廣州中醫(yī)藥大學博士口語試題及答案(2015)

1、WORD格式QuestionsforPhDstudents(2021)1.Shouldacountrygivefreemedicalcaretoitscitizens?1Agovernmentshouldprovidemedicalcareforfreebecauseitistherightforallindividuals.Everyonehastherighttolive,toreceivehelptosurvive.Imaginethepoorpeoplecan?taffordevenfortheirfoodanddailyneed,whatwilltheyabletodosavethe

2、irlifewhenfacingdisease.Evensuchsmalldiseaseslikecoldandcoughmaketheirlifeharder,whathappenswhencancerorsomeotherseriousdiseasesoccur?Tosolvethatproblem,governmentistheanswer.Somepeoplesaycitizenshouldtaketheirresponsibilitynottoleavethegovernmentwithmorepressureanddifficulty.Iremindthemthatcitizenp

3、aytaxestopaygovernmentworkandspendmoneyfortheirhealthinsurance,theyareobligedtogethelpthroughthehardtime.Thegovernment?sresponsibilityistoitspeople-theireducation,theirsafety,especiallytheirhealth.2.Whyisitimportanttofollowproperprocedureswhenperformingamedicalexperimentorexamination?2.Beforebeginni

4、nganymedicalexperimentorexaminationinalab,themostimportantthingistofollowproperprocedures.Followingproperproceduresusuallyhasmanybenefitssuchasfollowing.Firstofall,itprotectsourpersonalsafetyagainstbeingthreated,suchasnotbeinginfectedornotsufferingfromskinirritation.What?more,followingtheproperproce

5、duresalwaysleadtoaclearandaccuracyexperimentalresultthannot.Lastbutnotleast,almosteachofexperimentsshouldpassthoughtheethicalreviewespeciallystudiesinhuman,whichbecomesacommonstepmustbefollowedintheproceduresnowadays.Notfollowingproperproceduresmaycausemanydamageevencan?tberecognizedimmediately.Firs

6、tly,thosewhodonotfollowproperproceduresusuallyhavemorechancestobeexposedindangerofcontactexplosivesubstanceorirritation.Someinjurieswereimmediatelyappeared,however,someonlyshowedupaslateasmanyyearswent.Then,withoutfollowingproperprocedures,theexperimentalresultsusuallycan?tbeidentifiedascomingfromth

7、eexperimentortheerrorimpacts.Finally,suchexperimentsthatwithoutpassingethicalcommitteeusuallycauseseveremedicaldisputes.Allinall,itissoimportanttofollowingproperprocedureswhenperformingthemedicalexperimentorexamination.3.Whyarepeoplegivenvaccinations?Howdovaccinationswork?3.Itisthesafestandmosteffec

8、tivewayofgivingprotectionagainstmanydiseases.Aftergivenvaccination,peoplearefarlesslikelytocatchdiseasesiftherearemanycasesaroundthem.Thebenefitsofprotectionagainstdiseasesfaroutweightheverysmallrisksofvaccinations.Ifenoughpeopleinthecommunityaregivenvaccinations,theinfectioncannolongerbespreadfromp

9、ersontopersonandthediseasediesoutaltogether.Whenapersonisvaccinated,theirbodyproducesanimmuneresponseinthesamewaytheirbodywouldafterexposuretoadisease,butwithoutthepersonsufferingsymptomsofthedisease.Whenapersoncomesincontactwiththatdiseaseinthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillrespondfastenoughtopreventt

10、hepersondevelopingthedisease.4.Pleasedescribesometypesofpollutionandhowtheyaffectthebody.4.Airpollutionismostlycausedbyindustriesthatemitgasessuchascarbonmonoxideandsulphurdioxide.Darksmokefromenginesandvehiclesalsoexacerbateouratmosphere?salreadyworseningcondition.Ifthe專業(yè)資料整理WORD格式airaroundusgetsco

11、ntaminated,theeffectcanbedevastating.Intheshorttime,itcanresulttoupperrespiratoryailmentinhumanslikebronchitisandpneumonia.Italsoaggravatestheconditionofthosewhoarealreadysufferingfromasthmaandemphysema.Waterpollutionincreaseswhentheindustrialwasteisbeingthrowninriversofseas.itcanleadtosomeharmfulhe

12、althhazardslikeheartdisease.Inworstcases,evendamagetovitalorganslikethebrain,liver,kidney,andnerves.5.WhataresomedifferencesbetweenWesternmedicineandTraditionalChinesemedicine?5.TCMandwesternmedicine,thetwosystemsdifferinmanyways.Iwillgivethreeexamples.First,thedefinitionofhealth:westernmedicinefreq

