美國文學(xué)第一章課件 American_History.ppt 2 - 副本

1、American History and Selected ReadingTeacher: Zhang JuanPart I Part I The Literature The Literature of Colonial of Colonial AmericaAmerica 北美殖民時(shí)期文學(xué)（1607-1750） 所以，讓我們選擇生活， 這樣，我們和我們的后代， 可以聽從上帝的聲音， 須臾不離上帝， 因?yàn)?，上帝是我們的生命?我們的興旺。 約翰溫斯羅普The history of America1.1492 Columbus reached the new continent. 1492 C

2、onquest of Paradise 2. Many years later, another Italian sailor Amerigo Vespucci reached the new continent. America was named after him. All these adventures were sponsored by the Spanish King. 亞美瑞格亞美瑞格. .韋斯普奇號(hào)是意大利海軍的一韋斯普奇號(hào)是意大利海軍的一艘高桅橫帆船，她的名字來源于探險(xiǎn)家艘高桅橫帆船，她的名字來源于探險(xiǎn)家亞美瑞格亞美瑞格. .韋斯普奇（偉大的韋斯普奇（偉大的航海家航海家，從

3、從14971497年到年到15041504年年 Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci曾四次到南美洲進(jìn)行探險(xiǎn)航行。他對(duì)于曾四次到南美洲進(jìn)行探險(xiǎn)航行。他對(duì)于所到達(dá)的國家做了非常細(xì)致的描述。這所到達(dá)的國家做了非常細(xì)致的描述。這些文字在歐洲流傳甚廣并給他帶來極大些文字在歐洲流傳甚廣并給他帶來極大的聲譽(yù)：人們認(rèn)為他是真實(shí)的美洲的發(fā)現(xiàn)者的聲譽(yù)：人們認(rèn)為他是真實(shí)的美洲的發(fā)現(xiàn)者 3. In the middle of the 16th century, British Navy defeated the Spanish Navy, and Britain became more a

4、nd more powerful.英國英國皇家海軍是英國三軍中最老的軍種，負(fù)責(zé)海上國防、皇家海軍是英國三軍中最老的軍種，負(fù)責(zé)海上國防、保護(hù)航運(yùn)、履行國軍事協(xié)議。保護(hù)航運(yùn)、履行國軍事協(xié)議。 從大約從大約1692年到年到第一次世界第一次世界大戰(zhàn)大戰(zhàn)之間，皇家之間，皇家海軍海軍是世界上最大、最強(qiáng)的海軍；并幫英國是世界上最大、最強(qiáng)的海軍；并幫英國成為成為18和和19世紀(jì)最強(qiáng)盛的軍事及經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國；也是維持世紀(jì)最強(qiáng)盛的軍事及經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國；也是維持大英帝大英帝國國重要工具。雖然現(xiàn)已勢(shì)微，皇家海軍仍是重要工具。雖然現(xiàn)已勢(shì)微，皇家海軍仍是歐洲歐洲最大、世界最大、世界上第二大的海軍；也是世界上最先進(jìn)的海軍之一。它是大多

5、上第二大的海軍；也是世界上最先進(jìn)的海軍之一。它是大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代海軍的先驅(qū)；許多英聯(lián)邦和數(shù)現(xiàn)代海軍的先驅(qū)；許多英聯(lián)邦和北大西洋公約組織北大西洋公約組織的海軍的海軍官兵仍到英國接受訓(xùn)練。官兵仍到英國接受訓(xùn)練。蘇聯(lián)蘇聯(lián)瓦解、冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之後，皇家海瓦解、冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之後，皇家海軍在軍在21世紀(jì)主要任務(wù)已由一個(gè)嚇阻性的武力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)能在世紀(jì)主要任務(wù)已由一個(gè)嚇阻性的武力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)能在全球展現(xiàn)英國外交政策的部隊(duì)。全球展現(xiàn)英國外交政策的部隊(duì)。“無敵無敵”輕型航空母艦輕型航空母艦 Puritans and Pilgrims arriving in the New World during the early 1600s.

6、 4. Many English people began to move to this newcontinent. Puritans came here to escape religiouscrisis. First settlement: James Town, Virginia,Captain Smith 1607; second settlement: PlymouthMassachusetts. “May Flower” 1620 the fourth Thur.in Nov. Thanksgiving Day. In 1620, a tiny ship called the “

7、May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is n o w P l y m o u t h , Massachusetts. Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe Puritans The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened w

8、ith religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.Why did the early settlers come to America? Opportunity It drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness. It drew carpenters, bakers

9、, tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England. It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages. It drew many English in search of religious freedom.Relations of American Indians with European settlers friendship hostilityAmerican Indians helped the early Europea

10、ns to surviveThe first Thanksgiving in North America.American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations, as a result of interests in land and cultural conflicts5.The Founding of the 13 Colonies The first English colony in America was founded at James

11、town, Virginia, in 1607; known as the mother state Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. Later, the Independent War. The Division of American Literature1. The literature of colonial America (1607 mid-18th) no real literature. Personal litera

12、ture of diaries, travel books and letters. John Smiththe first Am.writer. Puritan literature.2.The literature of reason and revolution (18th.mid-the end of the 18th c.) Franklin, Jefferson, Pain.3. Romantic period (1810-1860) early romanticism/Late romanticism. early: novelists-Irving, Cooper poets-

