英國文學(xué)史期末復(fù)習(xí)筆記

1、英美文學(xué)史期末復(fù)習(xí)筆記英國1 .伊麗莎白時期的文學(xué)2 .17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的文學(xué)3.浪漫主義時期4.維多利亞時期5.20世紀(jì)的小說與詩歌6 .二戰(zhàn)后的詩歌7 .二戰(zhàn)后的小說I.DefinitionofepicAnepicisalongnarrativepoem.美國1 .殖民地時期文學(xué)2 .浪漫主義文學(xué)3 .現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)4 .自然主義文學(xué)5.20世紀(jì)20年代的詩歌與小說6 .二戰(zhàn)后的詩歌與小說7 .美國戲劇梳理8 .少數(shù)族裔文學(xué)2.GeoffreyChaucer（1340-1400杰弗里。喬叟thefatherofEnglishpoetry（literature）英國文學(xué)之父theheroic

2、couplet英雄雙韻體：averseunitconsistingoftworhymed6甲韻）linesiniambicpentameter（£步抑揚(yáng)格）AABBCCDDEE代表作:TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事（英國文學(xué)史的開端）文藝復(fù)興時期TheRenaissance（1500-1660）1.thedefinitionofRenaissanceRenaissancefirstroseinItalyinthe14thcenturyandcametoafloweringinthe15thandtheninthe16thcenturyitspreadtoother

3、countries,notablyFranceandthencetoGermanyandEnglandandSpainandtheothercountries.核心：humanism:admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement.文藝復(fù)興三杰：達(dá)芬奇，米開朗琪羅，拉斐爾2.WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）Heisactor,playwright;totally37playsFourgreattragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特）Othello（奧賽羅）KingLear（李爾王）Macbeth位克白）Fourgreatcomedies:T

4、heMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人AMidsummerNightsDream仲夏夜之夢AsYouLikeIt皆大歡喜Twelfthnight第十二夜BenJohsondedicatedapoeminpraiseofhim:“，Souloftheage.Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime”.3.Sonnet"四行詩）Sonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhyminglinesofequallength:iambic（抑揚(yáng)格的）pentameters（五步格詩）inEnglish.TheEnglishsonnet（alsocal

5、ledtheShakespearensonnetafteritsforemostpractitinoner）comprisesthreequatrains（亍詩）andafinalcouplet（對旬）,rhymingababcdcdefef.AnimportantvariantofthisistheSpenseriansonnet（introducedbyElizabethanpoetEdmundSpenser）,whichlinksthethreequatrainsbyrhyme,inthesequenceababbabccdcdee.Ineitherform,theturncomeswi

6、ththefinalcouplet,whichmaysometimesachievetheneatnessofanepigram.4.metaphysicalpoetry學(xué)派詩歌）Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry/'iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.MetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.

7、Thenamegiventoadiversegroupof17th-centuryEnglishpoetswhoseworkisnotableforitsingenious（精致的）useofintellectualandtheologicalconceptsinsurprisingconceits幻想），strangeparadoxes,andfar-reachingimagery,argumentativeabruptnessofrhythmandtonedistinguisheshisstylefromtheconventionsofElizabethanlovelyrics.T.SEl

8、iotandothersrevivedtheirreputation,stressingtheirqualityofwit,inthesenseofintellectualstrenuousnessandflexibilityratherthansmarthumor.Itsmainfeatures:thedictionissimpleTheimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallifeTheformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoetsbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.5.JohnDonne（1572-1631

9、）Viewofpoetry:Ablendofemotionandintellectualingenuity,characterizedbyconceitor"wit".ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne'spoetryisitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.Specialfeatures:Conceits;wit;imagery;dramaticandconversationalstyle.代表作：theflea跳

