初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法代詞講解

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法代詞代詞：為了避免重復(fù)而用來(lái)代替其他詞的詞。種類：1）人稱2）物主3）反身 4）指示5）不定6）疑問(wèn)7）相互代詞：each other, one another互相，其所有格加-'s8）關(guān)系代詞：which , who, that, whom, whose等 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句9） 連接代詞： who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever10）替代詞：one（單數(shù)），ones（復(fù)數(shù)） 用于替代前面出現(xiàn)的同類事物。但 ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名 詞時(shí)無(wú)形容詞在前，貝U用some

2、, any,而不用 ones。如： Have you bought any rulers? Yes, I 've bought some.一、人稱代詞1 .人稱代詞的形式單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)r a人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一第二第三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem2 .人稱代詞的句法功能功能例句主格作主語(yǔ)They are fourteen years old. / She is a Chinese teacher.賓格作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)The box is too heavy. Let me help you. / I like it very mu

3、ch.作介詞賓語(yǔ)Mary didn ' t want to go withme.作表語(yǔ)-Who is standing over there?It，me.it的特殊 用法指時(shí)間It is early spring, but it ' s already very hot.指天氣It rained (大)last night.指距離It' s about five(minute) walk from here to the library.How far is it from your school to your home?作形式主語(yǔ)、 形式賓語(yǔ)It is very n

4、ice of you to help me.I find it easy to learn English well.指前文提到 的物-Where 's my book?-It 's over there.指不知性別 的嬰兒或不 確指性別的 人The baby is crying. It may be hungry.3 .人稱代詞的排列順序（ 單婁攵231,復(fù)數(shù)123）當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞一起作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，單數(shù)按二、三、一人稱排列（即 you, he / she, I ）;復(fù)數(shù)按一、二、三人稱排 列（即we, you, they）。但是如果做錯(cuò)了事需要承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，要把說(shuō)話人（ I）

5、放在第一位。如：It was I and John that made her angry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。二、物主代詞1 .物主代詞的形式單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)物主 代詞形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2 .物主代詞的基本用法功能例句特別提示形容詞性作定語(yǔ)Her mother is a kind-hearted doctor.形容詞性物主代詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形物主代詞Their room is clean and tidy.容詞。名詞性物主代詞 （相當(dāng)于省 略了中心名 詞的-'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)）作

6、主語(yǔ)That is his computer. Mine doesn' t work.名詞性物主代詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)。如：Hers math is better than mine.（錯(cuò)！句中的應(yīng)改為）作賓語(yǔ)Her spoken English is better than yours.作表語(yǔ)This ballpen is hers. Where is mine?與of連用 作定語(yǔ)The red skirt of hers is very beautiful.3 .物主代詞的特殊用法在雙重所有格中只能用名詞性物主代詞。如：我的個(gè)朋友 a friend of mine ,她的個(gè)同學(xué)

7、a classmate of hers , each brother of his. 三、反身代詞1 .反身代詞的形式反身代詞又叫自身代詞，表示動(dòng)作返回到動(dòng)作發(fā)出者本身。人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱himself,herself, itselfthemselves2 .反身代詞的句法功能功能例句特別提示作賓語(yǔ)Little Jimmy can dress himself now.She cooked herself a good meal.兩句中動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者與承受著 均是同一個(gè)人，故賓語(yǔ)只能用反 身代詞，不能用him和he

8、r。作表語(yǔ)The boy in the photo is myself, not Tom.I am not myself today. 我今大不舒服。作同位語(yǔ)（強(qiáng)調(diào)）The baby itself laughed.I myself went to visit my teacher.此句中，反身代詞itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介詞搭配, 構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)Never leave the child by himself at home.I don ' t think I can do it bmyself.初中常用的由反身代詞構(gòu)成的 短語(yǔ)有：（見(jiàn)下）3 .由反身代詞構(gòu)成的

9、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)help oneself to隨便吃come to oneself 蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)，醒悟，恢復(fù)知覺(jué)dress oneself自己穿衣服 say to oneself自言自語(yǔ)enjoy oneself 玩得開(kāi)心 lose oneself in迷路于，全神貫注于 之中，消失于 teach oneself 自學(xué) look after oneself by oneself 親自learnby oneself 自學(xué)一leave one by oneself 把某人單獨(dú)留下hurt oneself 傷了自己make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束四、指示代詞單數(shù)this