13、Longfellow, Bryant late: novelists- Hawthorne, Melville poets-Whitman, Dickinson, Poe Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau4. Realism: Mark Twain, Henry James Naturalism: Jack London, Dreiser5. Modernism (1920-1940) 20s: Pound, Eliot, Robert Frost (poets) Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Faulkner (south) (no

14、velists) Eugene ONeil (playwright) 30s: Steinbeck postwar：Arthur Miller Black literature: Alice Walker, Toni Morison Jewish writers：Salinger. Black humor The literature of colonial America (1607 mid-18th)American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. Quite a few of the

15、 early British settlers werePuritans. They were members of the Church of England, who aimed at reforms in its doctrines and strictness in religious disciplines and were persecuted. To avoid the religious Persecution, some of them managed to escape to the Newworld and became known as Puritan Fathers.

16、They set sail from England with a dream. Their new nation would be a guiding light. It would be an example for the whole world. John Winthrop spoke of a City Upon A Hill. John Winthrop p.6 16世紀(jì)宗教改革前，天主教統(tǒng)治著英國，羅馬教皇是英國 僧、俗界的領(lǐng)袖，英王屈從與羅馬教皇。宗教改革后的英 國國教與天主教最大的區(qū)別在于：廢除了羅馬教皇在英國 的領(lǐng)袖地位，在英國，英王既是宗教首領(lǐng)又是行政首腦。 其他如主教制

17、度、宗教儀式等基本不變。所以，英國國教 極力維護(hù)君權(quán)、君主專制，倡導(dǎo)“君權(quán)神授”。 16世紀(jì)60年代，加爾文教傳入英國，被稱為清教，信仰清 教的英國人稱為清教徒。他們包括資產(chǎn)階級(jí)、新貴族、手 工業(yè)者等，清教徒運(yùn)動(dòng)形式上要求“純潔”國教，實(shí)質(zhì)上反 映的是階級(jí)矛盾，是資本主義與封建主義的矛盾，反對(duì)君 主專制、“君權(quán)神授”是其本質(zhì)。puritans The Puritan principle: Puritans accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God, the supreme authority of the Bible

18、, and the irresistibility of Gods will for man in every act of his life. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity, etc. 清教徒并不是一種派別，而是一種態(tài)度，一種傾向，清教徒并不是一種派別，而是一種態(tài)度，一種傾向，一種一種價(jià)值觀價(jià)值觀，它是對(duì)，它是對(duì)信徒信徒群體的一種統(tǒng)稱。清教徒是群體的一種統(tǒng)稱。清教徒是最為虔敬、生活最為圣潔的新徒，他們認(rèn)為最為虔敬、生活最為圣潔的新徒，他們認(rèn)為“人人皆人人皆祭司，人人有召喚

19、祭司，人人有召喚”。認(rèn)為每個(gè)個(gè)體可以直接與。認(rèn)為每個(gè)個(gè)體可以直接與上帝上帝交流，反對(duì)交流，反對(duì)神甫神甫集團(tuán)的專橫、腐敗和繁文縟節(jié)、形集團(tuán)的專橫、腐敗和繁文縟節(jié)、形式主義。他們主張簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)在、上帝面前人人平等式主義。他們主張簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。的信徒生活。 These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine Gods will. Thus piety, diligen

20、ce, thrift were common puritan merits. The Puritan Heritage:Early Puritanism has strong influence upon Am. thought and culture. As to literature, Puritanism exerted itsinfluence in three ways:1). Early puritans dreamed of building a new Garden of Eden in Am. Fired with such a sense of mission, purit

21、ans were optimistic. Thus optimism characterized early Am. literature 2. To puritans, the physical world was nothing but a symbol of God. Symbolism was one chief feature of Am. literature. 3. Puritan writing fresh, simple and direct.清教徒精神清教徒精神清教徒是創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的代言人，他們認(rèn)為人開創(chuàng)產(chǎn)業(yè)必須要禁欲和儉省節(jié)約。他們限制一切縱欲、享樂甚至消費(fèi)行為，將消費(fèi)性投入

22、和支出全部用在生產(chǎn)性投資和擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)上，如此必然導(dǎo)致資本的積累和產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。不是縱欲和貪婪積累了財(cái)富，而是克制和禁欲增長了社會(huì)財(cái)富。 清教徒崇尚商業(yè)和工業(yè)活動(dòng)，在商業(yè)中誠實(shí)守信、珍視信譽(yù)、決不坑蒙拐騙，清教徒企業(yè)家不僅追求利潤最大化，而且具有對(duì)社會(huì)的回饋意識(shí)，擔(dān)當(dāng)社會(huì)責(zé)任、扶持社會(huì)公正，為社會(huì)公益事業(yè)作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，承擔(dān)了巨大的公共事業(yè)義務(wù)。 清教徒對(duì)一切充滿了信心，無論從事商業(yè)貿(mào)易還是生產(chǎn)耕種，都具有排除萬難、獲得非凡成功的勇氣和信心，他們善于創(chuàng)造和創(chuàng)新，不斷地開拓和征服。他們身上值得人們學(xué)習(xí)的可貴精神非常之多。 Colonial LiteratureAmerican colonial literature is neither real literaturenor Am. Why?1). Diaries, histories, journals, letters, etc. personal literature in various forms;