13、uentlyattributessicknesstotheintrusionofaforeignelementsuchasbacteria,viruses,orcancercells,whileTCMoftenviewsillnessanimbalancebetweenthevariousbodilysystems.Second,themethodology,westernmedicinepridesitselfonusingscientificmethodology.Ittakesprecisemeasurements,performscarefullycontrolledexperimen

14、ts,andusesclinicaltrials.Incontrast,TCMislargelyevidence-based.Itwasfoundedonpre-scientifictheoriesofcauseandeffect,andisdeeplyrootedintheOrientalnotionofopposites:theyinandyang.Thelastisthediagnosisofdisease,amongthesignificantdifferencesintwosystemsisthemethodofassessingillness.Westerndoctorsexami

15、nebodilyfluidsandtissues,andtheyusehigh-techinstrumentssuchasX-raysandCATscanstoproduceprecisevisualmapsoftheinternalorgans.TCMassessesillnesswithaltogetherdifferentkindsofmeasurements,namely“l(fā)ooking,listeningandsmelling,“askingand“touching.6.Doyoubelievemusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients?Ifyes,wh

16、attypeofeffectscanithave?6.Ibelievethatmusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients.MusicTherapyisanestablishedhealthcareprofessionthatusesmusictoaddressphysical,emotionalandsocialneedsofindividualsofallages.Manyresearcheshaveshownthatmusichasaprofoundeffectonourbodyandpsyche.MusicTherapistusemusictoworkonp

17、romotingwellness,managingstress,alleviatingpain,enhancingmemory,improvingcommunication,promotingphysicalrehabilitation.Thosewhopracticemusictherapyarefindingabenefitinusingmusictohelpcancerpatients,childrenwithADD,andothers.Evensomehospitalsarebeginningtousemusicandmusictherapytohelpwithpainmanageme

18、nt,tohelpwardoffdepression,topromotemovement,tocalmpatients,toeasemuscletension,andformanyotherbenefitsthatmusicandmusictherapycanbring.7.Doyouthinkancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers?7.Tomostpeople,moderndoctorsandphilosophersareknownasscientist

19、smorewidelyacceptedandformsthestreamtowardnatureandman.WhileIhaveutmostrespectfortheadvancementmoderndoctorsandphilosophershavemadeuntiltoday,Ihavecomeacrossenoughcasesthatmakesmeconvincedthatancientdoctorsandphilosophersisthesuperiorchoicetomoderndoctorsandphilosopherswhenitcomestounderstandnaturea

20、ndman.Fistofall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersaddressedthequestionofhowhumanbeingsshouldsecurethe,goodlife?andhowto,livewell?,thatis,thecapacitytoliveaswellasonemayinwaysthatareappropriateforrationalandconscientiousbeings.What?smore,philosophyancientsencompassedawiderrangeofintellectualactivitiesanda

21、pproachesthanthosenowadays.Lastbutnotleast,moderndoctorsandphilosophersdon?tseemtohavesuchabilityabove,mostofthemaremore專業(yè)資料整理WORD格式likelytorelyoninstrumentexamination.Allinall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers.8.Howmanyhoursshouldapersonsleepo

22、naverageeverynight?Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?8.Apersonfunctionsbestshouldsleep7-8hoursonaverageeverynight.Andthesleeprequirementisrelevanttoperson?sage.Inotherwords,itisimportanttoconsiderhowmuchsleepyouneedonanindividualbasis,andthisvariesbaseduponmanyfactorssuchasthequalityofsleepobtai

23、ned,stateofgeneralhealth,levelsofstress,orfatigueduetoprolongedexertion.However,arecentresearchstudyfoundthatsleepinglessthan6hoursormorethan9hoursadayhadanincreasedincidenceofdiabetes,comparedtothosewhoslept7-8hours.Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?Westernmedicinesuggestsearlytobedandearlytori

24、semakesamanhealthy.Therearenumerousreasonsforthatsaying,suchasgoingtosleepearlyisveryimportantfortheliver?shealth,isgoodforourantibodysystem.However,traditionalChinesemedicineemphasizethatthetimetogotosleepandriseshouldbeadjustedtofollowthechangeofdifferentseasons.Forexample,peopleshouldgotosleepear

