涉外商務(wù)的溝通技巧

1、-禮貌原則在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中的應(yīng)用 Politeness principle in the application of business english 論文一選題的依據(jù)及意義Principle is the symbol of human civilization, and the guide wire to human event. We can find politeness in our conversation, in the movie, on televisions, on radios, in the books, newspaper and magazines, etc. It

2、provides the audience with particular effect in unique or unit performance. Especially in China, a state with ceremonies, people attach great importance on the sense of politeness. For a long period of time, politeness, as a special language phenomenon, has been attracting the attention and interest

3、 of many scholars from various fields such as linguistic, sociology, psychology, etc.Due to the globalization, our state has established more and more bination with the word, especially after Chinas entering to WTO, the global cooperation in economy and technology and the progress of trading issues

4、are frequent and blossoming, which lead to a great number of needs of good-qualified genius. Business English bees much more popular and important in modern society. Politeness Principle has the irreplaceable meaning in Business English. At present, few references can be found to guide one integrate

5、d Business issues. This paper will theoretically and realistically e*pound the significance and the application of Politeness Principle in each part of Business English, which includes Business Reception, Business Conference, Business Negotiation, and Business Correspondence. Aiming at giving better

6、 understanding about the significance of Politeness Principle in Business English munication and using effectively in realizing and achieving the goal of Business, and offering certain help in the study of Business English Teaching, this paper proposes some workable suggestions based on the author&#

7、39;s own study e*perience.二國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀The scholars both at home and abroad have made great acplishment in linguistic study on Politeness Principle. English linguist, Brown and Levinson began to discuss face and polite in interpersonal munication, in their connation articles, form 70s of last century .Eve

8、n more, this study direction bee one hotspot in Pragmatics academic munity. They put out the Face Theory. Grice, who is American linguist, philosopher, and political mentator, has proposed Cooperative Principle. On the basis of these theories, another English linguist Geoffrey Leech has impelled it

9、to a new pot. Leech put forward Politeness Principle，which can be divided into si* ma*ims: Tact Ma*im，Generosity Ma*im，Approbation Ma*im，Modesty Ma*im，Agreement Ma*im，and Sympathy Ma*im. Leechs Politeness Principles Far-reaching influence has been engendered on Pragmatics. However, study on the appl

10、ication of politeness principle in business English is limited.三本課題研究容Chapter IntroductionChapter An Overview of Politeness Principle2.1 The Definition of Politeness2.2 Relevant Theories on Politeness Grices Cooperative Principle Brown and Levinsons Face Theory Leechs Politeness Principle perspectiv

11、eChapter An Overview of Business English3.1 The Definition and Classification of Business English3.2 Politeness Principle and Business English3.3 Face Relationships in Business EnglishChapter Manifestations of Politeness in Business English3·1 Business Reception3·1·1 Greeting3·1&

12、#183;2 Getting along with each other3·1·3 See somebody off and Present3·1·4 Case Study3·1·5 Summary3·2 Business Conference3·2·1 Politeness Principle on Seating and moving chair3·2·2 Politeness Principle on adding water3·2·3 Case Study3

13、·2·4 Summary3·3 Business Negotiation3·3·1 Mannered Politeness3·3·2 Meeting Politeness3·3·3 linguistic Politeness3·3·4 Case Study3·3·5 Summary3·4 Business Correspondence3·4·1 Good-news Business Letters3·4·2 Bad-

14、news Business Letters3·4·3 Persuasive Business Letters3·4·4 Case Study3·4·5 SummaryChapter Conclusion四本課題研究方案 論文完成寫(xiě)作的方法文獻(xiàn)，分析，解釋l. Theoretic Data retrieval. Review the literature records and documents both at home and abroad related to the topic. Summarize some useful in

15、formation to this paper.2. Realistic Data collection. Use human resource to join in realistic business activity. Collect、systemize and analyze the realistic data in business activity. 3. bine the theoretic data and realistic data obtained from the research, analyze characteristics of politeness and

16、study some cases with these methods in different business activity. 4. Working out the paper based on the research五研究目標(biāo)、主要特色及工作進(jìn)度Purposes: This paper aims at: Firstly, giving a systematically knowledge about politeness principle. Secondly, finding out the factors that affect our business issues. Las

