初中英語語法_動詞時態(tài)講解與練習

1、初中英語語法：動詞時態(tài)講解及練習動詞時態(tài)專講、概說動詞的時態(tài)歷來是中考題中考查的重頭戲之一。測試重點放在根據(jù)特定語言環(huán)境區(qū)別使用一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時； 一般現(xiàn)在時（過去時）與現(xiàn)在（過去）進行時；特定的時間狀語中時態(tài)的 使用；結(jié)合所獲得的語言知識確定正確時態(tài)的能力等。綜上所述，動詞的時態(tài)在中考測試中的地位非 常重要。因而考生在復(fù)習備考中必須對本專題引起足夠的重視。、各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成時態(tài)構(gòu)成時態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時do /doesam / is / are一般過去時didwas / were現(xiàn)在進行時am / is / are + doing過去進行時was / were + doing現(xiàn)在

2、完成時have / has + done過去完成時had + done一般將來時shall / will + doam / is / are going + todo過去將來時would + dowas / were going + to do三、各種時態(tài)的用法 一般現(xiàn)在時1 .表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示 頻度的時間狀語 連用。時間狀語： every day , every other day , sometimes , often , usually , on Sunday I leave home for school at 7（每天早晨）.The Olympic Games ar

3、e held（ 每四年）.What do you（ 通常）do when you are free on Sunday?2 .用在客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實或格言警句中。The earth（ 繞著轉(zhuǎn)）the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海 中國的東方。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。注意：此種用法 如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。My teacher told us that light（travel） faster than sound.Didn ' t you fa

4、ther tell you that the sun（be） much larger than the moon?3 .表示按計劃表或時間表將要發(fā)生的動作，某些動詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, finish, start等，在一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)中可用來表示將來肯定會發(fā)生的動作。The plane（ 起飛）at half past eleven tomorrow morning.The train comes at 3 o ' clock1車三點鐘到。Class starts in two mimutes.兩分鐘后就要上課了。4 .由 when , as soo

5、n as , until , before , after 引導的時間狀語從句或由 if, unless , as 10ng as , once引導的條件狀語從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。I ' ll help you as soon as I（） Beijingomorrow.I won ' t leave unless you（tell） me everything. 一般過去時1 .表示在 確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有： yesterday , last week , an hour ago , the other day , in 1981

6、等。Where did you go just now?剛才你去哪兒了 ？2 .表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。特別是由would / used to表達的句型,本身表達的就是過去時。常與 always , usually , often , sometimes , never等時間狀語連用。When I was a child, I often（ 踢足球）in the yard.He used（smoke） a lot, but he doesn' t now.3 .用于追述逝去的人或事，以及在從句中敘述歷史事實。Our teacher told us that Colu

7、mbus discovered America in 1492.4 .用于虛擬語氣（非真實的過去）。If I（知道）the truth, I would tell you now.I wish I（ 有）a cherry without a stone.If I（是）a bird, I would fly in the sky.5 .辨析 used to / be used to1） used to+do :"過去常?！? 表示 過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.母親以前沒有這么健忘。Scarf used t

8、o take a walk after supper.斯卡夫過去在晚飯后常常散步。2） be used to+doing : “對已感至U 習慣”, 或 “習慣于” ,to 是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。Scarf is used to taking a walk after supper.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在習'慣于在晚飯后散步。Have you been used to（住在這里）？現(xiàn)在進行時1 .表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時）正在發(fā)生的事情。在句中往往有now等時間狀語或是像Look!/ Listen !等提示詞語，有的則是通過上下文暗示某動作正在進行。We are（ 等）you outside

9、 the classroom now.Look! The man（放）a kite at the square.The music sounds very familiar. Who（ 彈）the piano upstairs?2 .表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作，也許此時此刻這個動作并沒有進行。The students are preparing for the examination.學生們正在作考試 。Mr. Green is writing another novel these days.格林先生這些天在寫另一部小說。（說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）3 .與 always ,

10、 forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀 色彩。You are always your mind.你總是改變主意。（表示抱怨或不滿）She is forever thinking of.她永遠都在為他人考慮。（表示贊許）4 . 某些動詞的 現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示即將發(fā)生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive , come , leave , die 等。例如：They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.他們明天要去香港。過去進行時1 .表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作，這一特定的時間或時刻除了上下文暗示之外，還有時間狀語如at th

11、at time / moment , at this time yesterday 或 when / while等引導的狀語從句表示。（你正在做什么）at nine o ' clock yesterday evening?It when they left the station.他們離開車站的時候，天正下著雨。While I（play） on the computer, he knocked at the door.2 .與always , forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀 色彩。He was always ringing me up.

