2014年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語一試題及解析

1、2014年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they use

2、d to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially ha

3、ve a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can sign

4、ificantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe tha

5、t intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 . The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your me

6、mory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase

7、resistance and vary your muscle use.1.AwhereBwhenCthatDwhy2.AimprovesBfadesCrecoversDcollapses3.AIfBUnlessCOnceDWhile4.AunevenBlimitedCdamagingDobscure5.AwellbeingBenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook6.AturnsBfindsCpointsDfigures7.AroundaboutsBresponsesCworkoutsDassociations8.AgenreBfunctionsCcircumstan

8、cesDcriterion9.AchannelBconditionCsequenceDprocess10.ApersistBbelieveCexcelDfeature11.AThereforeBMoreoverCOtherwiseDHowever12.Aaccording toBregardless ofCapart fromDinstead of13.AbackBfurtherCasideDaround14.AsharpnessBstabilityCframeworkDflexibility15.AforcesBremindsChurriesDallows16.AholdBtrackCord

9、erDpace17.A toBwithCforDon18.AirregularlyBhabituallyCconstantlyDunusually19.AcarryBputCbuildDtake20.AriskyBeffectiveCidleDfamiliar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案解析：1. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和連詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 本題考查連詞。根據(jù)上下文意思，首先可以排除BCD。這句話中 where 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語語從句，主要是說記不清把鑰匙放在哪里了。2. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 B考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和動詞辨析選項(xiàng)分

10、析 As the brain 2 we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments這句話的意思是“由于大腦 2 我們稱這些現(xiàn)象為“瞬間性老年癡呆”，由此可以排除A 和 C。Dcollapse意為：使倒塌，使崩潰，不符合題意。fades考察熟詞僻意，通常意思為褪色，逝去。還有衰老的意思，這里就考察是衰老的意思。從前文可以看出，文章講的是隨著年齡增長，大腦衰老。所以選B3. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D考點(diǎn)分析 邏輯銜接題選項(xiàng)分析 A if 表示假設(shè)“如果”。B Unless “除非，如果不”。COnce “一旦”。DWhile，“雖然，然而”表轉(zhuǎn)折。這句

11、話的意思是雖然表面上看起來沒什么，但是危害很大，前后位轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選D。4. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為形容詞，A 表示“不均勻”， B 表示“有限的”， C 表示“有破壞性的，損壞的”， D 表示“模糊的，晦澀的”。這句話意思是這種精神能量的缺失會給我們帶來的影響。根據(jù)上下文的意思，可以排除 A 和 D。而“有限的影響”顯然不足以表達(dá)危害的嚴(yán)重性，故可以排除B 選項(xiàng)。C “帶來有害的影響”最符合作者意圖。5. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和名詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 本句話含義是這種精神能量的缺失會給我們的職業(yè)、社交還有個(gè)人帶來有害的影響。A wellbe

12、ing “幸福”。Benvironment “環(huán)境”。C relationship “關(guān)系”。D outlook “展望”。and連接若干名詞，這些名詞應(yīng)該為同一類，職業(yè)、社交都是和個(gè)人相關(guān)，排除B 和D，C personal relationship就是social的意思，不能重復(fù)，選擇A，個(gè)人幸福。6. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A考點(diǎn)分析 固定搭配選項(xiàng)分析 A it turns out that “原來，其實(shí)” 。Bit finds out that“本文發(fā)現(xiàn)”。C it points out that“指出”。D it figures out that“本文發(fā)現(xiàn)”。It代表神經(jīng)科學(xué)，這句話的意思是越來

13、越多的精神學(xué)家們都表示，大腦其實(shí)跟肌肉一樣需要練習(xí)運(yùn)動。這里給出的是神經(jīng)科學(xué)的結(jié)論，因此選擇it turns out that7. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和名詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為名詞。A roundabouts迂回路線。Bresponses回應(yīng)。Cworkouts鍛煉，練習(xí)。Dassociations協(xié)會。Cworkouts鍛煉，練習(xí)與前文出現(xiàn)的exercise都有“鍛煉，練習(xí)”的意思，近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，所以選C8. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 B考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和名詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為名詞。Agenre類型，種類。Bfunctions功能。Ccircumstances情況，環(huán)境。D

14、criterion批評判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、準(zhǔn)則。這句話的意思是正確的智力運(yùn)動能極大地提高我們最基本的認(rèn)知功能，根據(jù)語義，選擇Bfunctions功能。9. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和名詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為名詞。A channel通道，頻道。Bcondition條件。Csequence順序，序列。Dprocess過程，步驟。根據(jù)常識，思考是一個(gè)過程，并且通過腦神經(jīng)相互接觸來完成，其他選項(xiàng)表示渠道、序列、條件，均不符合常識。因此正確答案是表示過程的D選項(xiàng)。這句話的意思是思考是大腦神經(jīng)連接必要的過程。10. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和動詞辨析選項(xiàng)分析 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為動詞。A per

15、sist堅(jiān)持。B believe相信。C excel超過。D feature特色。本句句意，在某種程度來講，我們在進(jìn)行神經(jīng)連接(直接影響人的聰明程度)方面的特殊能力是與生俱來的。excel 有超過擅長的意思，表示在某個(gè)方面出眾，放在此處符合題意，因此正確答案為B。11. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D考點(diǎn)分析 邏輯銜接題選項(xiàng)分析 本題需要的是一個(gè)副詞，而且位于句首，因此考察的是句關(guān)系。通過前后句意義來定答案，前一句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是智力是與生俱來的(inherited)，而后一句則認(rèn)為是可以通過腦力活動(mental effort)會有所波動，兩句意義明顯相反，故正確答案為D However。12. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A考點(diǎn)分析

