科技英語中常用寫作方法

1、 1 Classification 1.The way of developing classification paragraphs. (寫作手法寫作手法) Focus: The arrangement of planes ,i.e. topic sentence-classification and description- subconclusion 1 There are three kinds of book owners 2 The first has all the standard sets and bestsellers-unread, untouched.3 (This d

2、eluded individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not book .)2 The second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.3 (This person would probably like to make books his own, but restrained by a false respect fo

3、r their physical appearance.)2 The third has a few books or many-every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.3 (This man owns books .) Sentence construction Use the sentence pattern you have learned to classify the fol

4、lowing : study attitudes (e.g. active, passive) all changes of matter (e.g. physical, chemical) forms of advertisement types of pollution what is to define? when to define ? (概念概念)To define is to give new terms a brief explanation to convert the general and abstract ideas contained into specific and

5、 concrete information .To make readers understand the unfamiliar concepts and terms, the writer frequently gives reader brief sentence definition .Focus: A definition would require that you put the term in a class having common characteristics and then give the meaning that differentiate it from the

6、 other members of its class . Word or idea school sociology linking words is means class an institution a science differentiation for teaching and learning dealing with the origin and evolution of society a. A word or idea means + a definition . Is An autobiography means a written account of a perso

7、ns own life . Instead of employing professional workers, DIY means a way of doing work by oneself . Like carbohydrates, fats are foods that provides us with energy . A Supermarket is a large store ,selling food, household goods by way of self-service . Rocks that have changed from their original for

8、m are called metamorphic rocks . The custom which is considered most to be admired and imitated during a period or at a place is called fashion . People that are famous in a certain field or circle are known as celebrities . Should movement occur in the horizontal direction and parallel to the plane

9、 of the fault, the fault is referred to as a strike-slip fault . A movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries is referred to as Romanticism . c. A word or idea +an appositive phrase functioning as a definition. Geology, the s

10、cience of the earth, is concerned with systematic study of rocks and minerals. Linguistics, the science of language, is concerned with the systematic and scientific study of language. d. By A word / idea is meant + definition By elasticity is meant the tendency of an object to return to its original

11、 condition after being deformed. By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion. Table/ chart Line graph Pie chart Bars To describe it：show; describe; illustrate; suggest, demonstrate, exhibit, reveal; represent, depict, can be seen from; it

12、is clear / apparent from that ; it is shown from that, To go up：increase, rise, ascend, go up, climb, mount, jump, level up, grow, soar, surge, rocket, be on the increase / rise, To go down: decrease, fall, drop, sink, descend, decline, reduce, lessen, level down, plunge, be on the decrease / declin

13、eThe degree of change：suddenly, rapidly, dramatically, significantly, sharply, steeply, steadily, gradually, slowly, slightly, noticeably, insignificantly modestly stable/stably Stability: remain stable / steady / constant, remain the same as/similar to, remain unchanged, maintain a steady growth, s

14、tay the same, there is little change in , there is hardly any change, there is no change at all, reach a plateau, level off Fluctuation: fluctuate, fluctuation, rise and fall, go up and down The peak: reach the highest point / the top / the summit / the peak, reach a high point, a peak, a summit, pe

15、ak, The lowest: reach / hit rock bottom, bottom out; reach the bottom / the lowest level / the lowest point / a low point, Trend: tendency, trend, inclinationPrediction: give predictions / projections to, be expected / forecast / predicted / projected toTo show the degree：almost, nearly, approximate

16、ly, about, around, roughly, close to, more or less, just over, over, exactly, precisely To show the time：from then on, from this point on, from this time on, from 1985 onwardsProportion：be in a direct / inverse ration / proportion to / with, be inversely / directly proportional to The bar chart illu

17、strates during the period 2007 to 2010, students spent 3% less on accommodation, which fell from 23% to 20% of total expenditure. Graph 1 describes registered marriages in Scotland from 1996 to 2004. The number of marriage in Scotland fell very sharply between 1996 and 1998, and continued to decline