10、蚤6.FrancisBacon（1561-1626）Heistheprecursorofmaterialism英國唯物主義的始祖（馬克思和恩格斯語）；alsothefounderofmodernsciencethefirstBritishessayist.作品：Essays隨筆（ofstudiesisthemostfamousoneofthem）7.JohnMiltonDefensefortheEnglishPeopl坳英國人辯護(hù);blankverse素體詩作品：ParadiseLost失樂園ParadiseRegained復(fù)樂園18世紀(jì)的啟蒙主義文學(xué)1.thedefinitionofenli

11、ghtenmentAgeneraltermappliedtothemovementofintellectualliberationthatdevelopinWesternEuropefromthelate17thCenturytothelate18thcentury.（theperiodisoftencalledtheAgeofReason）,especiallyinFranceandSwitzerland.Theenlightenmentculminated（使達(dá)至U頂峰）withthewritingsofJeans-JacquesRousseauandtheEncyclopedaf科全書）

12、,thephilosophyofImmanuel（以馬內(nèi)利J,基督的另U稱）Kant,andthepoliticalideasoftheAmericanandFrenchRevolutionswhiletheforerunnersinscienceandphilosophyincludedBacon,Descartes,Newton,andLocke.Itscentralideawastheneedandthecapacityofhumanreasontoclearawayancientsuperstition,prejudice,dogmaandinjustice.Literaryfeatu

13、res:ClassicismAsacriticalterm,classicismisabodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomanculture,particularlyinliterature,philosophy,art,orcriticismClassicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreekandRomansordevelope

14、dthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Neoclassicismtemphasizedtheclassicalartisticidealsoforder,logic,proportion,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtasteanddecorum.Sentimentalismcameintobeingastheresultofabitterdiscontentamongtheenlightenedpeoplewithsocialreality.4Pre-romanticism:Inthelatterhalfo

15、fthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.ItwasmarkedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,byarecognitionoftheclaimsofpassionandemotion,andbyarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.InEnglandthismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-romanticism.Gothicnovelisitsmost

16、manifestexpression.2.JohnLocke(1632-1704)oneofthemostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkers;consideredoneofthefirstoftheBritishempiricists經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義者,followingthetraditionofFrancisBacon;bestknownforhissatiricalverseandforhistranslationofHomer荷馬史詩;HeisthethirdmostfrequentlyquotedwriterinTheOxfordDictionaryofQu

17、otations,afterShakespeareandTennyson.3.DanielDefoe(1661-1731)代表作：TheAdventuresoRobinsonCrusoe(英國文學(xué)史第一部小說)MollFlanders摩爾.佛蘭德斯RobinsonCrusoecelebratesthe18th-centuryWesterncivilization'smaterialtriumphsandthestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment.Robinson,apparently,iscastasatyp

18、ical18th-centurymiddle-classtradesman,theveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.Theheroispractical,diligent,shrewd,courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles.Inanothersense,RobinsonisEverymanstrugglingtomasternature.ThisnovelistherepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearli

19、erstagesofitsdevelopment.4.JonathanSwift(1667-1745喬納森.斯威夫特作品：GulliversTravels.格列佛游記ATaleofaTub木桶的故事TheBattleofBooks書戰(zhàn)AModestProposal一個小小的建議Hiswritingfeatures:Swiftdefinesagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces.Hislanguageisalwaysprecise,simple,clear,vigorousaswellaseconomicalandconcise.Heisalsoamaste

20、rsatirist.5.HenryFielding(1707-1754)Thefatherofmodernfiction(現(xiàn)代小說之父)代表作：約瑟夫安德魯JosephAndrews湯姆瓊斯TomJones6.OliverGoldsmiths(1730-1774)代表作：TheVicarofWakefield威克菲爾德的牧師TheDesertedVillage荒村浪漫主義時期EnglishRomanticism(1798-1830)1.thedefinitionofRomanticismItisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationof

21、Wordsworth&Coleridge'sLyricalBallads抒情歌謠集andtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScottsdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBill改革法案intheParliament.EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionof1789-1794andtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatin

22、fluenceonEnglishRomanticism.Romanticistsshowintheirworkstheirprofounddissatisfactiorwiththesocialrealityandtheirdeephatredforanypoliticaltyranny,economicexploitationandanyformofoppression,feudalorbourgeois.Intherealmofliterature,theyrevoltagainstreason,rules,regulation,objectivity,commonsenses,etc.a

23、ndemphasizethevalueoffeelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.2.twoschoolsofRomanticismThelakepoets湖畔派詩人(escapistromanticists:WilliamWordsworth華茲華斯,SamuelTaylorColeridge柯勒彳聿治andRobertSouthey騷塞.TheythreewereknownasLakePoetsbecausetheylivedandknewoneanot

24、herinthelastfewyearsofthe18thcenturyinthedistrictofthegreatlakesinNorthwesternEngland.TheSatanicschool撒旦派(activeromanticists):Byron,Shelly,andKeats.3.WilliamBlake(1757-1827)十九世紀(jì)英國浪漫派詩人、畫家、雕刻家作品：SongsofExperience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌SongsofInnocence天真之歌TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂與地獄的蠟姻TheChimneySweeper掃煙囪的孩子TheLamb羊

25、羔4.RobertBurns(1759-1796)(蘇格蘭著名農(nóng)民詩人)作品：“ARed,RedRose紅紅的玫瑰5.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)Hefocusedonthenature,children,thepoor,commonpeople,inhispoem,heaimedatsimplicityandpurityofthelanguage,soheusedordinarywordstoexpresshispersonalfeelings.1843年獲得桂冠詩人(Laureate游號代表作：TheDaffodils水仙花TheSolitaryReaper孤獨(dú)

26、的收割者6.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824)Influence:(toworld)ByronhasenrichedEuropeanpoetrywithanabundanceofideas,images,artisticforms&innovations.HestandswithShakespeare&ScottamongtheBritishwriterswhoexertthegreatestinfluenceoverthemainlandofEurope.(tochina)Hisrevolutionaryzealanddemocraticideals,a

27、sshowninhisstirringlyricTheIslesofGreeceandChildeHarold,stronglyimpressedtheChineseyouthwhowerethenwagingstrugglestooverthrowtheoldfeudalsystem.代表作DonJuan唐璜，1818-1823Whenwetwoparted當(dāng)我們分手Shewalksinbeauty她走在美的光彩中Byronichero：aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsa

28、ndpowers,unconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.(fierypassionsunbendingwill,idealoffreedom,againsttyranny(專制統(tǒng)治)andinjustice,lonelyfightersindividualisticends)7.PercyByssheShelley1792-1822)代表作：OdeToTheWestWind西風(fēng)頌QueenMab麥布女王8.JohnKeats(17951821)代表作：OdetoAnNightingale；夜鶯頌(“美即是真，真即是美"Beautyist

29、ruth,truthisbeauty.是他的著名詩句。)9.JaneAusten以女性作家特有的敏銳和細(xì)膩刻畫英國鄉(xiāng)村中產(chǎn)階級的生活和思想。預(yù)示現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說的崛起作品：SenseandSensibility理智與感情PrideandPrejudice傲慢與偏見Emma愛瑪NorthangerAbbey諾桑覺寺MansfieldPark曼斯菲爾德莊園維多禾亞時期TheVictorianPeriod1.literaryfeaturesofVictorianAgeastrongsenseofthepast;critiqueofthesociety(terriblelivingandworkingco

30、nditionsofworkers);morebroaderbackgroundandmorecomplicatedplot;alotofnovelshavestrongmoralpurpose;mostVictoriannovelswerepublishedinserialforminmagazinesbeforetheyappearedinbookform.2.thedefinitionofrealismRealismisanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresandobjectsexactlya

31、stheyactorappearinlife.Itwasamovementinthemid-19thcenturyinreactiontothehighlysubjectiveapproachofromanticism.It'snotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelike川usionofsome"real"worldoutsidethetext.3.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)thegreatestnovelistoftheVic

