Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at SeaConvention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (CO

2、LREGs)Adoption: 20 October 1972Entry into force: 15 July 1977IntroductionAmendment procedureTechnical provisionsPart A - General (Rules 1-3)Part B - Steering and Sailing (Rules 4-19)Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10)Rule 6 - safe speedRule 10 - vessels in or n

3、ear traffic separation schemesSection II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18)Rule 13 - overtaking Rule 14 - head-on situationsSection III - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19)Part C Lights and Shapes (Rules 20-31)Part D - Sound and Light Signals (Rules 32-37)P

4、art E - Exemptions (Rule 38)AnnexesThe 1981 amendments - rule 10 amendedThe 1987 amendments - crossing traffic lanesThe 1989 amendments - inshore traffic zoneThe 1993 amendments - positioning of lightsThe 2001 amendments - WIG craftIntroductionThe 1972 Convention was designed to update and replace t

5、he Collision Regulations of 1960 which were adopted at the same time as the 1960 SOLAS Convention. One of the most important innovations in the 1972 COLREGs was the recognition given to traffic separation schemes - Rule 10 gives guidance in determining safe speed, the risk of collision and the condu

6、ct of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes. The first such traffic separation scheme was established in the Dover Strait in 1967. It was operated on a voluntary basis at first but in 1971 the IMO Assembly adopted a resolution stating that that observance of all traffic separation

7、schemes be made mandatory - and the COLREGs make this obligation clear.Amendment procedureUnder the "tacit acceptance" procedure incorporated in the Convention, an amendment must first be adopted by two-thirds of those present and voting in the Maritime Safety Committee. It is then communi

8、cated to Contracting Parties and considered by the IMO Assembly. If adopted by two-thirds of the States present and voting in the Assembly, it automatically enters into force on a specified date unless more than one third of the Contracting Parties notify the Organization of their objection.In addit

9、ion, a Conference for the purpose of revising the Convention or its regulations or both may be convened by IMO at the request of not less than one-third of Contracting Parties.Technical provisionsThe COLREGs include 38 rules divided into five sections: Part A - General; Part B - Steering and Sailing

10、; Part C - Lights and Shapes; Part D - Sound and Light signals; and Part E - Exemptions. There are also four Annexes containing technical requirements concerning lights and shapes and their positioning; sound signalling appliances; additional signals for fishing vessels when operating in close proxi

11、mity, and international distress signals.P art A - General (Rules 1-3) 第一章總則第一條適用范圍 本規(guī)則各條適用于在公海和連接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一 切船舶。 本規(guī)則各條不妨礙有關(guān)主管機(jī)關(guān)為連接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外 錨地、港口、江河、湖泊或內(nèi)陸水道所制訂的特殊規(guī)定的實(shí)施。這種特殊規(guī)定，應(yīng) 盡可能符合本規(guī)則各條。 本規(guī)則各條，不妨礙各國政府為軍艦及護(hù)航下的船舶所制訂的關(guān)于額外的 隊(duì)形燈、信號(hào)燈或笛號(hào)，或者為結(jié)隊(duì)從事捕魚的漁船所制定的關(guān)

12、于額外的隊(duì)形燈或 信號(hào)燈的任何特殊規(guī)定的實(shí)施。這些額外的隊(duì)形燈、信號(hào)燈或笛號(hào)，應(yīng)盡可能不致 被誤認(rèn)為本規(guī)則其他條文所規(guī)定的任何號(hào)燈或信號(hào)。 為實(shí)施本規(guī)則，本組織可以采納分道通航制。 凡經(jīng)有關(guān)政府確定，某種特殊構(gòu)造或用途的船舶，如須完全遵守本規(guī)則任 何一條關(guān)于號(hào)燈或號(hào)型的數(shù)量、位置、能見距離或弧度以及聲號(hào)設(shè)備的配置和特性 的規(guī)定，就不能不影響其特殊功能時(shí)，則應(yīng)遵守其政府在號(hào)燈或號(hào)型的數(shù)量、位置 、能見距離或弧度以及聲號(hào)設(shè)備的配置和特性方面為之另行確定的盡可能符合本規(guī) 則所要求的規(guī)定。 第二條責(zé)任 