10、這，這個(gè)that那,那個(gè)such這樣的人或物same同樣的人或物復(fù)數(shù)these這些those那些例句This is Bill speaking. Who is that?Where will these pupils go?Do you like those? They are the latest fashion.I have never seen such a clever child before.Those two dresses arethe sameHe said the same thing again and again.1. that用來(lái)代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞，those代

11、替復(fù)數(shù)名詞。The weather today is finer than thaLyesterday.The students in this school are different from those in that one.2.打電話時(shí)，用 that 詢問(wèn)對(duì)方是誰(shuí)，用 this 介紹自己。This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking?說(shuō)明：That和those可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，但this和these不能，同時(shí)，在作先行詞時(shí)，只有those可指人，試比較:（） He admired that which looked beaut

12、iful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。（） He admired those who looked beautiful.他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those 指人）（錯(cuò)）He admired that who danced well. （that 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人）（） He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。 （those 指人）（） He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those 指物）五、疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞有who, whom, whose, what和which等。在句子中用

13、來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句）如：Tell me who he is.告訴我他是誰(shuí)。格指人指物指人或物主格who誰(shuí)what什么which哪個(gè)，哪些賓格whom 誰(shuí)所有格whose誰(shuí)的whose誰(shuí)的whose誰(shuí)的說(shuō)明1:無(wú)論是做疑問(wèn)代詞還是限定詞，which和what所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無(wú)限的，而 which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)，例如：Which girls do you like best?你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘？What girls do you like best?你喜歡什么樣的姑娘？說(shuō)明2:Whom是who的賓格，在書(shū)面

14、語(yǔ)中，它作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用who代替，但在介詞后只能用whom,例如： Who（m） did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了誰(shuí)？（作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）Who（m） are you taking the book to?你要把這書(shū)帶給誰(shuí)？（作介詞賓語(yǔ)，置句首）To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校園里和誰(shuí)講話了 ？（作介詞賓語(yǔ)， 置介詞后，不能用who取代。）六、不定代詞：不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有a11, both, each,every等，以及含有 some-, any-

15、, no-等的合成代詞，如 anybody, something, no one 這些不定代詞 大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，但none和由some, any, no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；every和no只能作定語(yǔ)。如：-Do you have a car?-你有一輛小汽車嗎？- Yes, I have one. -是的，我有一輛。-I don't know any of them. 他們，我一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)。不定代詞的形式例詞普通不定代詞some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / an

16、yone / no one something / anything / nothingone / none個(gè)體不定代詞every / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / everyone / everything數(shù)量不定代詞many / much, few / a few / little / a littlea lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many辨析:不定代詞用法1some1)可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2)當(dāng)做"某一"解時(shí)，也可與單數(shù)名詞

17、連用。(=a certain)You will be sorry for this some day. 總有,天,你會(huì)后悔這件事的。A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.某些人/、同意你的看法。3)用于肯定句中4)表請(qǐng)求、建議或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句中。Would you like some coffee?*a.在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示確定的意義時(shí)，如：If you need some help, let me know.*b.當(dāng)否te的是整體中的部分時(shí)，some引用,有te句。如：I haven't heard fro

18、m some of my old friends these years.這些年我沒(méi)有收至 U些老朋友的信。any1）多附于否定句和疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。He doesn't have any money.Are there any people in the room?If you have any questions, please ask me for help.2）表“任何”時(shí)，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有二本小說(shuō), 你可任讀一本。You may come at any time; I 'l

19、l be home the whole day.2both網(wǎng)乍(都Her parents are both doctors.*a. both, all都可作同位語(yǔ)，其位置在行為動(dòng)詞前，be動(dòng)詞之后。如果助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞省去，則位于助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之前。Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.all三者及以上都 可作主、賓、表、 定、同。We all want to go to the zoo.*all的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。如： All goes well.一切進(jìn)展得很好。All that you

20、have done is very helpful.*all在定語(yǔ)從句中作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞只能用that。*all通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說(shuō)all the book,而說(shuō)the whole book。但all可與表時(shí)間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如all day, all night , all the year；但習(xí)慣上不說(shuō) all hour, all century。all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如all China , all the city , all my life ,all the wayeither網(wǎng)若之一Either of the answers is correct

21、.neither網(wǎng)后都不Neither of us goes abroad.1) neither 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Neither of the two answers is right.2)作定語(yǔ)與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither- nor用作并列連詞，可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。3)可附于卜列句型,避免重復(fù)。如：She can't sing, neither (can) he.*neither 與 nora.如前句是否定式從句，則主句用 neither,而不用nor。If you don't do it , neither should I.如果你不干，我也