32、torianperiod;bythetwentiethcenturyhewaswidelyseenasaliterarygeniusbycriticsandscholars.作品：DavidCopperfield(autobiographical)OliverTwist霧都孤兒BleakHouse荒涼山莊AtaleofTwoCities雙城記HardTimes艱難時世GreatExpectations遠(yuǎn)大前程Features:describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.4 .WilliamMakepeaceThackeray薩克雷(1811-1

33、863)作品：VanityFair名禾場-thistitlewasborrowedbyThackerayfromThePilgrim'sProgressbyBunyan.5 .TheBront?Sisters勃朗特姐妹她們的代表作：Charlotte夏洛特：JaneEyre簡愛(fiercelongingforlifeandlove).(三姐妹中最有天賦的)Emily艾米麗(1818-1848):WutheringHeights呼嘯山莊Anne安妮：AgnesGrey安格尼斯格雷6 .GeorgeEliot喬治.艾略特(女)(1819-1880)作品：TheMillontheFloss

34、弗羅斯河上的磨房SilasMarner織工馬南7.ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountryWesseX'Hardy'sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.Theunderlyingthemeofhisnovelsisthestruggleofmanagainstthemysteriousforcewhichrulestheworld.作品：Farfromth

35、eMaddingCrowd(1874)遠(yuǎn)離塵囂TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔絲JudetheObscure(1895)無名的裘德8.AlfredTennyson阿爾疝雷德.丁尼生(1809-1892)(維多利亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人)作品：ThePrincess公主InMemoriam悼念9.TheBrownings勃朗寧夫婦RobertBrowning(男)(1812-1889)代表作：MyLastDuchess我已故的公爵夫人-dramaticmonologues戲劇獨(dú)白ElizabethBarrettBrowning(女)(1806-1861

36、)morepopularthanhishusband代表作：“SonnetsfromthePortuguesee葡萄牙十四行詩10.OscarWilde(1854-1900)therepresentativeofaestheticism;putforwardaslogan''artforart'ssake'j(藝術(shù)而藝術(shù))代表作：ThePictureofDorianGray道林格雷的畫像LadyWindermere'sFan溫德密爾夫人的扇子AnIdealHusband理想的丈夫TheImportanceofBeingEarnest認(rèn)真的重要性11.Ge

37、orgeBernardShawff伯納(1856-1950)Playwright;HissharpsatireandbitterattackonthesocialsystemconsequentlyupsettheBritishauthority.代表作：Mrs.Warrensprofession華萊夫人的職業(yè)現(xiàn)代時期themodernperiod(1914-)1 .D.HLawrence勞倫斯(1885-1930)作品主要描述男女關(guān)系代表作：LadyChatterleyslover查泰來夫人的情人TheRainbow彩虹SonsandLovers兒子與情人(戀母情結(jié))WomeninLove戀

38、愛中的女人2 .streamofconsciousnesS識流Streamofconsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perception,thoughts,feelingsandmemoriesinthehumanmind;oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.Itisanimportantdeviceofmode

39、rnistfiction.意識流的兩大代表人物：3 .JamesJoyce(1882-1941)愛爾蘭詩人代表作：Ulysses(1922)t利J西斯-epicnovelAPortraitOfTheArtistAsAYoungMan一個青年藝術(shù)家的肖像4 .VirginiaWoof(1882-1941)Woolfwasmuchconcernedwiththepositionofwomen£常重視婦女的地位代表作：Mrs.Dalloway達(dá)羅衛(wèi)夫人ToTheLighthouse至U燈塔去TheWaves海浪5 .WilliamButlerYeats威廉.巴特勒葉芝(1865-1939)愛爾蘭詩人，居【J作家；TheIrishnationalistmovement愛爾蘭獨(dú)立運(yùn)動作品：TheWindAmongtheReeds產(chǎn)葦中的風(fēng)Responsi