13、本規(guī)則各條不免除任何船舶或其所有人、船長或船員由于對(duì)遵守本規(guī)則各 條的任何疏忽，或者對(duì)海員通常做法或當(dāng)時(shí)特殊情況可能要求的任何戒備上的疏忽 而產(chǎn)生的各種后果的責(zé)任。 在解釋和遵行本規(guī)則各條規(guī)定時(shí)，應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮到，為避免緊迫危險(xiǎn)而須背 離本規(guī)則各條規(guī)定的一切航行和碰撞的危險(xiǎn)，以及任何特殊情況，其中包括當(dāng)事船 舶條件限制在內(nèi)。 第三條一般定義 除其他條文另有解釋外，在本規(guī)則中： "船舶"一詞，指用作或者能夠用作水上運(yùn)輸工具的各類水上船筏，包括 非排水船舶和水上飛機(jī)。 "機(jī)

14、動(dòng)船"一詞，指用機(jī)器推進(jìn)的任何船舶。 "帆船"一詞，指任何駛帆的船舶，包括裝有推進(jìn)機(jī)器而不在使用者。 "從事捕魚的船舶"一詞，指使用網(wǎng)具、繩釣、拖網(wǎng)或其他使其操縱性能 受到限制的漁具捕魚的任何船舶，但不包括使用曳繩釣或其他并不使其操縱性能受 到限制的漁具捕魚的船舶。 "水上飛機(jī)"一詞，包括為能在水面操縱而設(shè)計(jì)的任何航空器。 "失去控制的船舶"一詞，指由于某種異常的情況，不能按本規(guī)則各條的 要求進(jìn)行操縱，因而不能給他船讓路的船舶。

15、0;"操縱能力受到限制的船舶"一詞，指由于工作性質(zhì)，使其按本規(guī)則要求 進(jìn)行操縱的能力受到限制，因而不能給他船讓路的船舶。 下列船舶應(yīng)作為操縱能力受到限制的船舶： （）從事敷設(shè)、維修或起撈助航標(biāo)志、海底電纜或管道的船舶； （）從事疏浚、測(cè)量或水下作業(yè)的船舶； （）在航中從事補(bǔ)給或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)人員、食品或貨物的船舶； （）從事發(fā)放或回收航空器的船舶； （）從事掃雷作業(yè)的船舶； （）從事拖帶作業(yè)的船舶，而該項(xiàng)拖帶作業(yè)使該拖船及其被拖船偏離所駛航 向的能力嚴(yán)重受到限制者。 "限于吃

16、水的船舶"一詞，指由于吃水與可用水深的關(guān)系，致使其偏離所 駛航向的能力嚴(yán)重地受到限制的機(jī)動(dòng)船。 "在航"一詞，指船舶不在錨泊、系岸或擱淺。 船舶的"長度"和"寬度"是指其總長度和最大寬度。 只有當(dāng)一船能自他船以視覺看到時(shí)，才應(yīng)認(rèn)為兩船是在互見中。 "能見度不良"一詞，指任何由于霧、貍、下雪、暴風(fēng)雨、沙暴或任何 其他類似原因而使能見度受到限制的情況。 Rule 1 states that the rules apply to all ve

17、ssels upon the high seas and all waters connected to the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels.Rule 2 covers the responsibility of the master, owner and crew to comply with the rules. Rule 3 includes definitions. Part B- Steering and Sailing (Rules 4-19) 第二章駕駛和航行規(guī)則    

18、 第一節(jié)船舶在任何能見度情況下的行動(dòng)規(guī)則第四條適用范圍 本節(jié)各條適用于任何能見度的情況。 第五條了望 每一船舶應(yīng)經(jīng)常用視覺、聽覺以及適合當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境和情況下一切有效的手段保持 正規(guī)的了望，以便對(duì)局面和碰撞危險(xiǎn)作出充分的估計(jì)。 第六條安全航速 每一船舶在任何時(shí)候應(yīng)用安全航速行駛，以便能采取適當(dāng)而有效的避碰行動(dòng)， 并能在適合當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境和情況的距離以內(nèi)把船停住。 在決定安全航速時(shí)，考慮的因素中應(yīng)包括下列各點(diǎn)： 對(duì)所有船舶： （）能見度情況； （）通航密度，包括漁船或者任何其他船舶的密集程

19、度； （）船舶的操縱性能，特別是在當(dāng)時(shí)情況下的沖程和施回性能： （）夜間出現(xiàn)的背景亮光，諸如來自岸上的燈光或本船燈光的反向散射； （）風(fēng)、浪和流的狀況以及靠近航海危險(xiǎn)物的情況； （）吃水與可用水深的關(guān)系。 對(duì)備有可使用的雷達(dá)的船舶，還須考慮： （）雷達(dá)設(shè)備的特性、效率和局限性； （）所選用的雷達(dá)距離標(biāo)尺帶來的任何限制： （）海況、天氣和其他干擾源對(duì)雷達(dá)探測(cè)的影響； （）在適當(dāng)距離內(nèi)，雷達(dá)對(duì)小船、浮冰和其他漂浮物有探測(cè)不到的可能性： （）雷達(dá)探測(cè)到的船舶數(shù)目、位置和動(dòng)態(tài)； （）當(dāng)用雷達(dá)測(cè)