17、tly, proposing feasible advice to solve the problems in business issues. All in all, this paper is aiming at giving better understanding about the significance of Politeness Principle in Business English munication and using effectively in realizing and achieving the goal of Business, and offering c

18、ertain help in the study of Business English Teaching, this paper proposes some workable suggestions based on the author's own study e*perience.Characteristics: Firstly, this paper covers theories related to politeness from different fields. Moreover, it provides cases in several business fields

19、 from the stand point of attendee. Besides, it is a study on real trading issues, which are the most visualized. Lastly, the author gives suggestions according to her own study e*perience.Working Schedule:Nov.26 Hand in opening reportNov.26Jan.10 Study literature and improve the literature reviewJan

20、.10Feb.10 Attend business fairs and get visualized informationFeb.10Feb.20 Integrate informationFeb.20-May.5 Make the first draftMar.10 Deliver the first draft to the InstructorMar.15Apr.1 Revise the paper and hand in the second draft.Apr. 5 Apr.20 Improve the essay and hand in the third daft.May.5M

21、ay.11 Oral defense六、參考文獻(xiàn)1Brown, P. & Levinson, S. Some Universals in Language Usage M.Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1987.2Grice, H. P. 'Logic and conversation'. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds) Studies in Synta* and Semantics III: Speech ActsJ, New York: Academic Press, pp. 183-98.

22、1975.3Leech, G .Principles of Pragmatics M.London: Longman, 1983.4Newmark, Peter. A Te*tbook of TranslationM.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20015 Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics M, England, CambridgeUniversity Press 19836Victor A. Kremenyuk, International Negotiation M, Hua*ia

23、Publishing House, 20027董雅娟、侯國(guó)平、吳紅英，充分運(yùn)用禮貌原則、促進(jìn)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)溝通M,中國(guó)商貿(mào)，202128樊榮萍、王晶、雪榮，國(guó)際商務(wù)交際活動(dòng)中禮貌原則的應(yīng)用J，?商場(chǎng)現(xiàn)代化?，202111889江春，合作原則與禮貌原則在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中的應(yīng)用J,?文史博覽?，20213，15-1610譚震華，會(huì)話的禮貌原則J,電力學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，20036第19卷11王建華，禮貌的語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究M,，人民，2005(7)12王嫻賢，Leech禮貌原則的實(shí)用性J，大學(xué)，理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2021913王峰，社交禮儀實(shí)用手冊(cè)M,，中僑，2006914潤(rùn)清，關(guān)于Leech的禮貌原則J,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，1987

24、215顧曰國(guó).禮貌、語(yǔ)用與文化J.外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,1992(4).ContentsAbstract .4摘要 .5I. Introduction .61.1 Research background.61.2 Research assumption. 71.3 Structure of the paper,7II.An Overview of Politeness Principle.72.1 The Politeness Principle.82.2 Relevant Theories on Politeness .9 Grices Cooperative Principle.9 Brown

25、and Levinsons Face Theory.10III.Politenessin Business Reception.114.1 Politeness Principle on Greeting114.2 Politeness Principle on Seating.124.3 Politeness Principle on Getting along with each other.124.4 Politeness Principle on Presenting Gifts and Seeing Somebody off .124.5 Case study.134.6 Summa

26、ry.16V. Conclusion.16Bibliography.16Acknowledgements.18AbstractPrinciple is the symbol of human civilization, and the guide wire to human event. We can find politeness in our conversation, in the movie, on televisions, and radios, in the books, newspaper and magazines, etc. It provides the audience

27、with particular effect in unique or unit performance. Especially in China, a state with ceremonies, people attach great importance on the sense of politeness. For a long period of time, politeness, as a special language phenomenon, has been attracting the attention and interest of many scholars from

28、 various fields such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, etc.In business reception area, greeting and sending, as the most basic and the most important courses in social reception activities, are the vital aspect to e*press friendship and courtesy literacy of master. Especially to greeting, it is