18、 until around 1999 though at a lower rate. From 2000 onwards there was a gradual increase in the number of marriage, which then leveled off in 2003. Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table carefully and your composition must

19、 be based on the information given in the table. You should quote as few figures as possible. Outline: 1. Changes in peoples daily expanses in the past 15 years2. Possible reasons for the changes 3. My own conclusion In the past fifteen years, there have been great changes in peoples daily expenses

20、in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 32 per cent in 2010. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 18% in 2010. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expen

21、ses. The same was the case with other expenses. What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to t

22、he decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of

23、 recreations is growing steadily, too. In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreati

24、ons. 四種形式：1.1 動作名詞 an examination of the object with an ordinary microscope / the combination of hydrogen ions with chloride ions in the solution / Recovery of distillates is also performed in the vacuum unit.名詞性強,動詞性弱,述說事實或概念,不強調動作的進行和時間。1.2 動詞性名詞 the examining of the object with an ordinary micros

25、cope /the combining of hydrogen ions with chloride ions in the solution 動作有所指有定冠詞1.3 動名詞 examining of the object with an ordinary microscope / hydrogen ions combining with chloride ions in the solution. 名詞性較弱，動詞性較強，述說一般行為，時間性不強。1.4 不定式 to examine the object with an ordinary microscope/ for hydrogen

26、ions to combine with chloride ions in the solution名詞性最弱，動詞性最強，如果表示某一次有時間性的特定動作或過程可用不定式。 深層結構：該中心詞承襲了同源動詞的性質與類別，保持原動詞原有的搭配關系。 S+V(t) +O John has refused the offer-johns refusal of the offer S+V(T)+O(i)+O(d) I paid him five pounds . My payment to him of five pounds S+V(t)+O+C They elected Joe leader.

27、Their election of Joe as leader S+V(i) The doctor arrived . the doctors arrival 名詞化結構常用形式：動作名詞/動詞性名詞+ of The flow of blood from the heart to the infected area was sufficient and rapid./ There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons.用by 短語表

28、示行為執(zhí)行者（ of短語表示行為對象）The intake of sufficient blood by the infected area depended on the rapidity with which the blood flowed out of the heart. 保留原動詞的搭配關系：The dependency of the crops on the weather makes farming very uncertain . / we failed in our attempt to climb the mountain .前置成分+中心詞：thermal expans

29、ion /steel making /standard laboratory test/the engineers primary concern 中心詞+后置成分connection with coefficient of friction / an understanding of the basic laws of nature/ sending pictures by radio waves/ to explain the law of swinging 前置成分+中心詞+后置成分light amplification by stimulated emission of radiati

30、on / their reaction to changes in the controlled influencing conditions/ your understanding the world better / for heat to be changed into another form of energy 擴大的名詞化結構 較長較復雜的名詞化結構( Engineering design is ) a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human

31、 need 名詞化結構結構特征：主謂 the gas flow / a variation in weight / the rusting of iron動賓 steel making /weather observation/ vibration isolation/ recognition of a social or economic need 謂狀 flame cleaning / air control /water shooting laboratory 主謂賓/主謂狀ice having a lower density than water/ The rusting of iro

32、n is only one example of corrosion, which may be described as the destructive attack of a metal by media with which it comes in contact, such as moisture, air and water. 主謂賓補 The appointment of Anna as secretary pleased all her friends./ His characterization of me as untrustworthy is totally false.