20、定附近船舶或其他物體的距離時(shí)，可能對(duì)能見度作出的更確 切的估計(jì)。 第七條碰撞危險(xiǎn) 每一船舶應(yīng)用適合當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境和情況的一切有效手段斷定是否存在碰撞危險(xiǎn) ，如有任何懷疑，則應(yīng)認(rèn)為存在這種危險(xiǎn)。 如裝有雷達(dá)設(shè)備并可使用的話，則應(yīng)正確予以使用，包括遠(yuǎn)距離掃瞄，以 便獲得碰撞危險(xiǎn)的早期警報(bào)，并對(duì)探測(cè)到的物標(biāo)進(jìn)行雷達(dá)標(biāo)繪或與其相當(dāng)?shù)南到y(tǒng)觀 察。 不應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)不充分的資料，特別是不充分的雷達(dá)觀測(cè)資料作出推斷。 在斷定是否存在碰撞危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，考慮的因素中應(yīng)包括下列各點(diǎn)： （）如果來船的羅經(jīng)方位沒有明顯的變化，則應(yīng)認(rèn)為存

21、在這種危險(xiǎn)； （）即使有明顯的方位變化，有時(shí)也可能存在這種危險(xiǎn)，特別是在駛近一艘 很大的船舶或拖帶船組時(shí)，或是在近距離駛近他船時(shí)。 第八條避免碰撞的行動(dòng) 為避免碰撞所采取的任何行動(dòng)，如當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境許可，應(yīng)是積極地，并應(yīng)及早 地進(jìn)行和注意運(yùn)用良好的船藝。 為避免碰撞而作的航向和（或）航速的任何變動(dòng)，如當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境許可，應(yīng)大 得足以使他船用視覺或雷達(dá)觀察時(shí)容易察覺到；應(yīng)避免對(duì)航向和（或）航速作一連 串的小變動(dòng)。 如有足夠的水域，則單用轉(zhuǎn)向可能是避免緊迫局面的最有效行動(dòng)，倘若這 種行動(dòng)是及時(shí)的，大幅度的并且不

22、致造成另一緊迫局面。 為避免與他船碰撞而采取的行動(dòng)，應(yīng)能導(dǎo)致在安全的距離駛過。應(yīng)細(xì)心查 核避讓行動(dòng)的有效性，直到最后駛過讓清他船為止。 如須避免碰撞或須留有更多時(shí)間來估計(jì)局面，船舶應(yīng)當(dāng)減速或者停止或倒 轉(zhuǎn)推進(jìn)器把船停住。 第九條狹水道 船舶沿狹水道或航道行駛時(shí)，只要安全可行，應(yīng)盡量靠近本船右舷的該水 道或航道的外緣行駛。 帆船或者長度小于米的船舶，不應(yīng)妨礙只能在狹水道或航道以內(nèi)安全 航行的船舶通行。 從事捕魚的船舶，不應(yīng)妨礙任何其他在狹水道或航道以內(nèi)航行的船舶通行 。 船舶不

23、應(yīng)穿越狹水道或航道，如果這種穿越會(huì)妨礙只能在這種水道或航道 以內(nèi)安全航行的船舶通行。后者若對(duì)穿越船的意圖有懷疑時(shí)，可以使用第三十四條 款所規(guī)定的聲號(hào)。 （）在狹水道或航道內(nèi)，如只有在被追越船必須采取行動(dòng)以允許安全通 過才能追越時(shí)，則企圖追越的船，應(yīng)鳴放第三十四條款（）項(xiàng)所規(guī)定的相應(yīng)聲 號(hào)，以表示本船的意圖。被追越船如果同意，應(yīng)鳴放第三十四條款（）項(xiàng)所規(guī) 定的相應(yīng)聲號(hào)，并采取使之能安全通過的措施。如有懷疑，則可以鳴放第三十四條 款所規(guī)定的聲號(hào)。 （）本條并不解除追越船根據(jù)第十三條所負(fù)的義務(wù)。 船舶在駛近可能