25、lyintheeveningandriselateinthemorninginwinterinordertostoreenergyinourphysicalbody.9.Whatorgansareaffectedbysmokingandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?9.Theeffectsofsmokingareserious.Itcanharmnearlyeveryorganofbody.Thechemicalintobaccosmokeharmourbloodcellsanddamagethefunctionofourheart.Thisdamageincreaseso

26、urriskforatherosclerosis,coronaryheartdisease(CHD),heartattack,stroke.Cigarettecoulddamageourbreathingandscarsourlungs.Smokingcauses:chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD),emphysema,chronicbronchitis,pneumonia.Smokingisasbadforoureyes.Researchhaslinkedsmokingtoanincreasedriskofdevelopingage-relate

27、dmaculardegeneration,cataractandopticnervedamage,allofwhichcanleadtoblindness.Smokingisoneofmanyfactorsthatincreaseourriskforosteoporosis.Smokingcigaretteisthenumberoneriskfactorforlungcancer,andisknowntocause:bladdercancer,bloodandbonemarrowcancer,cervicalcancer,kidneyandureteralcancers,esophagealc

28、ancer,laryngealcancer,trachealcancer,mouth,nose,andthroatcancer,stomachcancer,pancreaticcancerandsoon.10.Whatorgansareaffectedbydrinkingalcoholandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?10.Thealcoholcanharmnearlyeveryorganofthebodysuchasbrain,heart,liver,pancreas,stomach,andsoon.Alcohol-relateddisruptionstoneurotr

29、ansmitterbalancealsocantriggermoodandbehavioralchanges,includingdepression,agitation,memoryloss.Long-termheavydrinkingweakenstheheartmuscle,causingaconditioncalledalcoholiccardiomyopathy.Aweakenedheartcannotpumpenoughbloodtonourishtheorgans.Insomecases,thisbloodflowshortagecausesseveredamagetoorgans

30、andtissues.Symptomsofcardiomyopathyincludeshortnessofbreathandotherbreathingdifficulties,fatigue,swollenlegsandfeet,andirregularheartbeat.Itcanevenleadtoheartfailure.Chronicheavydrinkingcancausefattobuildupintheliver.Thisconditioncalledfattyliver,istheearlieststageofalcoholicliverdiseaseandthemostco

31、mmonalcohol-inducedliverdisorder.Theexcessivefatmakesitmoredifficultforthelivertooperateandleavesitopentodevelopingdangerousinflammations,likealcoholichepatitis.Itmayalsocausediseaseofpancreaslikeacutepancreatitis.專業(yè)資料整理WORD格式11.Doyoubelievemodernlifestylesandtechnologiesareleadingtohealthierpeople?

32、Whyorwhynot?11.Therearetwosidestothecoin,asfarasmoderndaylifestylesareconcerned.Ontheonehand,technologyhassubvertedustoagreatextent,somuchsothatformanyofus,ourlifestylehasbecomesedentary.Asedentarylifestylecoupledwitharichfoodhabit,andhasmadeusallpronetodiseaseandillness.Thenumberofpeoplesuccumbingt

33、ocardiacailmentshasrisengreatly.Andobesitybringsalongwithhealthissuelikediabetes.Soinaway,themoderndaylifestylehasleftusmorepronetodisease.However,todaywearealsoawareoftheailmentsaroundus,andalsoaboutwhatneedstobedonetomitigatetheseailmentsandensurewedonotgetthem.Peoplearemoreawareoftheirbodiesandth

34、edifferentthingsthatcouldgowrongwithit.Besides,fitnessisanewmantraamongtheyoungergenerationtoday,ensuringthattheyareontheroadtoahealthyfuture.Sotosumitup,themoderndaylifestylesandtechnologiesmaybecauseofwrongasfarasdiseaseisconcerned,butwealsonowequippedwithknow-howandawarenessrequiredtoavoidtheseil

35、lnesses.12.Pleasedescribeoneofthebodyssystemsandthefunction(s)itperforms.12.Femaleproductivesystemisthesystemofproductioninfemalehumanbeings.Itconsistsinternalandexternalparts.Internalpartsarethefunctionalpartsofreproductivesystem.Thereareuterus,fallopiantubes,ovaries.Alltheseorgansarenecessaryforre

36、production:uterusisthehollow,muscularorganinwhichafertilizedovumdevelopsuntilbirth;fallopiantubesaretoconducteggsfromthespacesaroundtheovariestotheuterus,inwhichfertilizationnormallyoccurs;theovariesaremostessentialbecausetheyproducethefemalegametesandfemalesexhormones.Externalpartsareaccessoryparts