16、 上下文語義和短語辨析選項(xiàng)分析 本題并不難，可以理解為：智力可以腦力活動得到提升或出現(xiàn)波動。 Bregardless of “不管，不顧”不合邏輯。Capart from“除之外”也不合適。Dinstead of “代替”明顯不符。故A為正確答案。13. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 B考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和固定搭配選項(xiàng)分析 本題考察的是固定搭配：take a step ，能搭配只有A和C，分別指“采取進(jìn)一步措施”和“讓到一邊去”，無論從邏輯上還是從句意上都是A符合。14. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 本題考察的是動賓搭配：improve and regain sbs mental ，再根

17、據(jù)前文一直在講如何提高“智力”，因此可以排除A(模式)和B(穩(wěn)定性)，C(靈活性)和D(鋒利性，尖銳性)容易混淆，C有一定的干擾性，但雙比之下，D更契合前文，故選D。15. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 空格所在句的意思是說這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程可以_系統(tǒng)地改善你的記憶力和注意力。而且此處需要填入的動詞需要與to進(jìn)行搭配。根據(jù)搭配關(guān)系直接排除A,B。本文的主題介紹的是使人聰明的腦力鍛煉法，感情色彩是中性的，此處的D選項(xiàng)force排除，所以最恰當(dāng)?shù)氖荄。16. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 B考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和固定搭配選項(xiàng)分析 空格所在句的意思是說這個(gè)培訓(xùn)課程還可以_學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，并且給予詳盡的信息反饋

18、。根據(jù)語境，空格缺少的詞匯意義為跟蹤學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，直接排除A hold, C order; 辨析B,D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，與D選項(xiàng)的pace搭配的介詞應(yīng)該為with，即，keep pace with，所以排除，B選項(xiàng)為正確答案，keep track of 意思為跟蹤。17. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和介詞選項(xiàng)分析 本題考查介詞，根據(jù)空格前后語境，空格所缺少的介詞意義為關(guān)于你的表現(xiàn)作出詳細(xì)的反饋，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D有關(guān)于的意思。18. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 空格所在句的意思是說更加重要的是，它會_調(diào)整并升級有關(guān)訓(xùn)練游戲。通過前后句的語境，所用詞匯均為褒義詞，所

19、以，從感情色彩方面可以排除A，B習(xí)慣性的主語應(yīng)該為人，直接排除。B經(jīng)常的，D異乎尋常的代入，發(fā)現(xiàn)C比較符合題意。19. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 空格所在句的意思是說它會經(jīng)常調(diào)整并升級有關(guān)訓(xùn)練游戲，以促進(jìn)腦力的不斷_。本題所缺少的動詞需要與介詞on 搭配，A put on 穿上，增加；B carry on 執(zhí)行；C build on 在基礎(chǔ)上增加，構(gòu)建；D take on 呈現(xiàn)；代入空格發(fā)現(xiàn)只有C適合，A,B,D都不與空格后面的development 相搭配。20. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義和詞匯辨析選項(xiàng)分析 本題涉及的是一個(gè)含不定式作后定的句子，所缺詞匯為形

20、容詞修飾exercise routine，根據(jù)前后情感一致的邏輯，通過后面的不定式中的關(guān)鍵詞increase寺和vary your muscle use等信息反推所需詞匯為正向詞匯，直接排除A和B，D是中性，只有C(有效的)符合邏輯，故為正確答案。Section Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1

21、. (40 points)Text 1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they

22、be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” h

23、e claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent

24、system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their ben

25、efits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You

26、 are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone

27、 newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency- permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job sea

28、rch and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance-invented in 1996- is about redefinin

29、g the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, on

30、e of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osbornes scheme was intended to _.Aprovide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phras

31、e “to sign on” (Line 3,Para.2) most probably meansAto check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.Bto accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.Cto register for an allowance from the government.Dto attend a governmental job-training program.23. What promoted the chancellor to devel

32、op his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for all.B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C An urge to be generous to the claimants.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feelAuneasy.Benraged.Cinsulted.Dguilty.25. To which of the

33、 following would the author most probably agree?AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.BOsbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.CThe jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.DUnemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2 All around the world, lawy

34、ers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession-with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast

35、as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons f

36、or this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-s

37、chool graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession h

38、ave been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be

39、allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This k

40、eeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers

41、 to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal pr

42、ofessions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due toAthe growing demand from clients.Bthe increasing pressure of inflation.Cthe prospect of working in big firms.Dthe attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal educati

43、on in most American states?AHigher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.BAdmissions approval from the bar association.CPursuing a bachelors degree in another major.DReceiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates fromAlawyers and clients s

44、trong resistance.Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession.Cthe stem exam for would-be lawyers.Dnon-professionals sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because itAbans outsiders involvement in the profession.Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm sh

45、ares.Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade.Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the author mainly discussesAflawed ownership of Americas law firms and its causes.Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.Ca problem in Americas legal profession and so

46、lutions to it.Dthe role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature art

47、icle in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,

48、they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes

49、the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They p

50、erpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about

51、 how science prizesboth new and oldare distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown

52、by the collaborative nature of modern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own m

53、oney. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science

54、 rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen asAa symbol of the entr

55、epreneurs wealth.Ba possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.Can example of bankers investment.Da handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefitAthe profit-oriented scientists.Bthe founders of the new award.Cthe achievement-based system.Dpeer-review-led re

56、search.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involvesA controversies over the recipients status.B the joint effort of modern researchers.C legitimate concerns over the new prizes.D the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?ATheir endurance has done justice to them.BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute.CThey are the