24、被居間障礙物遮蔽他船的狹水道或航道的彎頭或地段時(shí)， 應(yīng)特別機(jī)警和謹(jǐn)慎地駕駛，并應(yīng)鳴放第三十四條款所規(guī)定的相應(yīng)聲號(hào)。 任何船舶，如當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境許可，都應(yīng)避免在狹水道內(nèi)錨泊。 第十條分道通航制 本條適用于本組織所采納的各分道通航制。 使用分道通航制區(qū)域的船舶應(yīng)： （）在相應(yīng)的通航分道內(nèi)順著該分道的船舶總流向行駛； （）盡可能讓開通航分隔線或分隔帶； （）通常在通航分道的端部駛進(jìn)或駛出，但從分道的一側(cè)駛進(jìn)或駛出時(shí)應(yīng)與 分道的船舶總流向形成盡可能小的角度。 船舶應(yīng)盡可能避免穿越通航分道，但如不得不穿越時(shí)，應(yīng)

25、盡可能與分道的 船舶總流向成直角穿越。 凡可安全使用鄰近分道通航制區(qū)域中相應(yīng)通航分道的過境航行，通常不應(yīng) 使用沿岸通航帶。 除穿越船外，船舶通常不應(yīng)進(jìn)入分隔帶或穿越分隔線，除非： （）在緊急情況下避免緊迫危險(xiǎn)； （）在分隔帶內(nèi)從事捕魚。 船舶在分道通航制區(qū)域端部附近行駛時(shí)，應(yīng)特別謹(jǐn)慎。 船舶應(yīng)盡可能避免在分道通航制區(qū)域內(nèi)或其端部附近錨泊。 不使用分道通航制區(qū)域的船舶，應(yīng)盡可能遠(yuǎn)離該區(qū)。 從事捕魚的船舶，不應(yīng)妨礙按通航分道行駛的任何船舶的通行。 帆船或長度小于米的船舶，不應(yīng)妨礙按通航分道

26、行駛的機(jī)動(dòng)船的安 全通行     第二節(jié)船舶在互見中的行動(dòng)規(guī)則第十一條適用范圍 本節(jié)各條適用于互見中的船舶。 第十二條帆船 兩艘帆船相互駛近致有構(gòu)成碰撞危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，其中一船應(yīng)按下列規(guī)定給他船讓 路： （）兩船在不同舷受風(fēng)時(shí)，左舷受風(fēng)的船應(yīng)給他船讓路； （）兩船在同舷受風(fēng)時(shí)，上風(fēng)船應(yīng)給下風(fēng)船讓路； （）如左舷受風(fēng)的船看到在上風(fēng)的船而不能斷定究竟該船是左舷受風(fēng)還是右 舷受風(fēng)，則應(yīng)給該船讓路。 就本條規(guī)定而言，船舶的受風(fēng)舷側(cè)應(yīng)認(rèn)為是主帆被吹向的一舷的對(duì)面舷

27、側(cè) ；對(duì)于帆船，則應(yīng)認(rèn)為是最大縱帆被吹向的一舷的對(duì)面舷側(cè)。 第十三條追越 不論本節(jié)各條規(guī)定如何，任何船舶在追越任何他船時(shí)，均應(yīng)給被追越船讓 路。 一船正從他船正橫后大于度的某一方向趕上他船時(shí)，即該船對(duì)其 所追越的船所處位置，在夜間只能看見被追越船的尾燈而不能看見它的任一舷燈時(shí) ，應(yīng)認(rèn)為是在追越中。 當(dāng)一船對(duì)其是否在追越他船有任何懷疑時(shí)，該船應(yīng)假定是在追越，并應(yīng)采 取相應(yīng)行動(dòng)。 隨后兩船間方位的任何改變，都不應(yīng)把追越船作為規(guī)則各條含義中所指的 交叉船，或者免除其讓開被追越船的責(zé)任，直到最

28、后駛過讓清為止。 第十四條對(duì)遇局面 當(dāng)兩艘機(jī)動(dòng)船在相反的或接近相反的航向上相遇致有構(gòu)成碰撞危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，各 應(yīng)向右轉(zhuǎn)向，從而各從他船的左舷駛過。 當(dāng)一船看見他船在正前方或接近正前方，并在夜間，能看見他船的前后桅 燈成一直線或接近一直線，和（或）兩盞舷燈；在日間，看到他船的上述相應(yīng)形態(tài) 時(shí)，則應(yīng)認(rèn)為存在這樣的局面。 當(dāng)一船對(duì)是否存在這樣的局面有任何懷疑時(shí)，該船應(yīng)假定確實(shí)存在這種局 面，并應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。 第十五條交叉相遇局面 當(dāng)兩艘機(jī)動(dòng)船交叉相遇致有構(gòu)成碰撞危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，有他船在本船右舷的船舶應(yīng)給他