37、offemalereproductivesystem.Theyarevulva,labia,clitoris,whichhelpintheprocessoffertilizationandparturition.Asstatedabove,femalereproductivesystemismainlyconcernedwithproducingeggsandbearingthefetusthroughoutthedevelopmentalphase.Theovariesproduceeggs,whicharefertilizedbyspermsandzygoteisformed.Thedev

38、elopmentofzygotetoacompletehumanbabytakesplaceinfemalereproductivesystem.13.Whichdoyoubelieveismoreeffective,ChinesemedicineorWesternmedicine?13.BothChinesemedicineandWesternmedicinehavetheirusesandhavebeenhelpfultolotsofpeopleinonewayoranother.Chinesemedicinemoreofapreventivemedicineanddealsmorewit

39、hrootcausesoftheprobleminsteadofsymptoms.Chinesemedicinetreatspatientsasawhole,andremediessuchasherbs,acupunctureareusedtojustifythebodytoitsnormalstate.Whilewesternmedicinefocusonsomelocallesions,andreliesondrugs,surgeryandradiationtocurethem.Frommyperspective,wecan?tsimplysaywhichoneisbetter,Isugg

40、estthatwechoosethesetwomethodsproperlyaccordingtothediseaseswehavegot.Forexample,wechoosewesternmedicineforinfectionsoracutesymptomswhileChinesemedicinemaybebetterinsomechronicdiseases.14.Doyouthinkfoodisanimportantfactorinkeepinghealthy?Whyorwhynot?14.Dietarepivotaltodeterminingaperson?soverallheal

41、th,becauseitiswhatweputinourbodieswhatultimatelydictatestheregularfunctionsofourbodysystems.Togetallthenutritionthehumanbodyneeds,wemusteatabalanceddietincludingfruits,vegetables,grains,proteinandsoon.Eatinghighlyvariedfoodswillhelpinsureyougetallthevitamins,minerals,oils,enzymesyourbodyneeds.Vegeta

42、blesandfruitsaregoodsourcesofvitaminsandmineral.Gainsaregoodsourcesoffiberandothernutrientsthatplayaroleinregulatingbloodpressureandhearthealth.Byeatingabalanceddiet,we?llhaveahealthyheart,healthybrain,andafullyfunctionalimmunesystem.專業(yè)資料整理WORD格式15.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenanacuteandchronicdiseas

43、e?15.Firstofall,anacutediseaselastsforjustashorttime,butcanbeginrapidlyandhaveintensesymptoms.Incontrast,achronicdiseaseproducessymptomsforquitesometime,lastingforthreemonthsormore.Then,bothanacutediseaseandchronicdiseasecanbemild,severe,orfatal.However,achronicdiseaseislikelytodevelopovertimewhilea

44、nacutediseaseoftenhasasuddenonset.Thetermacutediseasedosenotindicatetheseverityofthedisease.Instead,itindicateshowlongthediseaselastsandhowquicklyitdevelops.Achronicdiseaseispersistent.Itlastsforalongperiodoftimeandmayrecur.Examplesofacutediseasesincludecolds,influenza,andstrepthroat.Examplesofchron

45、icdiseasesincludekidneydisease,cancer,diabetesandsoon.Whatsmore,someacutediseasemayresolvebythemselves,likecold,withoutrequiringsignificantmedicalattentionortreatment.Othersarethosemayoftenrequiremedicalcareandprescriptionmedication.Frequently,hospitalizationisrequiredaswell.Ontheotherhand,chronicdi

46、seasesoftenrequirethetheuseofprescriptionmedication.Sometimes,hospitalizationisrequiredaswell.Frequently,medicalinterventionmakeanindividualwithachronicdiseasemorecomfortable,butusuallychronicdiseasescannotbecured.16.Doyoufeelitisoktoscreenembryosforgeneticdiseasessuchascancer?16.Therearetwosidestot

47、hecoin,asfarasscreenembryosforgeneticdiseasesareconcerned.Firstofall,itisagoodthinfortheparentswhohavegeneticdiseasestohaveababywithoutgeneticdisease.Anewmethodthatwasdevelopedrecently,calledpre-implantationgenetichaplotyping(PGH),allowsparentstodetectabout6,000geneticdiseasesanddecidewhethertheywou