33、1) The Rocket has been developed . For this reason, man can enter space. The development of rockets makes it possible for man to enter space . 2) Although ( because, when, after, before, while, ) the specimen is examined under the microscope.= In spite of ( because of on after before during ) examin

34、ation of the specimen under the microscope or examining the specimen under the microscope 3) If we know the forces on the gear , we can determine its size. Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.4) Tin resists corrosion by air or water . Tin has a resistance

35、 to corrosion by air or water.5 If the temperature rises by 50,it would result in a change in zener voltage of 3.75%.A temperature rise of 50 would result in a change in zener voltage of 3.75%.6 If the diode is physically analyzed, it will be shown that the current and voltage are related by the fol

36、lowing equation.A physical analysis of the diode shows that the current and voltage are related by the following equation. 1. 這位教授在研究和應用圖像處理方面起了重要這位教授在研究和應用圖像處理方面起了重要作用。作用。 This professor played the important role in the research and application of image processing. This professor has played a very

37、important role in the research on and the application of image processing. 2. 我們只需要測量這個元件上的電流和電壓。我們只需要測量這個元件上的電流和電壓。 We need only to measure the current and voltage on this component. All we need to do is (to) measure the current through and the voltage across this component. 3. 半導體對光和熱很敏感，這兩者都對導電率影

38、響半導體對光和熱很敏感，這兩者都對導電率影響很大。很大。 Semiconductors are very sensitive to light and heat, and both the factors effect their conductivity greatly. Semiconductors are very sensitive to light and heat, both of which have a great effect on their conductivities. 4. 電容器是用絕緣體分開的兩個導體所組成的一種電容器是用絕緣體分開的兩個導體所組成的一種器件。器件

39、。 Capacitor is a device consisted of two conductors which are separated by a insulator. A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by an insulator. 5. 由于計算機運算精確、速度快，所以在各個領域由于計算機運算精確、速度快，所以在各個領域得到了廣泛的應用。得到了廣泛的應用。 Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed, they

40、found wide application in all fields. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications in all fields. 6. 本文介紹了一種測溫新方法，重點放在其基本原本文介紹了一種測溫新方法，重點放在其基本原理上。理上。 This paper presented a new measuring-temperature method and the focus is put on its basic principles. This paper pr

41、esents introduces a new temperature measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles. 7. 西安電子科技大學是全國的一所重點大學，它創(chuàng)西安電子科技大學是全國的一所重點大學，它創(chuàng)建于建于1931年。年。 Xidian University is one of the national key universities in China and it was founded in 1931. Founded in 1931, Xidian University is one of the natio

42、nal key universities in China. One of the national key universities in China, Xidian University was founded in 1931. 8. 交流電能轉換成直流電，這一過程稱為整流。交流電能轉換成直流電，這一過程稱為整流。 AC can be changed into DC, this process is called rectification. AC can be changed into to DC, a process called rectification. 9. 如果信號太大，就會

43、引起失真。如果信號太大，就會引起失真。 If the signal is too large, distortion will result. Too large a signal will result in distortion. 10. 由于太空中沒有大氣，所以科學家可以由于太空中沒有大氣，所以科學家可以在那兒制造純的藥物。在那兒制造純的藥物。 Since there is no atmosphere in space, it would be possible for scientists to make pure drugs there. Absence of No atmosphe

44、re in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there. 11. 該電路十分復雜而難以調整。該電路十分復雜而難以調整。 The circuit is very complex and difficult to be adjusted. The circuit is very complicated and difficult to adjust. 12. 本文對模糊熵的理論研究與實際應用均有較為本文對模糊熵的理論研究與實際應用均有較為重要的意義。重要的意義。 This paper contributes both to the

45、theoretical researches on fuzzy entropy and the applications of fuzzy entropy. This paper contributes significantly to both the theoretical researches on and the applications of fuzzy entropy. 13. 構造了一個綜合性指標函數(shù)，然后根據(jù)此函數(shù)把構造了一個綜合性指標函數(shù)，然后根據(jù)此函數(shù)把各種因素一起考慮來建立優(yōu)化模型。各種因素一起考慮來建立優(yōu)化模型。 An integrated performance fu

46、nction is formulated. According to this function, all factors are considered together to establish the optimal model. An integrated performance function is formulated, on the basis of which all factors are taken into account consideration to establish the optimal model. 14. 在設計英特網時并沒有考慮安全問題。在設計英特網時并沒有考慮安全問題。 When the Internet was designed, safety was not considered. The Internet was designed without safety in mind. 15. 如果把如果把A代入代入B中，我