12、他過去老是給我 。My grandfather was always things.我祖父總是忘這忘那。3 . come / go / leave / arrive / set out / start等一些表示趨向動作的動詞用過去進行時可表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作，一般強調(diào)按計劃、要生、打算進行的動作。Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.史密斯先生說他不久要 。4 .注意區(qū)別:一般過去時表示在過去某個時間“發(fā)生了的動作”或“存在了的狀態(tài)”，而過去進行時則強調(diào)在過去某一時刻或某一段時間“正在進行的動作”。Mary wrote a l

13、etter to her friend last night.（表明信寫完了）Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.（只表明“一直在寫”，不清楚“是否寫完”，也許信還沒有寫完）現(xiàn)在完成時1 . 一個動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（也許還將持續(xù)下去）。表示從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi) 的一段時間的狀語有：up to now /till now / until now / so far, in the last / past few days ,lately / recently , for+ 時間段 / since+ 過去的時間點,

14、ever since / since then / ever since then 等。Great changes have taken place in my hometown（在過去的幾年里 ）.He has been busy writing a book（最近）.She has been a nurse（ 十年）.2 . 一件發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響，注意這時說話者的 重心在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響上。常用的時間狀語有 already , yet, just , never , before 等。我以前從沒有去過北京。3 .關(guān)于瞬間動詞1）瞬間動詞也叫短暫性動詞、終止性動詞或非

15、延續(xù)性動詞，表示動作瞬間完成，可以有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),但不能持續(xù)一段時間。在完成時中表述這種意思，我們常用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞來代替短暫性動詞，有的可變?yōu)?been+ 相應(yīng)的介詞/形容詞。常見的有：borrow buy一becomemarry 一finish-die一begin/start fall asleepfall ill一leave openclose2)瞬間動詞若要接一段時間，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。如： He has come to Beijing since last year. (x )He has been in Beijing since last year.(，) He has j

16、oined the army for three years. (x )He has served in / been a member of the army for three years.(He joined the army three years ago. (V)He has been a soldier for three years. (V)It is three years since he joined the army. （V）3）但在否定句中，短暫性動詞可以與時間段連用。例如：I haven ' t bought the bike for a year. 我買這輛

17、自行車還不到一年。She hasn ' t come here for an hour.她來這兒還沒有一個小時。注意：并非有for作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。I worked here for twenty years.我在這里工作過 20年。（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）I have worked here for twenty years. 我已經(jīng)在這里工作 20年了。（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）Bill says that he will stay in Nanjing for three more days.比爾說他將要在南京再待三天。4 .比較一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時1）過去時表

18、示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的,強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film.這部電影我看過了。（強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用 ，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。句子中如有過去時的時間副詞如yesterday , last week , in 1986 時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。(x ) Tom has written a letter t

19、o his parents last night.(，) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.過去完成時1 .表示過去的過去-|11->其構(gòu)成形式是“ had +過去分詞”。那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在2 . 一件事情發(fā)生在過去，而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生（即表示“過去的過去”），那么發(fā)生在先的事情的動詞須用過去完成時。這個過去的時間可用before等介詞短語構(gòu)成一個時間狀語從句來表示,也可以通過上下文給出暗示。She（ 已經(jīng)學習）some English before she came to this city.3 .表示從過去某一時間開始，

20、一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間的動作，常用的時間狀語有：by then , bythat time , by the end of , before 2012 , by the time 等。By then he had learned English for four years.截止至U那時, 他已經(jīng) 。4 .用在 told , said , knew , heard , thought 等動詞后 的賓語從句中。也可用在狀語從句中，止匕時， 在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后用一般過去時She said （that） she had never been to Par

21、is.她說她從來沒去過巴黎。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.等到警察來的時候，賊早已經(jīng)跑了。5 .過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的主要區(qū)別是時間參照點不用：過去完成時的時間參照點是某個“過去的”時間；現(xiàn)在完成時的時間參照點是“現(xiàn)在”。在使用時,還要注意現(xiàn)在完成時中的很多規(guī)則，也適用于過去完成時。When I got to the cinema, the film（已經(jīng)開始）for five minutes. 一般將來時1 .表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)以及打算、計劃或準備要做的事。其構(gòu)成形式為："will / shall+

22、 動詞原形"或" am / is / are going to+動詞原形”。與一般將來時連用的時間狀語有:tomorrow , next week , in five days 等。2 .當主語是第一人稱I或we時，問句中一般用shall ,表示征求對方的意見：When and where shall we meet?我們何時何地見面呢？3 . “am / is / are going to + 動詞原形”表示計劃、打算做某事，表示已決定的，很可能發(fā)生的事， 或有某種跡象表明要發(fā)生的事。He is going to speak on TV this evening.他計劃今