48、ldkeepthebabiesatriskornot.Someofthediseasesthatcouldbedetectedandavoidedarecysticfibrosis,sicklecelldisease,spinalmuscularatrophy,andmusculardystrophy.However,thisnewlydevelopedmethodcarriesalotofdilemmas,especiallyethicaldilemmasaboutthepossibilityofchoosingtheembryosaswellasthechild?sgender.Scree

49、nembryoalwaysleadtomorethanoneembryobeingleft.Everyembryoisalife,screeningthebestembryoisequaltokillotherembryos,itisimmoral.17.Doyouthinkpeoplewhogotohavecosmeticsurgeryshouldhavetobetestedforpsychologicalissues?17.Yes,Ithinkpeoplewhogotohavecosmeticsurgeryshouldhavetobetestedforpsychologicalissues

50、,thereasonisthatsomepeoplewanttohavecosmeticsurgeryformorebeautifulappearance,butanotherpeoplemayhaveakindofmentalillnessescalledbodydysmorphicdisorder(BDD),itisacommonmentalhealthproblem.PeoplewithBDDspendanexcessiveamountoftimethinkingaboutaminororimagineddefectintheirphysicalappearance,andaredist

51、ressedaboutit.WhenpeoplehaveBDD,theyintenselyobsessovertheappearanceandbodyimage,oftenformanyhoursaday.Theymayseekoutnumerouscosmeticprocedurestotryto“fixtheperceivedflaws,butneverwillbesatisfied.Soitisnecessarytotypicallyrunaseriesofpsychologicaltestsandexamstodiagnose.18.Whatisthecorrectandhealthy

52、waytoloseweight?18.Thecommonsenseadviceis“eatless,movemore.Thereareafewtips:1.Eatahealthybreakfasteverymorning.Ifyouskipbreakfastyou?relikelytoeatmorecaloriesbybringinglaterintheday.2.Avoideatinganything3hoursbeforesleeping.3.Avoidchocolate,cake,brownies,potatochips,icecream,ordizzydrinks.4.Eatplent

53、yoffruitandvegetables,especiallyifyoufeellikesnackingorfordessert.5.Drinkplentyofwater,andcutdownoncarbonatedbeverages,particularlythosewithalotofsugar.Trytonotdrinkanysoda.6.Sleepatleast專業(yè)資料整理WORD格式7-8hoursanight.Thiswillboostyourmetabolism.Wakeupatanormalhourlike7or8or9am,ifyouarepushingit.Gotobed

54、beforemidnight.7.Don?tforgetaboutexercising,trytodocardioexercisesatleast20-30minaday.19.Whateatingorexercisehabitsdoyoufeelaregoodforhearthealth?19.First,controlyourportionsize.Howmuchyoueatisjustasimportantaswhatyoueat.Second,eatmorevegetablesandfruitswhicharegoodsourcesofvitaminsandmineral.Third,

55、selectwholegrainswhicharegoodsourcesoffiberandothernutrientsthatplayaroleinregulatingbloodpressureandhearthealth.Fourth,limitunhealthyfatsandcholesterol.Limitinghowmuchtransfatsyoueatisanimportantsteptoreduceyourbloodcholesterolandloweryourriskofcoronaryarterydisease.Agoodgoalformanypeopleisworkupto

56、exercising5timesaweekfor30to60minutesatatime.Keepingthegoodeatingorexercisehabitswillreduceyourriskforheartdisease.20.Doyoufeelitshouldbeillegaltosmokeinpublicplaces?20.Yes,Idobelieveitshouldbeillegaltosmokeinpublicplaces.Peopleshouldn?thavetherighttosmokewherevertheywant.Passivesmokingkillssomanype

57、opleit?snotfaironothers.Firstofall,itwillsignificantlyreducetheriskofheartattacksandotherdiseases,particularlyamongindividualssuchaschildrenandnon-smokers.What?smore,itwillhelppublicplacesbelesstoxicandwewon?thavetodealwithpollution.Finally,itcouldalsohelpsomepeoplequitsmoking.Ifpeoplewereallowedtos

58、mokeinpublicplacestheymaynotbeasmotivatedtostopsmokingastheyarewithnotbeingallowedtosmokeinpublicareas.21.Doyouthinkthereshouldbehightaxesoncigarettestohelppayforhealthcostsforpeoplewithlungproblems?21.Yes,Ithinkso.Firstofall,alargenumberoflungcancerandsmokingcigarettescauseverycloserelationship.Incidenceoflungcancergrowthandincreasedsalesofcigaretteswereparallel.Cigarettescontaincarcinogens.Thosewhohavehabitofsmokinglungcancerincidencerat