英漢語言差異與翻譯策略

1、英英漢語漢語言差言差異與異與翻翻譯譯策略策略英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合vIt was so cold that the lake was frozen up. u天氣冷，湖面都結(jié)冰了。vIt was quite late when the sales representative got back, nearly eleven oclock in the evening. u銷售人員回來時(shí)已經(jīng)很晚，將近晚上十一點(diǎn)了。英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合vWhy waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwillin

2、g ear?u（既然）他們不愿意聽，何必對(duì)其白費(fèi)口舌呀？uturn an unwilling ear 轉(zhuǎn)不愿耳英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合vHypotaxis (形合形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion.Hypotaxis ( 形合)

3、 refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific

4、markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Hypotaxis ( 形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may b

5、e considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Hypotaxis ( 形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. I

6、t usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. 英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合vCohesion m

7、ay be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers:vreference指代指代: 人稱代詞人稱代詞it, he, she, them, they, everybody; 指示代詞指示代詞this; that; these; those; 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)指示詞時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)指示詞there; now; thenvsubstitution替代：替代：one; doesvellipsis省略省略v conjunction連詞連詞 vlexical

8、cohesion 詞匯銜接詞匯銜接Hypotaxis ( 形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text,

9、 expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Hypotaxis ( 形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt

10、textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Hypotaxis ( 形合) refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, senten

11、ces achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. 英

12、英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合vHypotaxis(形合形合):The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.小句之間的依賴或主從關(guān)系靠連接詞來維系。v一句話當(dāng)中可能有若干小句，小句之間的關(guān)系可隱可顯，如果關(guān)系是隱性的，便好似那無縫的天衣，我們稱之為“意合”；如果關(guān)系是顯性的，便會(huì)在形式上清晰地嚴(yán)格地表現(xiàn)出來，我們稱之為“形合”。英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合形合（Hypotaxis）的英語通常被認(rèn)為是主語顯著的語言（subject-promi

13、nent），主題往往并非就是句子的主語，從而要求句中有明顯的主語；而意合（Parataxis）的漢語則被認(rèn)為是主題顯著的語言（topic-prominent），其主題往往就是句子的主語，因此不要求必須有主語。英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合Parataxis (意合意合) is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. The linking for linguistic elements is achieved by mea

14、ning and logic for covert coherence. Coherence, on the other hand, might be viewed as a covert potential meaning relationship among parts of the text, made overt by the reader or listener through processes of 英英語語重形合，重形合，漢語漢語重意合重意合Chinese is characterized by parataxis, which means the relation betwe

15、en sentence parts is loose and unclear. English is characterized by hypotaxis, which means that English speakers give much attention to formal cohesion. Connective words are usually omitted in Chinese and should be amplified in the translation into E英英語語重心在前，重心在前，漢語漢語重心在后重心在后vTragedies can be writte

16、n in literature since there is tragedy in life. u生活中既然有悲劇，文學(xué)作品就可以寫悲劇。vAnyone involved could not escape from the net.u任何有牽連的人都無法漏網(wǎng)。英英語屬靜態(tài)語語屬靜態(tài)語言，言，漢語屬動(dòng)態(tài)語漢語屬動(dòng)態(tài)語言言vThat would be the confirmation that it was in general use.u這將證明它的使用是十分普遍的。vThe meeting is a success.u這次會(huì)開得好。英英語屬靜態(tài)語語屬靜態(tài)語言，言，static 漢語屬動(dòng)態(tài)語漢語

17、屬動(dòng)態(tài)語言言dynamic vWe are short of hands.u我們正缺人手。英英語語重物重物稱稱impersonal，漢語漢語重人重人稱稱personalvA wave of cigar smoke accompanied Tom in. u湯姆進(jìn)門時(shí)，帶來一縷雪茄煙霧。vWhat happened toyou? Whats wrong with you?u你怎么啦？英英語語重物重物稱稱，漢語漢語重人重人稱稱vBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.u這位曾經(jīng)給全世界帶來笑聲的人自己卻飽嘗心酸。英英語語重物重物

18、稱稱，漢語漢語重人重人稱稱 英語可用人稱主語表達(dá)，也可用非人稱主語英語可用人稱主語表達(dá)，也可用非人稱主語表達(dá)。用非人稱主語表達(dá)時(shí)，往往注重表達(dá)。用非人稱主語表達(dá)時(shí)，往往注重“什什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”，而漢語則較常用，而漢語則較常用人稱主語表達(dá)，往往注重人稱主語表達(dá)，往往注重“什么人怎么樣了什么人怎么樣了”英英語語重物重物稱稱，漢語漢語重人重人稱稱A. 用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱作主語，同時(shí)用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱作主語，同時(shí)又使用本來表示人的動(dòng)作或行為的動(dòng)詞做謂語又使用本來表示人的動(dòng)作或行為的動(dòng)詞做謂語B. 用非人稱代詞用非人稱代詞it 作主語，代詞作主語，代詞it

19、 除了用來代替除除了用來代替除人以外的生物或事物之外，還廣泛用于作填補(bǔ)人以外的生物或事物之外，還廣泛用于作填補(bǔ)詞詞 在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，用在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，用“物稱物稱”代替代替“人稱人稱”常常是一種常常是一種有效的手段，如：有效的手段，如： 一看到那棵大樹，我便想起了童年的情景。一看到那棵大樹，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近來忙于其他事務(wù)，未能早些復(fù)信，深感抱歉。近來忙于其他事務(wù)，未能早些復(fù)信，深感抱歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of oth