29、0;船讓路，如當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境許可，還應(yīng)避免橫越他船的前方。 第十六條讓路船的行動(dòng) 須給他船讓路的船舶，應(yīng)盡可能及早采取大幅度的行動(dòng)，寬裕地讓清他船。 第十七條直航船的行動(dòng) （）兩船中的一船應(yīng)給另一船讓路時(shí)，另一船應(yīng)保持航向和航速。 （）然而，當(dāng)保持航向和航速的船一經(jīng)發(fā)覺規(guī)定的讓路船顯然沒有遵照本規(guī) 則各條采取適當(dāng)行動(dòng)時(shí)，該船即可獨(dú)自采取操縱行動(dòng)，以避免碰撞。 當(dāng)規(guī)定保持航向和航速的船，發(fā)覺本船不論由于何種原因逼近到單憑讓路 船的行動(dòng)不能避免碰撞時(shí)，也應(yīng)采取最有助于避碰的行動(dòng)。 在交叉相遇局面下，機(jī)動(dòng)船按照本條款

30、（）項(xiàng)采取行動(dòng)以避免與另一 艘機(jī)動(dòng)船碰撞時(shí)，如當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境許可，不應(yīng)對(duì)在本船左舷的船采取向左轉(zhuǎn)向。 本條并不解除讓路船的讓路義務(wù)。 第十八條船舶之間的責(zé)任 除第九、十和十三條另有規(guī)定外： 機(jī)動(dòng)船在航時(shí)應(yīng)給下述船舶讓路： （）失去控制的船舶； （）操縱能力受到限制的船舶； （）從事捕魚的船舶； （）帆船。 帆船在航時(shí)應(yīng)給下述船舶讓路： （）失去控制的船舶； （）操縱能力受到限制的船舶； （）從事捕魚的船舶； 從事捕魚的船舶在航時(shí)，應(yīng)盡可能給下述船舶讓路：

31、0;（）失去控制的船舶； （）操縱能力受到限制的船舶。 （）除失去控制的船舶或操縱能力受到限制的船舶外，任何船舶，如當(dāng) 時(shí)環(huán)境許可，應(yīng)避免妨礙顯示第二十八條信號(hào)的限于吃水的船舶的安全通行。 （）限于吃水的船舶應(yīng)充分注意到其特殊條件，特別謹(jǐn)慎地駕駛。 在水面的水上飛機(jī)，通常應(yīng)寬裕地讓清所有船舶并避免妨礙其航行。然而 在有碰撞危險(xiǎn)的情況下，則應(yīng)遵守本章各條的規(guī)定。     第三節(jié)船舶在能見度不良時(shí)的行動(dòng)規(guī)則第十九條船舶在能見度不良時(shí)的行動(dòng)規(guī)則 本條適用于在能見度不良的水域中或在其

32、附近航行時(shí)相互看不見的船舶。 每一船舶應(yīng)以適合當(dāng)時(shí)能見度不良的環(huán)境和情況的安全航速行駛，機(jī)動(dòng)船 應(yīng)將機(jī)器作好隨時(shí)操縱的準(zhǔn)備。 在遵守本章第一節(jié)各條時(shí)，每一船舶應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮到當(dāng)時(shí)能見度不良的環(huán)境 和情況。 一船僅憑雷達(dá)測(cè)到他船時(shí)，應(yīng)判定是否正形成緊迫局面和（或）存在著碰 撞危險(xiǎn)。若是如此，應(yīng)及早地采取避讓行動(dòng)，這種行動(dòng)如包括轉(zhuǎn)向，則應(yīng)盡可能避 免如下各點(diǎn)： （）除對(duì)被追越船外，對(duì)正橫前的船舶采取向左轉(zhuǎn)向； （）對(duì)正橫或正橫后的船舶采取朝著它轉(zhuǎn)向。 除已斷定不存在碰撞危險(xiǎn)外，每一船舶當(dāng)聽到他船的霧號(hào)顯

33、似在本船正橫 以前，或者與正橫以前的他船不能避免緊迫局面時(shí)，應(yīng)將航速減到能維持其航向的 最小速度。必要時(shí)，應(yīng)把船完全停住，而且，無論如何，應(yīng)極其謹(jǐn)慎地駕駛，直到 碰撞危險(xiǎn)過去為止。 Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10)Rule 4 says the section applies in any condition of visibility.Rule 5 requires that "every vessel shall at all

