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1、資格筆試-學(xué)科知識(shí)與教學(xué)能力語(yǔ)言學(xué)篇粉筆教師招考粉筆教師1語(yǔ)言學(xué)概述 (P115)2微觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)3語(yǔ)言學(xué)跨學(xué)科分支第一節(jié) 語(yǔ)言學(xué)( linguistics )概述1. 概念:通過(guò)研究語(yǔ)言的各方面,揭示其本質(zhì)及存在和發(fā)展的規(guī)律。第一節(jié) 語(yǔ)言學(xué)( linguistics )概述2. 分類(lèi):微觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)宏觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)(phonetics) 音系學(xué)(phonology) 形態(tài)學(xué)(morphology) 句法學(xué)(syntax)語(yǔ)義學(xué)(semantics)語(yǔ)用學(xué)(pragmatics)語(yǔ)言學(xué) (socio-linguistics) 心理語(yǔ)言學(xué) (psycho-linguistics) 應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué) (appl
2、ied linguistics)語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)義語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)3. 語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征 (P117)(1) 任意性 Arbitrariness:叫什么都可以(2) 二重性 Duality:兩種結(jié)構(gòu)組成(語(yǔ)音+意義)(3) 能產(chǎn)性/創(chuàng)造性 Productivity:組成無(wú)數(shù)句子(4) 移位性 Displacement:站在草原望北京(5)Cultural transmission:的通過(guò)語(yǔ)言4. 語(yǔ)言的主要功能(functions of language)(1)信息功能 Informative function(2)人際功能 Interalfunction(3) 施為功能 Perf
3、ormative function(4) 情感功能 Emotive function(5) 寒暄功能 Phatic function(6)功能 Recreational function(7)元語(yǔ)言功能 Mingal function練Linguistics is the scientific study of.A. a particular languageC.human languages in generalB.the English languageD.the system of a country練習(xí)2_makes it possible for language users to
4、overcome thelimitations of time and space in communication.A. ArbitrarinessB. Duality CProductivity DDisplacement練習(xí)3That a wolf-child could never speak or think like a normalindicatesof human language.A. dualityB. cultural transmission Carbitrariness Dcognitive creativity4. 幾對(duì)重要概念(1) Prescriptive &
5、Descriptive(規(guī)定性和描述性)(2) Synchronic & Diachronic(共時(shí)性和歷史性)(3) Langue & Parole(語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ))語(yǔ)言:成員共有的語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)。“人”言語(yǔ):這些語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的具體表現(xiàn)?!皬埲钏耐醵樽印保?)Compentence & Performance(語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn))語(yǔ)言能力:識(shí)別并理解句子的能力 (know)語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn):應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言能力的行為 (do)練習(xí)Which of the following may illustrate the difference between “competence” and “performance”?A.
6、What aB. What aC. What aD. What a“knows” and what he/she “ does”. “can do” and what he/she “does”. “does” and what he/she “knows”.“does” and what he/she “can do”.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)概述微觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)(P120)語(yǔ)言學(xué)跨學(xué)科分支語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)義語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)一、語(yǔ)音學(xué) (Phonetics)1.概念:研究語(yǔ)言聲音媒介的語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支學(xué)科。語(yǔ)音如何產(chǎn)生、轉(zhuǎn)化以及被感知。2. 語(yǔ)音分類(lèi)(1)音素(phone/phoneme)的概念語(yǔ)音的最