20、er occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your 此外還要采用其他多項(xiàng)技巧：此外還要采用其他多項(xiàng)技巧： 轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡(jiǎn)單句拆成漢語的復(fù)合轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡(jiǎn)單句拆成漢語的復(fù)合句：句： A very little encouragement would set that worldly woman to talk volubly, and pour out all within her. 這老于世故的女人，只要人家稍微助助她的興，她便這老于世故的女人，只要人家稍微助助她的興，她便馬上滔滔不

21、絕地把一肚子的話一股腦兒倒出來。馬上滔滔不絕地把一肚子的話一股腦兒倒出來。 轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡(jiǎn)單句或復(fù)合句拆成漢轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡(jiǎn)單句或復(fù)合句拆成漢語的并列句或流水句：語的并列句或流水句： His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲憊不堪，天氣也越來越熱。他決意一遇到個(gè)近便他疲憊不堪，天氣也越來越熱。他決意一遇到個(gè)近便的陰涼處，就坐下休息。的陰涼處，就坐下休息。 把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的無主句或主語泛稱句：把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢

22、語的無主句或主語泛稱句： The mastery of a language requires painstaking effort.v要掌握一門語言，必須下苦功夫。要掌握一門語言，必須下苦功夫。 把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的狀語或介詞短語把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的狀語或介詞短語 ：Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion. 經(jīng)過調(diào)查，我們得出了上述的結(jié)論。經(jīng)過調(diào)查，我們得出了上述的結(jié)論。 My first day in London started with a morning visitT to the British Museum. 抵達(dá)

23、倫敦的第一天上午，我就去參觀大英博物館。抵達(dá)倫敦的第一天上午，我就去參觀大英博物館。 把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的外位成分，漢語的主語把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的外位成分，漢語的主語用用“這這”來代稱這個(gè)外位成分：來代稱這個(gè)外位成分： His knowledge of applied science will stand him in good stead . 他懂得應(yīng)用科學(xué)，這對(duì)他很有利。他懂得應(yīng)用科學(xué)，這對(duì)他很有利。 B.用非人稱代詞用非人稱代詞it 作主語，代詞作主語，代詞it 除了用除了用來代替除人以外的生物或事物之外，還來代替除人以外的生物或事物之外，還廣泛用于作填補(bǔ)詞。廣泛用于作填補(bǔ)詞。

24、用作先行詞，代替真正的主語或賓語用作先行詞，代替真正的主語或賓語：Itneveroccurredtomethatshewassodishonest.我從來也沒想到她這么不老實(shí)。用作虛義詞，代替的主語是難以言明的現(xiàn)用作虛義詞，代替的主語是難以言明的現(xiàn)象或情形，如用以表示自然現(xiàn)象、時(shí)間象或情形，如用以表示自然現(xiàn)象、時(shí)間、空間以及用于慣用語之中：、空間以及用于慣用語之中：Itsonlyhalfanhourswalktotheferry.只要走半個(gè)鐘頭就可以到輪渡。 How is it with the sick man? 那病人怎么樣了？那病人怎么樣了？ 用作強(qiáng)調(diào)詞，引導(dǎo)所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分，也是一種形式

25、主用作強(qiáng)調(diào)詞，引導(dǎo)所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分，也是一種形式主語：語：I It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. 人總是在面臨考驗(yàn)的關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長(zhǎng)。人總是在面臨考驗(yàn)的關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長(zhǎng)。英英語語多被多被動(dòng)動(dòng)，漢語漢語多主多主動(dòng)動(dòng)v As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.u由于石油深埋在地下，因此，靠研究地表，不能確定石油的有無。vShe was asked

26、 10 questions in the oral exam and answered every one correctly. u口試時(shí)問了 她十個(gè)問題，她都一一答對(duì)了。英英語語多被多被動(dòng)動(dòng)，漢語漢語多主多主動(dòng)動(dòng)v A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their screen at home.u幾年前人們還認(rèn)為，觀眾居然能夠打電話要求在自己家里的電視屏幕上播出節(jié)目是一件罕見的事。英英語語多多復(fù)復(fù)合句、合句、長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)句，句

27、，漢語漢語多多簡(jiǎn)單簡(jiǎn)單句句vWe examine the quality of our products, which is why we are reliable.u我們檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品很仔細(xì)，因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。vI am happy to think that there will be no difficulty in finding plenty of people whose loss will be a distinct gain to society at large.u我十分欣慰地認(rèn)為，將來不難找到大批這樣的人物：他們以自己的損失，給整個(gè)社會(huì)帶來極大的利益。英英語語多多復(fù)復(fù)合句、合句、長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)句，句，漢語漢語多多簡(jiǎn)單簡(jiǎn)單句句v Revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more mans nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out. u報(bào)復(fù)是一種野蠻的正義行為，人的本性越是傾向報(bào)復(fù)，法律就越應(yīng)當(dāng)鏟除它。英英語語重后重后飾飾，漢語漢語重前重前飾飾vIts a good plan to imagine an argument with a perso