29、 the important work to leave the guest a good impression; therefore wele the guests need careful deployments. In business reception, the politeness principle plays a crucial role to ensure the success of the business in both sides on e*change and cooperation.Key words: Politeness Principle; Business

30、 Reception; munication摘要禮貌是人類文明的標(biāo)志，也是人類活動(dòng)的一條重要準(zhǔn)繩。在我們的日常交談、電影、電視、播送、書(shū)，報(bào)紙和雜志等之中，我們都能發(fā)現(xiàn)禮貌的運(yùn)用。它對(duì)我們?cè)趩我坏幕蛘呷后w的活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮特殊的影響力，尤其在中國(guó)，一個(gè)禮儀之邦，人們也有了對(duì)禮貌的重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。很久前，禮貌，作為一種特殊的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，已引起了許多學(xué)者的注意和興趣，他們來(lái)自語(yǔ)言學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)等不同領(lǐng)域。在商務(wù)接待領(lǐng)域，迎來(lái)送往,是社交接待活動(dòng)中最根本也最重要的環(huán)節(jié),是表達(dá)主人情誼和表達(dá)禮貌素養(yǎng)的重要方面。尤其是迎接,是給客人留下良好的第一印象的重要工作,因此迎接客人要有周密的部署。在商務(wù)接待中，禮貌原

31、則顯得極為重要，對(duì)確保了商務(wù)雙方的成功交流和合作起著重要的作用。關(guān)鍵詞：禮貌原則；商務(wù)接待；交際.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundSince 1950s，the scholars both at home and abroad have made great acplishment in linguistic study on Politeness Principle. Grice(1975), an American linguist, philosopher and political mentator, has proposed Cooperativ

32、e Principle first in Studies in Synta* and Semantics. It bees one of the basic theories of politeness principle.Besides, English linguist Brown and Levinson began to discuss face and politeness in interpersonal munication in their connation articles from 1970s. In Politeness:Some Universals in Langu

33、age Usage (1987), they studied systematically on face, and put forward the face-saving theory. Even more, this study direction bees one hotspot in pragmatics academic munity.On the basis of these theories, another English linguist Geoffrey Leech put forward Politeness Principle in Principles of Prag

34、matics(1983)，which can be divided into si* ma*ims: Tact Ma*im，Generosity Ma*im，Approbation Ma*im，Modesty Ma*im，Agreement Ma*im，and Sympathy Ma*im. Leechs Politeness Principle has far-reaching influences on Pragmatics. *u Shengheng(1992) pointed out these ma*ims were in absolutization and idealizatio

35、n.Liu Runqing is the first person who has brought the Politeness Principle into China via his book About LeechsPoliteness Principle (1987).Those scholars have studied on politeness principle theoretically. Many scholars have put out so many theories, but there are still some theories parado*ical wit

36、hin the theory itself and not suitable to the modern society, some are just staying at language level and the study on the application of politeness principle in business English is limited. The politeness principle became the rule on possible way which lies on the ignorance in the language environm

37、ent.1.2 Research assumptionDue to the globalization, our state has established more and more bination with the world, especially after Chinas entry to WTO, the global cooperation in economy and technology and the progress of trading issues are frequent and blossoming, which leads to a great number o

38、f needs of good-qualified genius. Business English bees much more popular and important in this modern society. Politeness Principle has irreplaceable significance in Business English. At present, few references can be found to guide one in integrated business issues.Aiming at better understanding a

39、bout the significance of Politeness Principle in Business Reception, using it effectively to realize and achieve the goal of business, and offering certain help in the study of Business English trading, this paper proposes some workable suggestions based on the author's own study e*perience.1.3

40、Structure of the paperThis paper will theoretically and realistically e*pound the significant theory and the application of Politeness Principle in Business Reception. In the first part, the author illustrated an introduction which contains the research background of Politeness Principle (PP short f

41、or Politeness Principle), the research assumption and the structure of the paper.In the second part, the author has shown an overview of PP, which includes the definition of PP and relevant theories on politeness. In this part the author has given the general definition of PP through analyzing and s

42、howing much theories created by some notable scholars.In the third part, the most important part of this paper, the author emphasized the applications of PP in business reception. PP is used on greeting, getting along with others, seating, presenting gifts and seeing somebody off. In each basic part