34、 times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.Rule 6 deals with safe speed. It requires that: "Every vessel shall at

35、 all times proceed at a safe speed.". The Rule describes the factors which should be taken into account in determining safe speed. Several of these refer specifically to vessels equipped with radar.The importance of using "all available means" is further stressed in Rule 7 covering ri

36、sk of collision, which warns that "assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information"Rule 8 covers action to be taken to avoid collision.In Rule 9 a vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway is obliged to keep &quo

37、t;as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable." The same Rule obliges a vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel not to impede the passage of a vessel "which can safely navigate only within a narrow cha

38、nnel or fairway."The Rule also forbids ships to cross a narrow channel or fairway "if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway." The meaning "not to impede" was classified by an amendment to Rule 8 in 1987. A

39、 new paragraph (f) was added, stressing that a vessel which was required not to impede the passage of another vessel should take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. Such vessel was obliged to fulfil this obligation also when taking avoiding action in a

40、ccordance with the steering and sailing rules when risk of collision exists.Rule 10 of the Collision Regulations deals with the behaviour of vessels in or near traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization. By regulation 8 of Chapter V (Safety of Navigation) of SOLAS, IMO is recognized as b

41、eing the only organization competent to deal with international measures concerning the routeing of ships.The effectiveness of traffic separation schemes can be judged from a study made by the International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) in 1981. This showed that between 1956 and 196

42、0 there were 60 collisions in the Strait of Dover; twenty years later, following the introduction of traffic separation schemes, this total was cut to only 16.In other areas where such schemes did not exist the number of collisions rose sharply. New traffic separation schemes are introduced regularl

43、y and existing ones are amended when necessary to respond to changed traffic conditions. To enable this to be done as quickly as possible the MSC has been authorized to adopt and amend traffic separation schemes on behalf of the Organization.Rule 10 states that ships crossing traffic lanes are requi

44、red to do so "as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow." This reduces confusion to other ships as to the crossing vessel's intentions and course and at the same time enables that vessel to cross the lane as quickly as possible.Fishing vessels &q

45、uot;shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane" but are not banned from fishing. This is in line with Rule 9 which states that "a vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway."In 1981

46、the regulations were amended. Two new paragraphs were added to Rule 10 to exempt vessels which are restricted in their ability to manoeuvre "when engaged in an operation for the safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme" or when engaged in cable laying.In 1987 the regulations wer

47、e again amended. It was stressed that Rule 10 applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization (IMO) and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule. It was also to clarify that if a vessel is obliged to cross traffic lanes it should do so as nearly as practic

48、able at right angles to the general direction of the traffic flow. In 1989 Regulation 10 was further amended to clarify the vessels which may use the "inshore traffic zone."Section II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18)Rule 11 says the section applies to vessels in s

49、ight of one another.Rule 12 states action to be taken when two sailing vessels are approaching one another. Rule 13covers overtaking - the overtaking vessel should keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.Rule 14 deals with head-on situations. Crossing situations are covered by Rule 15 and

50、action to be taken by the give-way vessel is laid down in Rule 16.Rule 17 deals with the action of the stand-on vessel, including the provision that the stand-on vessel may "take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to k

51、eep out of the way is not taking appropriate action.Rule 18 deals with responsibilities between vessels and includes requirements for vessels which shall keep out of the way of others.Section III - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19)Rule 19 states every vessel should proceed at a s

52、afe speed adapted to prevailing circumstances and restricted visibility. A vessel detecting by radar another vessel should determine if there is risk of collision and if so take avoiding action. A vessel hearing fog signal of another vessel should reduce speed to a minimum.Part C Lights and Shapes (

53、Rules 20-31)第二十條適用范圍 本章各條在各種天氣中都應(yīng)遵守。 有關(guān)號(hào)燈的各條規(guī)定，從日沒到日出時(shí)都應(yīng)遵守。在此時(shí)間內(nèi)不應(yīng)顯示別 的燈光，但那些不會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為本規(guī)則各條訂明的號(hào)燈，或者不會(huì)妨礙正規(guī)了望的燈 光除外。 本規(guī)則各條所規(guī)定的號(hào)燈，如已設(shè)置，也應(yīng)從日出到日沒在能見度不良的 情況下顯示，并可在一切其他認(rèn)為必要的情況下顯示。 有關(guān)號(hào)型的各條規(guī)定，在白天都應(yīng)遵守。 本規(guī)則各條訂明的號(hào)燈和號(hào)型，應(yīng)符合本規(guī)則附錄的規(guī)定。 第二十一條定義 "桅燈"是指安置在船的首尾中心線