7、小。(2)音素的分類(lèi) vowels(元音)單元音(Pure vowel/monophthong)/:/ /:/ / :/ /i:/ /u:/ / / / / / / /e/ /雙元音(diphthong)/a/ /e/ /a/ / / / /e/ /單元音的分類(lèi)方式(1)舌頭最高部分的位置(position of the highest part of the tongue)前元音(front vowel) /i:/ / /e/ /中元音(central vowel) / :/ / /后元音(back vowel) /:/ /:/ / /u:/ /(2)舌頭抬起的高度(the highest
8、tongue rising)高元音(high vowel) /i:/ / /u:/ /半高/半低元音(middle vowel) /:/ / /e/ /:/ /低元音(low vowel) /:/ / /(3)元音的長(zhǎng)度(length)或緊度(tenseness)長(zhǎng)元音(long vowel)短元音(short vowel)(4)嘴唇的圓展度(Roundness)圓唇音(rounded vowel) /u:/ / /:/ /非圓唇音(unrounded vowel) 輔音(Consonant)分類(lèi):a. 發(fā)音方式(Manner of articulation)b. 發(fā)音部位(Place of
9、articulation)c. 帶聲性(Voicing; vibration of the vocal cords)若兩個(gè)輔音的發(fā)音方式和發(fā)音部位都一樣,可用帶聲性區(qū)分。清輔音(Voiceless sound)/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / /s/ / /h/ /tr/ /ts/ /t/濁輔音(Voicing sound)發(fā)音部位(Place of articulation)發(fā)音方式(Manner of articulation)雙唇音Bilabial唇齒音Labiodental齒間音Dental齒齦音Alveolar硬腭音Palatal軟腭音Velar聲門(mén)音Glottal音Stops/P
10、losivesptkbdgfsh摩擦音Fricativesvztr tst塞擦音Affricatesdr dzd鼻音Nasalsmn流音Liquids/Laterall r滑音Glideswj練In terms of the place of articulation, /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ are all.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental練習(xí)2/s/ and / can be distinguished by.A.B.C.D.manner of articulation place of articulation vibra
11、tion of the vocal cordsaspiration of articulation練習(xí)3The pair of English phonemesdiffer in the place of articulation.A. / and /B. / and /C. /d/ and /z/D. /m/ and /n/3. 語(yǔ)音變化(Vocal Variety)(1)連讀(Liaison)相鄰的兩個(gè)詞朗讀時(shí)連起來(lái)讀。 前一個(gè)詞以輔音結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)詞以元音開(kāi)頭例:pick up; check it out/pikp/tekitaut/ 前一個(gè)詞以r結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)詞以元音開(kāi)頭例:for exa
12、mple; remember it/frgzmpl/ /rmembrt/ 前一個(gè)詞以元音結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)詞以元音開(kāi)頭例:who else; go away/huels/ /gwei/練In which of the following sentences does liaison ofsound appear most?A. Ms Black worked in an office last yesterday.B. I kissed it half an hour ago.C. Will you help us?D. Can you see the building?練習(xí)2How many li
13、aisons of sound are there in the sentence “Hebought an interesting book”?A. 0C. 2B. 1D. 3(2)失去(Loss of Plosive)/(incomplete plosive)全兩個(gè)音相連時(shí),第一個(gè)“引而不發(fā)”,第二個(gè)。 六個(gè)音中任意兩個(gè)相鄰時(shí),前一個(gè)音失去。例:doctor; blackboard 六個(gè)音后出現(xiàn)摩擦音或塞擦音時(shí),音失去。/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ / / / / /t/ /d/ /h/例:a big chance; good friend音/t/ /d/ 后面是/m/ /n/時(shí),要改為
14、鼻腔。例:written; good morning音/t/ /d/后面是/l/時(shí),失去。例:little; handle(3)同化(Assimilation)一個(gè)音受到的音影響變成了第三個(gè)音 /j/ 受到/s/ /z/ /t/ /d/ 的影響/d/+/j/=/d/t/+/j/=/t/s/+/j/=/z/+/j/=/例:would you; meet you; miss you; heres your book /n/ 受到/k/ /g/ /b/ /m/ /p/的影響/n/+/k/=/k/n/+/g/=/g/n/+/b/=/mb/n/+/m/=/mm/n/+/p/=/mp/例:pancake
15、; can go; ten men; ten people /z/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ 的影響/z/+/k/=/sk/z/+/p/=/sp/z/+/t/=/st/例:as can be seen; has to; newspaper /v/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ /g/的影響/v/+/k/=/fk/v/+/p/=/fp/v/+/t/=/ft/v/+/g/=/fg/例:have to; five past ten; I love girls練Which of the following is the proper pronunciation of “have to” as a re