43、, the author will reveal some or give some related theoretical direction and analyze certain cases for putting the theory into practice for the reader, which can be regarded as a good way to study PP.In the last part, the author will give a conclusion about this thesis on the function of PP in busin

44、ess reception, and the study achievement of this thesis.II.An Overview of Politeness Principle2.1 The Politeness PrincipleLeech (1983) formulates Politeness Principle, trying to remedy Grices (1975) Cooperative Principle (CP) which is presumed to be unable to interpret why, for instance, people are

45、prone to use indirect ways of saying things. To Leech, it is politeness that motivates it.Social acts like petitive fairs (ordering, asking, begging, etc.) need politeness far more than other kinds like convivial fairs and collaborative fairs, because the former makes a threat to the audiences face,

46、 or negative face (Brown and Levinson(1987). Various politeness strategies, thus, are employed to mitigate the face-threatening power. According to Leech, the greater the cost an act is (be it verbal or non-verbal) to the audience, the more polite the speaker ought to try to make the utterance.PP of

47、 Leech has si* ma*ims (below is adapted from Leech: 132):(1) Tact Ma*im: Minimize cost to hearer; ma*imize benefit to hearer.(2) Generosity Ma*im: Minimize benefit to speaker; ma*imize cost to speaker.(3) Approbation Ma*im: Minimize dispraise of hearer; ma*imize praise of hearer.(4) Modesty Ma*im: M

48、inimize praise of speaker; ma*imize dispraise of speaker.(5) Agreement Ma*im: Minimize disagreement between speaker and hearer; ma*imize agreement between speaker and hearer.(6) Sympathy Ma*im: Minimize antipathy between speaker and hearer; ma*imize sympathy between speaker and hearer.We do not have

49、 to e*emplify all the ma*ims, for most of them are self-evident, and we can easily detect that these ma*ims are not equally true for all cultures. When observing Politeness Principle，people should minimize cost to others and ma*imize their benefit.Between the east and the west there may be found som

50、e noticeable differences, in spite of that, Leech doubts if there is any division (Leech 2005). According to his view, PP as a principle is universal across cultures. Differences lie only in the social parameters of politeness like age, se*, rank of imposition represented by the saying, social dista

51、nce between the two people or sides, relative power of one person over the other, and so on. When Americans and Chinese receive the same praise, for instance, the former like to thank or appreciate the praises, while the latter try all means to minimize their own praise-worthy merit. But this does n

52、ot mean that Americans disobey the Modesty Ma*im. Gratitude in this case implies modesty by e*pressing thanks to the praises or other people (like the good director or praised teacher), and over-dispraising self is a typical (e*treme) modesty model in eastern culture. So the skepticism about the uni

53、versality of PP all over the globe, which seemed to be gaining ground in the two or three decades after the appearance of Leech (1983), does not really hold under scrutiny.2.2 Relevant Theories on Politeness Grices Cooperative PrincipleH.P Grice proposes that talking is purposive and rational behavi

54、or and this makes it possible through the Cooperative Principle to “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of direction of the talk e*change in which you are engaged (1975:45). That is to say, people engaged in conversation

55、 will say something suitable at that point in the development of talk. Grice has made CP somewhat more e*plicit by subdividing it into a set of conversational ma*ims and sub ma*ims. These ma*ims are e*pressed as follows:(1) The ma*im of QuantityMake your contribution as informative as is required.Do

56、 not make your contribution more informative than that is required.(2) The ma*im of Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is trueDo not say what you believe to be false.Do not say the words for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The ma*im of Relevance: Be relevant(4) The ma*im of Manner:

57、 Be perspicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief (avoid unnecessary proli*ity).Be orderly. Brown and Levinsons Face TheoryAccording to Fraser (1990), both Lakoff and Leech consider politeness from the conversational-ma*im point of view. However, Brown and Levinson (1978) develop politeness study from individuals face want. They elaborate their Face Theory systematically in their masterpiece Universal in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena in 1987, which in the same year was revised to be Politeness: Some Universal of Language Usag