54、上方的白燈，在度的水平弧內(nèi) 顯示不間斷的燈光，其裝置要使燈光從船的正前方到每一舷正橫后度內(nèi)顯 示。 "舷燈"是指右舷的綠燈和左舷的紅燈，各在度的水平弧內(nèi)顯 示不間斷的燈光，其裝置要使燈光從船的正前方到各自一舷的正橫后度內(nèi) 分別顯示。長度小于米的船舶，其舷燈可以合成一盞，裝設(shè)于船的首尾中心線 上。 "尾燈"是指安置在盡可能接近船尾的白燈，在度的水平弧內(nèi)顯示 不間斷的燈光，其裝置要使燈光從船的正后方到每舷度內(nèi)顯示。 "拖帶燈"是指具有與本第款所述&q

55、uot;尾燈"有相同性的黃燈。 "環(huán)照燈"是指在度的水平弧內(nèi)顯示不間斷燈光的號(hào)燈。 "閃光燈"是指每隔一定時(shí)間以每分鐘頻率閃次或以上閃次 的閃光的號(hào)燈。 第二十二條號(hào)燈的能見距離 本規(guī)則各條規(guī)定的號(hào)燈，應(yīng)具有本規(guī)則附錄一第節(jié)訂明的發(fā)光強(qiáng)度，以便在 下列最小距離上能被看到： 長度為米或米以上的船舶： -桅燈，海里； -舷燈，海里； -尾燈，海里； -拖帶燈，海里； -白、紅、綠或黃色環(huán)照燈，海里。 長度為米或米以上但小

56、于米的船舶： -桅燈，海里；但長度小于米的船舶，海里； -舷燈，海里； -尾燈，海里； -拖帶燈，海里； -白、紅、綠或黃色環(huán)照燈，海里。 長度小于米的船舶： -桅燈，海里； -舷燈，海里； -尾燈，海里； -拖帶燈，海里； -白、紅、綠或黃色環(huán)照燈，海里。 第二十三條在航機(jī)動(dòng)船 在航機(jī)動(dòng)船應(yīng)顯示： （）在前部一盞桅燈； （）第二盞桅燈，后于并高于前桅燈；長度小于米的船舶，不要求顯示 該桅燈，但可以這樣做； （）兩盞舷燈；&#

57、160;（）一盞尾燈。 氣墊船在非排水狀態(tài)下航行時(shí)，除本條款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈外，還應(yīng)顯示一盞 環(huán)照黃色閃光燈。 長度如小于米且其最高速度又不超過節(jié)的機(jī)動(dòng)船，可以顯示一盞環(huán)照 白燈以代替本條款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈。如可行，這種船還應(yīng)顯示舷燈。 第二十四條拖帶和頂推 機(jī)動(dòng)船當(dāng)拖帶時(shí)應(yīng)顯示： （）在前部垂直兩盞桅燈，以取代第二十三條款（）項(xiàng)規(guī)定的號(hào)燈。當(dāng) 從拖船船尾量到被拖物體后端的拖帶長度超過米時(shí)，垂直顯示三盞這樣的號(hào) 燈； （）兩盞舷燈； （）一盞尾燈； （）一盞拖帶燈垂直于尾燈的上方；

58、60;（）當(dāng)拖帶長度超過米時(shí)，在最易見處顯示一個(gè)菱形體號(hào)型。 當(dāng)一頂推船和一被頂推船牢固地連接成為一組合體時(shí)，則應(yīng)作為一艘機(jī)動(dòng) 船，顯示第二十三條規(guī)定的號(hào)燈。 機(jī)動(dòng)船當(dāng)頂推或旁拖時(shí)，除組合體外，應(yīng)顯示： （）在前部垂直兩盞桅燈，以取代第二十三條款（）項(xiàng)規(guī)定的號(hào)燈； （）兩盞舷燈； （）一盞尾燈。 適用本條和款的機(jī)動(dòng)船，還應(yīng)遵守第二十三條款（）項(xiàng)的規(guī)定。 一被拖船或被拖物體應(yīng)顯示： （）兩盞舷燈； （）一盞尾燈； （）當(dāng)拖帶長度超過米時(shí)，在最易見處顯示一個(gè)菱形體號(hào)型。 任何數(shù)目