16、sult of assimilation?A. /hef tu/B. /hev tu/C. /hf tu/D. /hv tu/練習(xí)2Thephoneme/ n/inthefirstwordofallthefollowing phrases changes to /m/ except.A. Open bookB. Open marketC. Brown paperD. Brown hat練習(xí)3The phrase “in bed” is pronounced asin real speech.A. /nbed/B. /mbed/C. /nbd/D. /mbd/語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意
17、語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)二、音系學(xué) Phonology1. 概念:研究語(yǔ)音模式和語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng),并發(fā)現(xiàn)支配語(yǔ)音組合方式的規(guī)律并解釋語(yǔ)言變化的學(xué)科。2. 相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)(1)音位(phoneme)語(yǔ)言中能辨別意義的最小的語(yǔ)音。(2) 最小對(duì)立體(minimal pairs):當(dāng)兩個(gè)單詞除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的同一個(gè)音之外,其它的音都相同,這兩個(gè)單詞就是最小對(duì)立體。例:bag與beg, bag與back(3) 音位對(duì)立(phonemic contrast):最小對(duì)立體中的兩個(gè)音位出現(xiàn)在同一位置并能夠區(qū)別意義,這兩個(gè)音位例:wet與vet中的/w/與/v/即為音位對(duì)立。對(duì)立。練Sip and zip, tip and dip
18、, map and nap are all.A. minimal pairs B. diphthongsC. allophonesD. phonemes練習(xí)2Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat/batB. put/butC. jig/pigD. sit/bit(4)音位變體(Allophone)同一個(gè)音位在不同語(yǔ)音環(huán)節(jié)中的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式。存在變體的典型音位:/p/ /t/ /k/ /l/例:peak /p/speak /p/team /t/steam/t/can /k/scan/k/ 互補(bǔ)分布(complementary distr
19、ibution):同一個(gè)音位的兩個(gè)不同讀音不能出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中,并且不具有區(qū)別意義的作用,這兩個(gè)不同的讀音叫做互補(bǔ)分布。例如:lake milk 自由變體 (Free variation)相同的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)音素,讀音不同,但不影響意義。例:either的英音/i:/ 美音/ai(r)/以及:pass, data, tomato,last, water3. 音系規(guī)則(phonological rules)(1) 序列規(guī)則(Sequential rule):支配音素組合順序的音系規(guī)則。例:如果一個(gè)單詞以/l/或/r/開(kāi)頭,后面的一定是元音。(2) 同化規(guī)則(Assimilation r
20、ule)(3) 省略規(guī)則(Deletion rule):某個(gè)音拼寫(xiě)存在但并不發(fā)音。例:knife; design4. 超音段特征(1)音節(jié)(syllable) 音節(jié)的劃分: 每個(gè)音節(jié)中必須有一個(gè)元音音素。tea, Chi-na, im-pos-si-ble 如果兩個(gè)元音字母之間只有一個(gè)輔音字母,輔音字母劃給al onset principle)。后面的音節(jié)。即節(jié)首最大化原則(例:la-ter; stu-dent 兩個(gè)元音字母中間有兩個(gè)輔音字母,第一個(gè)輔音歸前,第二個(gè)歸后。例:let-ter; cor-ner 兩個(gè)元音字母并列且無(wú)固定發(fā)音,各自劃為前后兩個(gè)音節(jié)。例:flu-ent; cre-at
21、e練習(xí):劃分下列單詞的音節(jié)teacher professorcongratulation(2)重音(Stress) 單詞重音(word stress) 句子重音(sentence stress)a. 一般規(guī)律:實(shí)詞重讀,虛詞弱讀。實(shí)詞:名詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、部分代詞、數(shù)次、感嘆詞等虛詞:冠詞、介詞、連詞、大部分代詞和非實(shí)義動(dòng)詞b. 特殊情況:重讀想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。例:Mary kissed Jim in the teachers office!練In teaching pronunciation, the teacher should tell the students that_can
22、 be used to convey more important messages.Arhyme Bstress Cdevoicing Drhythm練習(xí)2Which of the following shows the proper rhythmic pattern of the sentence?A. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.B. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.C. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.D. This is a que
23、stion for Doctor Carrington.練習(xí)3When a lady customer intends to buy a coat with white stripes, what is she supposed to place an emphasis on if she says to theshop assistant?A.B.C.D.Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes.Id l