23、晚到電視臺講話。Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm.看天上的烏云， 場 要來了。4 .以下幾種情況只可用 will表將來，而不可用be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)。 表示有禮貌的 詢問對方是否愿意或表示客氣的 邀請或命令時。W川 you please（ 借）me your pencil?We will help him if he asks us. 如果他要求的話，我們是愿意幫助他的。表單純的將來,與人的主觀愿望和判斷無關(guān)時。The sun will（ 落）at half past seven this evening.Fish wil

24、l die（沒有了水）.5 . 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來下列動詞 come , go, arrive , leave , start , begin , return 的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。這主要用 來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明早六點發(fā)車。 在if, as soon as , until , when 等引導的 狀語從句中 。When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me.比爾來了后,讓他等我。I ' ll write to you as soon as I arriv

25、e there.我一到那兒就給你寫信。6 .現(xiàn)在進行時表將來意為“意圖”、“打算"、“安排”,常用于人。常用詞為 come , go , start , arrive , leave , stay 等。I ' m leaving tomorrow.我打算明天動身。Are you staying here till next week?你打算在這兒住到下周嗎？過去將來時表示在過去看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，即立足于過去某一時刻，從過去看將來 。其構(gòu)成 形式為 "would+ 動詞原形" 或 " was / were going to+動詞原形與

26、過去將來時態(tài)連用的時間狀語有：the next day / year , the following week / month 等。具體運用時，多用于賓語從句或間接引語中。He told me that he would visit me if possible.他說要是可能的話他會來 的。Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book.吉姆問露西她是否要 。時態(tài)自我檢測題(45分)I .根據(jù)句意，用所給動詞的適當形式填空。1. It is a fine day. The sun(shine) brightly.2. They(visit) the S

27、cience Museum next Sunday.3. Mr. Brown(live) in Beijing since he came to China.4. Mr. Wang(teach) us English two years ago.5. The Smiths(watch) TV at this time last night.6. We(learn) about ten English songs by the end of last term.7. Father said that he(buy) a new bike for me the next Friday.8. Bil

28、l isn ' t here. He(chat) with his friends in the classroom.9. The teacher said that the moon(go) round the earth.10. The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it(not rain) this Sunday.11. Listen! They(talk) about the new film.12. Jim asked us what(happen) in China in 1976.13. The host(interview)

29、the little boy just now.14. He said that he(ring) me up when he got there.15. We(learn) English for about three years.16. The farmers(pick) apples when I saw them.17. The film(begin) when I got to the cinema.18. The girl told me that she wanted to be an English teacher when she(grow) up.19. Mr. Gree

30、n(travel) to several places in South China since he came here.20. I ' ll go home as soon as I(finish) my homework.II .根據(jù)句意，選擇填空。21. Tell Lily to call me as soon as she.A. will arriveB. gets thereC. has goneD. reach here22. Hi, Kate. You look tired. What' s the matter?I well last night.A. did

31、n ' t sleepB. don ' t sleep C. haven ' t sleptD. won ' tsleep23. 一 Excuse me, look at the sign over there, please. Could you stop smoking? Sorry, I that.A. didn t seeB. don t seeC. won t seeD. cant see24. Well, I found this. I think it must be yours. My watch! Thank you. Where it?A.

32、do you findB. had you found C. were you finding D. did youfind25. Do you know when Dr. White for dinner this evening? No, but I think he when he is free.A. will come; comesB. will come; will comeC. comes; comesD. comes; will come26. Look at those black clouds. It rain. Let s hurry.A. maybeB. wouldC.

33、 hasD. is going to27. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower thousands of visitors since 1995.A. attractedB. attractsC. has attracted D. willattract28. Jimmy is leaving for a holiday. Really? Where he ?A. has; goneB. will; goC. did; go29. Shall we go shopping now? Sorry, I can t. I my shirts.D. does; goA. wash

34、B. washesC. washedD. am washing30. I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer. Oh, I am sorry. I dinner at my friend s home.A. haveB. hadC. was having D. have had31. you your e-mails today? Not yet. There s something wrong with my computer.A. Have; checked B. Did; check C. Do; checkD. A

35、re; checking32. How do you like Beijing, Mr. Black? Oh, I such a beautiful city before.A. don t visitB. didn t visit C. haven t visited D. hadn t visited33. Tom, may I borrow your bookChicken Soup Sorry, I it to Mary.A. lentB. have lentC. had lentD. lend34. Mum, may I go out to play football? you yo

36、ur homework yet?A. Have; finished B. Do; finished C. Are; finishing D. Did; finish35. The t rain is leaving right now, but David hasn t arrived yet. Well, he said he here on time.A. cameB. will beC. would come D. can be36. Why didn t you go to the cinema yesterday? Because I the film before.A. had seenB. have seenC. have watched D. haswatched37. I don t think John saw me. He a book at that moment.A. just readB. has just read C. was just reading D. had justreadt know whether he has38. Mr. Green a book about China last year but I don finished it.A. has writtenB. wro