59、的船舶如作為一組被旁拖或頂推時(shí)，應(yīng)作為一艘船來顯示號(hào)燈： （）一艘被頂推船，但不是組合體的組成部分，應(yīng)在前端顯示兩盞舷燈； （）一艘被旁拖的船應(yīng)顯示一盞尾燈，并在前端顯示兩盞舷燈。 凡由于任何充分原因，被拖船舶或物體不可能顯示本條款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈時(shí) ，應(yīng)采取一切可能措施使被拖船舶或物體上有燈光，或者至少能表明無燈光的船舶 或物體的存在。 第二十五條在航帆船和劃槳船 在航帆船應(yīng)顯示： （）兩盞舷燈； （）一盞尾燈。 在長度小于米的帆船上，本條款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈可以合并成一盞，裝設(shè) 在桅頂或接近桅頂

60、的最易見處。 在航帆船，除本條款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈外，還可在桅頂或接近桅頂?shù)淖钜滓娞?#160;，垂直顯示兩盞環(huán)照燈，上紅下綠。但這些環(huán)照燈不應(yīng)和本條款所允許的合色燈 同時(shí)顯示。 （）長度小于米的帆船，如可行，應(yīng)顯示本條或款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈。 但如果不這樣做，則應(yīng)在手邊備妥白光的電筒一個(gè)或點(diǎn)著的白燈一盞，及早顯示， 以防碰撞。 （）劃槳船可以顯示本條為帆船規(guī)定的號(hào)燈，但如不這樣做，則應(yīng)在手邊備 妥白光的電筒一個(gè)或點(diǎn)著的白燈一盞，及早顯示，以防碰撞。 用帆行駛同時(shí)也用機(jī)器推進(jìn)的船舶，應(yīng)在前部最易見處顯示一個(gè)圓錐體號(hào) 型，

61、尖端向下。 第二十六條漁船 從事捕魚的船舶，不論在航還是錨泊，只應(yīng)顯示本條規(guī)定的號(hào)燈和號(hào)型。 船舶從事拖網(wǎng)作業(yè)，即在水中拖曳爬網(wǎng)或其他用作漁具的裝置時(shí)，應(yīng)顯示 ： （）垂直兩盞環(huán)照燈，上綠下白，或一個(gè)由上下垂直、尖端對(duì)接的兩個(gè)圓錐 體所組成的號(hào)型；長度小于米的船舶，可以顯示一個(gè)籃子以取代這種號(hào)型； （）一盞桅燈，后于并高于那盞環(huán)照綠燈；長度小于米的船舶，則不要 求顯示該桅燈，但可以這樣做； （）當(dāng)對(duì)水移動(dòng)時(shí)，除本款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈外，還應(yīng)顯示兩盞舷燈和一盞尾燈。 從事捕魚的船舶，除拖網(wǎng)作業(yè)者外，應(yīng)顯示

62、： （）垂直兩盞環(huán)照燈，上紅下白，或一個(gè)由上下垂直、尖端對(duì)接的兩個(gè)圓錐 體所組成的號(hào)型；長度小于米的船舶，可以顯示一個(gè)籃子以取代這種號(hào)型； （）當(dāng)有外伸漁具，其從船邊伸出的水平距離大于米時(shí)，應(yīng)朝著漁具 的方向顯示一盞環(huán)照白燈或一個(gè)尖端向上的圓錐體號(hào)型； （）當(dāng)對(duì)水移動(dòng)時(shí)，除本款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈外，還應(yīng)顯示兩盞舷燈和一盞尾燈。 在鄰近其他從事捕魚船舶處從事捕魚的船舶，可以顯示本規(guī)定附錄二所述 的額外信號(hào)。 船舶不從事捕魚時(shí)，不應(yīng)顯示本條規(guī)定的號(hào)燈或號(hào)型，而且應(yīng)顯示為其同 樣長度的船舶所規(guī)定的號(hào)燈或號(hào)型。 第二十七條失去控制或操縱能力受到限制的船舶 失去控制的船舶應(yīng)顯示： （）在最易見處，垂直兩盞環(huán)照紅燈； （）在最易見處，垂直兩個(gè)球體或類似的號(hào)型； （）當(dāng)對(duì)水移動(dòng)時(shí)，除本款規(guī)定的號(hào)燈外，還應(yīng)顯示兩盞舷燈和一盞尾燈。 操縱能力受到限制的船舶，除從事掃雷作業(yè)的船舶外，應(yīng)顯示： （）在最易見處，垂直三盞環(huán)照燈，最上和最下者應(yīng)是紅色，中間一盞應(yīng)是 白色； （）在最易見處，垂直三個(gè)號(hào)型，