24、ike a red coat with white stripes. 語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)調(diào):升調(diào)(rising tone)、降調(diào)(falling tone)、降升調(diào)(falling- rising tone)、升降調(diào)(rising-falling tone)、平調(diào)一般規(guī)律:a. 一般疑問(wèn)句讀升調(diào);( ) 例:Are they playing tennis?b. 陳述句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句讀降調(diào);( ) 例:Tom went to school.How old are you? Give me the hat.How beautiful she is!c. 選擇疑問(wèn)句和并
25、列句讀升降調(diào);()例:Is that a bus ( ) or a car ( )?She bought an apple ( ) , two bananas ( )and ten eggs( ).d. 反義疑問(wèn)句讀降升調(diào)。()例:Youre Tom ( ), arent you ( ) ?練習(xí)Which of the following words in bold is pronounced with a falling tone?A. Do you have any ideas?B. Therere few apples in the basket, are there?C. How ma
26、ny people, two or three?D. The flat has a kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms, and a bath.語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)三、形態(tài)學(xué) Morphology1. 概念:研究語(yǔ)素和構(gòu)詞過(guò)程。2.詞素(Morpheme)(1)含義最小的有意義的語(yǔ)言,不能再分。詞素的功能就是單詞。(2)分類(lèi)自由詞素和黏著詞素自由詞素(free morphemes) 可以單獨(dú)出現(xiàn),能夠例如:dog, mooncake單詞。粘著詞素(bound morphemes)無(wú)法單獨(dú)出現(xiàn),必須依賴(lài)于其它詞素,只能成為詞的一部
27、分。 詞根、詞綴和詞干詞根(root)是一個(gè)單詞去掉所有詞綴之后剩余的部分。不能在不破壞意義的前提下繼續(xù)拆分。例如:friendships,詞根為friend詞綴(affix)是只能附加在另一個(gè)詞素上單詞的詞素。分為前綴(prefix)、后綴(suffix)和中綴(infix)詞干(stem)是某個(gè)單詞去掉所有的曲折詞綴后剩下的部分。詞干詞根例: friendships ,詞干可以為friend, 也可以為friendship 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴屈折詞綴(inflectional affix):在詞干后添加,形成該詞干不同形式的詞綴,改變?cè)撛~的語(yǔ)法屬性,不例:-s, -ing, -ed, -e
28、r, -est。新詞匯。apple-apples; work-works; do-doing; work-worked; fast-faster- fastest屈折詞綴只有后綴形式。派生詞綴(derivational affix):在詞干前后添加的詞綴,通常能夠改變?cè)~干的意義和詞性。例:in-, dis-, un-, -ness, -ful, -able direct-indirectable-disable happy-unhappy happy-happiness use-usefulsound-soundable練Whichofthefollowingwordscontainsani
29、nflectionalmorpheme?ADisappear.BBlacken. COxen.DAnti-pollution.練習(xí)2In which of the following words does the affix “un-” play a different role?A. unlikeB. unbalance Cunearth Dunluckily練習(xí)3Whichofthefollowing sentences does NOT containderivational affix? AShe is a good teacher.BHer bravery is admirable.
30、CI value the brotherhood between us.DI loved him when I was young.(3)詞的形成(word formation):復(fù)合詞和派生詞 復(fù)合法 (compounding)。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上自由詞素組合而成。a.向心復(fù)合詞(endocentric compound)的部分中,有一個(gè)詞是,其它部分用來(lái)修飾該詞匯。例:steamboat, foot-warmer, self-controlb.離心復(fù)合詞(exocentric compound)沒(méi)有詞匯。例:egghead, breakthrough, take-home 派生法 (deriv
31、ation)。在詞干加上詞綴得到新詞a. 加前綴 (Prefixation)前綴一般改變單詞意義,不改變?cè)~性。例:agreedisagree;fairunfair;writerewriteb. 加后綴 (Suffixation)后綴一般改變?cè)~性,少數(shù)改變?cè)~義。例:differdifference; nationnational; teachteacher練習(xí)Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. devalueC. withoutD. tablecloth(4)詞匯變化 創(chuàng)新詞 (invention)例: nylon
32、bokchoi 混成詞(blending):由兩個(gè)單詞各取一部分混合而成例:smoke + foog; modulator + demodulatormodem 截?cái)嘣~(clipping/abbreviation):截取舊單詞例:advertisementad; aeroplaneplane; influenzaflu 首字母連寫(xiě)詞(initialism): 例:WTO; GRE讀 首字母拼寫(xiě)詞(acronym):連讀例:APEC; PETS 逆構(gòu)詞法 (back-formation)改造已有詞語(yǔ)。例:editoredit; emotionemote 類(lèi)推構(gòu)詞(analogical creat