22、不干。b.如后連續(xù)有幾個(gè)否定句式，則用 nor,不用neither。He can't sing , nor dance, nor skate.any二百一Any movie is boring.noneNone of his friends has/have been to Nanjing.三者及以上都不1) none作主語(yǔ)，多與 of構(gòu)成短語(yǔ) none of。在答語(yǔ)中，none 口單獨(dú)使用。I like none of the flowers.這些花我都/、喜歡。Are there any pictures on the wall? None.2) none作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可

23、。但如做表語(yǔ)，則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語(yǔ)一致。It is none of your business.3every三個(gè)及以上的“每個(gè)都”強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念。只能做定語(yǔ)。Every student in our school works hard.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。1) every只作形容詞，不可單獨(dú)使用。Every student has to take one.2) every與not連用，表小部分否te;Every man is not honest.并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)。3) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等；each pron. a. ad. 兩個(gè)及以上的“每 個(gè)，

24、強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念，可 構(gòu)成of短語(yǔ)Each student may have one book. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都可有一本書(shū)。1) each可作代詞或形容詞。Each boy has to take one.Each of the boys has to take one.但 we each have a book.2) each和not連用表示全部否定。Each man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠(chéng)實(shí)。4many+ C"許多",How many people are there at the meeting? Many of the workers were at

25、 the meeting. many a (=many)但 Many books were sold.Many a bookwas sold. 賣出了許多書(shū)。many/much 多用 于疑、否， whether 引導(dǎo) 的賓從中。日常談話中，純粹的肯定句一 般可數(shù)的用 a large number of, a good/great many,不可數(shù)多用 a good/great deal of, 可 數(shù)不可數(shù)均可用的有a lot of, lots of,plenty of.much + U"許多"How much time has we left?Much of the ti

26、me was spent on learning.5few + C “沒(méi)有幾個(gè)，幾乎沒(méi)有”He has few friends.他幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。a few+ C“有幾個(gè)”He has a few friends.他有幾個(gè)朋友。only a few (=few)not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)little+ U“沒(méi)有多少，幾乎沒(méi)有”Hurry ! We have little time left.a little+ U“點(diǎn)兒”We still have a little time. 我們還用點(diǎn)時(shí)間。6other+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù) 泛指“其他的”What othe

27、r animals do you like?the other day 前幾天 every other day POion the other sideon the one hand on the other hand 一方 回方 圓the other蝌T中的另一個(gè)onethe other 一個(gè)另,個(gè)(只有兩個(gè))We have two sisters. One is 16, the other is 12.I found one shoe, but I can't see the other one.oneonethe other個(gè)，另 ,個(gè)，第一個(gè)others = other peo

28、ple/things 泛指 “其他的人或物”some others, others-1 We shouldn't laugh at others.the others = the rest剩余的全部(特定 范圍內(nèi)的人或物)somethe others 一些 其他的(有二個(gè)以上)There are 50 students in our class. Some are reading, the others are doing homework.another泛指三者及以上中 的另一個(gè)1.one another,the third 2.The shirt is too small. Can

29、 I try another one? Don't lose heart. Have another try.3 .another two/few weeks 冉兩(幾)周二two more weeks eg. We love here. We want to stay another three days.4 . one after another 一個(gè)接 個(gè)地復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表 語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。something, anything, everything, nothing , somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, any

30、one, everyone, ( no one)作主語(yǔ) Both of them are Chinese.賓語(yǔ) I know nothing about him.表語(yǔ) That's nothing.沒(méi)什么。定語(yǔ) You may take either road.1 .有形谷詞修飾，要后置。 There s sth wrong with the TV .2 .作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Everything goes well.3辨析：1. one, that 和 itI can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat y

31、ou bought is bigger than that I bought.I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.2 . .anyone/any oneanyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。3 .no one/nobody, none 和 noa) none后跟of短語(yǔ)，既可指人又可指物，而我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。（同類但不同個(gè)）你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。（同一物）我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。no one只單獨(dú)使用，只指人。one表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that

32、與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個(gè)，而 it與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。None of you could lift it.你們中沒(méi)有人可舉起它。-Did any one call me up just now?一剛才有人打電話給我嗎 ？- No one. -沒(méi)有。作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞b）none用法相當(dāng)于名詞，一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。None of the milk was left.只能是單數(shù)。None of the problems is/ are easy to solve. Ic) no one 般回答 who, 含 anyone, anybody 的疑問(wèn)句。 Is there anyone in the room? No one.none回答 how many/much 及含 any+名詞的疑