shopping.（）、動名詞(短語)I enjoy listening to music very much. (作動詞的賓語)Nice meeting you here today! (作形容詞nice的賓語)（）、

21、形容詞We must help the poor. (作動詞的賓語)The new always takes place of the old. (作介詞of的賓語)（）、賓語從句He knows who is right. （作動詞的賓語）I want to know what color is her favorite. (作動詞不定式to know 賓語)Im sure that shell come soon.（作形容詞sure的賓語）Im thinking of where I should go during the vacation. (作介詞of的賓語)幾個常見加the后可以名

22、詞化的形容詞是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind, beautiful等。賓語從句應特別注意的三要素是：時態(tài)、語序、連接詞。少數(shù)能跟賓語的形容詞有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。直接賓語和間接賓語：英語中，一些及物動詞如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以帶兩個賓語。一個指人，叫間接賓語；一個指物，叫直接賓語

23、。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如果放在其后，則間接賓語前一般加介詞to，以表示動作對準誰；或加介詞for，以表示動作為誰做。例如：He gave me an interesting book.He give an interesting book to me.Please bring me some snacks.Please bring some snacks to me.Mother told me a story last night.Mother told a story to me last night.My uncle often teaches me English song

24、s.My uncle often teaches English songs to me.Jim bought me a beautiful present.Jim bought a beautiful present for me. 如果直接賓語是代詞，則必須放在間接賓語之前，并且在二者之間加上介詞to或for。例如：Give it to me, Lily. 不能說 Give me it, Lily.There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能說 pass me them.復合賓語英語中，一些及物動詞的賓語須在其后加上一個補足語，對其進

25、一步作補充說明，意思才夠完整和明確，該補足語即叫賓語補足語。賓語和其補足語一起構成復合賓語，二者之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。能擔任賓語補足語的有：名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）。例如：We must keep our classroom clean. (形容詞，Classroom和clean之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系,即：Our classroom is clean.)We call the bird “Polly”.(名詞)(the bird和Polly之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系，即：The bird is Polly.)Our teacher told u

26、s to do Exercise One. (動詞不定式短語)(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系，即：We should do Exercise One.)She always thinks others above herself. (介詞短語)(Others is always above herself.)I brought my dog here. (副詞，My dog was here.）I saw Jack playing under a tree. (現(xiàn)在分詞短語，Jack was playing under a tree.）In

27、 one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.常見的可帶復合賓語的動詞有：call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我們常用到以下短語：ask( tell / want / invite ) sb. to do sth.; let ( make / have / get ) sb. do sth. ; see ( hear / watch / feel ) sb. do

28、 sth.; see ( hear / watch / feel ) sb. doing sth. 。其中，感官動詞（see, hear ）和使役動詞 （ let, make, have ）后，如果是動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語，則習慣上去掉不定式符號 to ；但是，當把這類句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)時，又須將去掉的 to 加上。試比較：My father made me stay at home last night. I was made to stay at home last night by my father.Tom saw me come back today. I was seen to

29、 come back today by Tom.三、定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或句子，叫定語，也稱之為名詞的修飾語。與現(xiàn)代漢語的定語都是前置的所不同的是，英語的定語可以前置，也可以后置。獨立的單詞作定語時，習慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語；短語或句子（定語從句）作定語時，應放在被修飾的詞后面，作后置定語。能擔任定語的有：形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞所有格（s 或 of ）、分詞（短語）、動名詞（短語）、動詞不定式（短語）、介詞短語、冠詞以及名詞性從句（定語從句）。例如：、冠詞Mr. Smith gave me a book.、形容詞The beautiful picture was dr

30、awn by a famous artist. 、代詞Our teacher is coming.(形容詞性物主代詞)Which book is mine.(疑問代詞)、數(shù)詞Mike has two brothers.(基數(shù)詞)Jim sits in the third row.(序數(shù)詞)、名詞The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.The women doctors are from Beijing.Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.We met some men w

31、orkers in the factory. 、名詞所有格Marys brother is an engineer.These are some photos of my father.(名詞所有格作后置定語，爸爸本人的片) These are some photos of my father's.(名詞所有格作后置定語，爸爸收藏的照片) 、副詞The people there are very friendly.(地點副詞作后置定語)The newspaper today is sold out.(時間副詞作后置定語)Would you like anything else?（后置定