33、ion)以一個(gè)或幾個(gè)形式為模型構(gòu)詞的形式。例:white collarblue collar; gold collar; open collar; bright collar 借詞法(borrowing/loanword)可分為直接借詞、混合借詞、轉(zhuǎn)移借詞、翻譯借詞等。練習(xí)Which of the following is NOT an acronym word?A. SIMB. SARSC. GPSD. TOEFL語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)四、句法學(xué)(Syntax)1. 概念:研究句子構(gòu)造,解釋句子的內(nèi)在規(guī)則。2. 句法范疇 (syntactic categories)
34、名詞/名詞短語(yǔ)(noun/noun phrase) 動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(verb/verb phrase) 限定詞(determiner)形容詞(adjective) 副詞(adverb)代詞(pronoun)助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)介詞短語(yǔ)(prepositional phrase)語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)五、語(yǔ)義學(xué)(Semantics)1.概念:研究語(yǔ)言的意義。2. 單詞間涵義關(guān)系(sense relations between words)(1)同義關(guān)系(synonymy):詞語(yǔ)意義上的相同或相近。盡管屬于同義詞(synonym),也會(huì)有一定的差別。 文
35、體(stylistic)差別。如buy和purchase 地域(dialectal)差別。如fall和autumn 搭配(collocational)差別。如accuse (of)和charge (with) 情感(emotive)差別。如thrifty和stingy語(yǔ)義(semantic)差別。如enough和ample練習(xí)Which of the following pairs is semantic synonym?A. statesman and politicianB. blow up and explodeC. lift and elevatorD. position and lo
36、cation(2)反義關(guān)系(Antonymy)反義詞(antonym)的關(guān)系: 等級(jí)反義(gradable antonymy)兩個(gè)詞之間存在中間狀態(tài),如 long-short; bi 互補(bǔ)反義(complementary antonymy)all肯定一方的同時(shí)是對(duì)另一方的。如boy-girl; absent-present 反向反義(converse antonymy)從兩個(gè)不同角度看同一種關(guān)系。如buy-sell; employer-employee練習(xí)The words “male” or “female” areantonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC.
37、 converseD. complete(3)上下位關(guān)系(Hyponymy):種類(lèi)和成員的關(guān)系。 上位詞( hypernym):vegetable; flower 下位詞(hyponym):carrot, cabbage; rose, violet(4)一詞多義(Polysemy)例: credit:學(xué)分;信用miss:丟失;錯(cuò)過(guò);想念date:日期;棗(5)Homonymy(同音/同形異義)同音異義(homophone)讀音相同,拼寫(xiě)和意義不同。例:night & knight同形異義(homograph) 拼寫(xiě)相同,讀音和意義不同。例:lead; research; bow; tear同形
38、同音異義(complete homonym) 拼寫(xiě)和讀音相同,意義不同。例:bark; date3. 句子間涵義關(guān)系(Sense relations between sentences)(1) X is synonymous with Y (X與Y同義)X與Y在意義上是等同關(guān)系。若X為真,則Y為真;若X為假,Y也為假?!巴嫱佟?例:X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never got married all his life.(2)X is inconsistent with Y (X與Y不一致)X與Y在意義上相互則X為假?!罢?假,假-真”,
39、若X為真,則Y為假;若Y為真,X: I live in.Y: I have never been to.(3)X entails Y/ Y is an entailment of X (X蘊(yùn)含Y)當(dāng)X為真,Y一定為真;當(dāng)X為假,Y可真可假?!罢?真,假-真假”例:X: Sue and Fred went to the party. Y: Sue went to the party.X: Leo has been toNew York.Y: Leo has been to the US.4.X presupposes Y/ Y is a prerequisite of X(預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系)Y是X的前提
40、條件。說(shuō)話(huà)者假設(shè)聽(tīng)者已經(jīng)知道的信息?!罢?真,假-真”例:X: Johns girlfriend is angry to him. Y: John has a girlfriend.另一種情況是出現(xiàn)在問(wèn)句或祈使句中,話(huà)里有潛臺(tái)詞。例:“說(shuō)!你什么時(shí)候偷的東西?”Dont step on my blanket!練X: John is married. Y: John is a bachelor.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X is synonymous with Y Y presupposes XX is inco
41、nsistent with YY is an entailment of X練習(xí)2X: My father is in the kitchen.Y: My father is at home.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X entails YX is a presupposition of Y X is an entailment of YX presupposes Y練習(xí)3X: My father is at home.Y: I have a father.Whats the relation between
42、these two sentences?A.B.C.D.Y entails XX is a presupposition of Y Y is an entailment of XX presupposes Y練習(xí)4“Can I borrow your car?”“You have a car.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes語(yǔ)音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)六、語(yǔ)用學(xué) (Pragmatics) (P136)1. 概念:研究語(yǔ)言符號(hào)與使用者之間的關(guān)系。2. 言語(yǔ)行為(speec
43、h acts)(1)言?xún)?nèi)行為/發(fā)話(huà)行為(locutionary act)身。如:Today is Double 11.指說(shuō)話(huà)這一行(2) 言外行為/行事行為(Illocutionary act)指話(huà)語(yǔ)之外的潛臺(tái)詞。如:Today is Double 11. (潛臺(tái)詞:我要買(mǎi)買(mǎi)買(mǎi)了)(3) 言后行為/取效行為(Perlocutionary act) 指說(shuō)話(huà)后相應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的影響或效果。例:Today is Double 11. (影響:老公清空了購(gòu)物車(chē))(4)直接言語(yǔ)行為(direct speech act)話(huà)語(yǔ)與使用語(yǔ)言完成目的之間有直接關(guān)系。如:Close the door, please.(5)
44、間接言語(yǔ)行為(indirect speech act)不直接說(shuō)出間接完成。要表達(dá)的含義,而是通過(guò)另外的語(yǔ)言行為如:Im hungry.練習(xí)On hearing the utterance “ Its noisy outside”, the listener closed the door. It is a(n).A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. direct speech actD. perlocutionary act3. 會(huì)話(huà)含義理論 (Conversational implicature)(1)合作原則 (Cooperative princ
45、iple)。參與交談?wù)弑仨氉裱撛瓌t,否則(2)合作原則的準(zhǔn)則 數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則( The將無(wú)法進(jìn)行。of quantity):所提供信息的量。a. 所說(shuō)的話(huà)應(yīng)包含交談所需要的信息;b. 所說(shuō)的話(huà)不應(yīng)包含多于需要的信息。質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則 (Theof quality)所說(shuō)的話(huà)應(yīng)力求真實(shí),尤其是:a. 說(shuō)話(huà)者要說(shuō)真話(huà),不要說(shuō)假話(huà);b. 不要說(shuō)缺乏證據(jù)的話(huà)。例如: Were already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則( Theof relevance)所說(shuō)的話(huà)是相關(guān)的,不能答非所問(wèn)。例:How old are you?Im fine, thank
46、you. 方式準(zhǔn)則( Theof Manner):清楚明白地說(shuō)出要說(shuō)的話(huà),尤其要:a. 避免晦澀;b. 避免歧義;c. 簡(jiǎn)明扼要;d. 語(yǔ)言有序??偨Y(jié)數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則:少說(shuō)話(huà)質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則:說(shuō)真話(huà)關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則:沾邊話(huà)方式準(zhǔn)則:說(shuō)人話(huà)練Which of the following might be Janes primary concern when she sincerely asks her friend “Does your farm contain 500 acres?”A. QuantityB. Quality.C.Relevance.DManner.練習(xí)2The expression “As far
47、as I know” suggested that peopleusually observe conversations.A. quantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. mannertheof_intheirdaily練習(xí)3A: Where does C live ?B: Somewhere in the south of France .If A wants to pay a visit to C, What to Bs reply?is flouted accordingA. TheB. Theof quantity. of quality.of relevanc
48、e.of manner.C.TheDThe4. 修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric)(P138)(1)明喻(Si)表達(dá)兩種不同事物之間的相似關(guān)系,一般用as或like連接。例:The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.(2)暗喻(Metaphor)兩種不同事物的對(duì)比是隱含的。He has a heart of stone.(3)轉(zhuǎn)喻/換喻/借代(Metonymy)一個(gè)詞或詞組被另一個(gè)與之有緊密辭方法。例如:一群紅領(lǐng)巾跑過(guò)來(lái)了。Only a knife could save him.的詞或詞組替換的修(4)提喻(Synecdoche)用局部代替整體或反之;以抽象代替具體或反之。例:They share the same roof.China beat Korea in a soccer game yesterday.轉(zhuǎn)喻主要借助于密切的關(guān)系與聯(lián)想,而提喻則是借助于部分相似。(5)隱喻/ 典故( Allusion)含義:
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