32、語）、介詞短語The boy under the tree is Jack. (介詞短語作后置定語)I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world. Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.、分詞The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (過去分詞)I know a boy calle

33、d Tom.（過去分詞短語作后置定語）The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (現(xiàn)在分詞)The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語) It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.I lived in a small mountain town call

34、ed Fairmont.、動詞不定式At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(動詞不定式作后置定語)In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education. She has two children to take care of.(動詞不定式短語作后置定語)They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.、動名詞I often go to the reading room in t

35、he evening.(動名詞)The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(動名詞短語作后置定語)、定語從句I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定語從句) 后置定語的使用情形： 使用情形典型示例、短語作定語時應后置。The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那個女孩。 The boy swimming in the river. 在河里游泳的那個男孩。 a city called Beijing . 一個叫北京的城市、副詞作定語時應后置 （1）、表示時間或地點的

36、副詞the newspaper yesterday昨天的報紙作定語時應后置。常見的有： the people here 這里的人民today , yesterday , the food there 那里的食物 tomorrow，here,there, the words below 下面的單詞bellow,above,upstairs, the room upstairs 樓上的那個房間downstairs,abroad 。（2）、副詞else 與不定代詞、疑問代詞連用作定語時應后置。 what else , anything else ,somebody else 。 （）、不定代詞的定語

37、應后置。something,anything,nothing。例如：something new 一些新的東西 anything to drink 一些（任何）喝的東西 nothing important 沒有什么重要的東西、基數(shù)詞、英文字母作定語表示排序時應后置。 No. One , 第一個 ； Book One 第一冊 ； Section A , A 部分； Picture C 第C 幅圖、enough 作形容詞修飾名詞時，可放在名詞之前，也可以放在其后。 They worked day and night and never had enough food /food enough to

38、eat. 他們過去日夜勞作，卻沒有足夠的食物。、定語從句放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。I like to have friends who are different from me.I dont like those who are selfish 動詞不定式作定語時，與所修飾的詞通常存在邏輯上的動賓關系。例如：Please give me something to eat. 存在的邏輯動賓關系是：to eat something;There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的邏輯動賓關系是：to sit on the chair; 所以介詞 on 不能省略； 名詞作

39、定語時一般不需要與其所修飾的詞在數(shù)上保持一致，但是man 和woman 作定語時應和其所的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。例如：An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ; a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers . 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞以及動名詞作定語時的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，表示所修飾的詞正在進行的動作；過去分詞表示被動意義，表示所修飾的名詞所施加的被動動作已完成；動名詞雖然在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞一樣，但是不表示動作，而是表示所修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容或用

40、途。 相互之間意義獨立的形容詞修飾共同的名詞時，一律放在前面。例如：a beautiful young American girl ; an English training school.四、狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子的詞、短語或從句（狀語從句），叫狀語。狀語在句中可以表示：時間、地點、目的、原因、結果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、比較、方向以及伴隨等情況。能擔任狀語的有：副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、名詞以及if,whether，when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引導的狀語從句。例如：、副詞He can play the gu

41、itar well. (程度) Please read aloud!（方式）I'm going to Beijing today.（時間） It is raining hard.（方式） Luckily, he didnt hurt himself.（方式） We all went into the classroom excitedly.（方式） Come in , please!（方向） 2 、介詞短語He stayed at home.（地點）Thank you for your help.（原因）Ann run to the door quickly.（方向）My teache

42、r went into his office with a smile.（方式）Lily is taller than her sister. (比較)Im going to the hospital .（地點）I like to go to school by bus.（方式）I have been to Mount Huang with my parents.（方式）People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far away mainly by letter or telegram. (方式)We shall leave f

43、or Shanghai tomorrow. （地點）But in order to help support their family, they had to work for the bosses.、動詞不定式The little boy is too young to look after himself.（結果）I havent got money enough to buy the new bike.（結果）、名詞Wait a minute, please.（時間）Come this way, please.（方向）Come home earlier this evening.（時間）Thanks a lot. (程度)People's living conditions have improved a lot. (程度)、狀語從句If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.（條件）When we get there, we shall come to see you ri