形容詞和副詞的比較級及最高級、

1、形容詞和副詞及其比較等級、形容詞和副詞及其比較等級、否定句、省略句否定句、省略句形容詞和副詞及其比較等級形容詞和副詞及其比較等級知識點(diǎn)知識點(diǎn):v形容詞的句法功能及其在句中的位置v副詞的句法功能及其在句中的位置v形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則v形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的用法v比較等級的一些特殊用法及固定句型形容詞的句法功能形容詞的句法功能1. 在句中作定語： E.g. The young man likes singing very much.2. 在句中作表語： E.g. The story was very interesting.3. 在句中作補(bǔ)： E.g. I cant drin

2、k it hot（賓補(bǔ))這東西熱得我不能喝 the room was found empty.(主補(bǔ)）4. 在句中作狀語：E.g. At last he got home, tired and hungry.5. 可用作副詞，修飾另一形容詞E.g. Dark red / dead tired/ wide open6. 名詞化的形容詞： E.g. the beautiful can never die.形容詞的位置形容詞的位置v1. 形容詞作定語，一般放在被修飾的名詞之前。v2. 后置：v表語形容詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后。 E.g. This is the only book avail

3、able.v當(dāng)被修飾的詞是以some, any, every, no 等和別的詞構(gòu)成的不定代詞時，形容詞要后置。 E.g. I have never met someone famous.v 當(dāng)形容詞后面有不定式短語或介詞短語時須后置。E.g. He came in to the office, full of fear. a man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.v前置形容詞排列順序v多個形容詞同時修飾一個名詞時，這些形容詞的詞序不能隨意排列，需遵循一定的規(guī)則：限定詞（冠詞物主/指示不定代詞)+序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞描繪性形容詞（大小

4、形狀新舊/年齡)表示顏色的形容詞表示國籍、出處或來源的形容詞表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞表示用途或類別的形容詞。E.g. a pretty purple silk dress a tall intelligent young Chinese officerMary has just bought herself _ dress.va cotton, blue, expensive va blue expensive, cottonvan expensive, blue, cottonva cotton, expensive, blueAnswer: CIf the taxi arrives _, w

5、e shall miss our flight.vlately vlatevlatenessvmore laterAnswer: BOf+名詞“Of+名詞” 相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，在句中可充當(dāng)表語。E.g. He is of help to our project.He is _ to speak the truth.vtoo much of a cowardvso much a cowardvtoo much a cowardA.so much of a cowardAnswer: A副詞的句法功能副詞的句法功能副詞是表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞，修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞和全句。主要作狀語，也可以定語、

6、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。例：The girl made a very careful answer.The boy threw the ball quickly.Nearly five hundred people were present at the meeting.Obviously he knew nothing about me.The meeting today is very important.Whats on this evening?We saw them off at the station yesterday.副詞的位置副詞的位置1. 表示確定的時間副詞、地點(diǎn)副詞和一些方式副

7、詞一般放在句末。E.g. He closed the window quietly.2. 頻度副詞一般放在行為動詞前，助動詞、系動詞和情態(tài)動詞后。 E.g. He always gets up at 6. She is always complaining the food in the canteen.3. 程度副詞一般放在被修飾的形容詞、副詞前。 E.g. This is a very good book.4. 一些方式副詞修飾不及物動詞時，放在被修飾的動詞之后。 E.g. We should study hard.副詞的位置副詞的位置5. 副詞修飾及物動詞時，放在被修飾的動詞之前或賓語之

8、后。 E.g. He wrote some letters carefully yesterday.6. 副詞修飾名詞時放在名詞之后。E.g. The young people there are from Guangzhou.7. 修飾全句的副詞常放在句首。 E.g. Unfortunately, he failed the exam.副詞副詞Quite, rather, so, too v上述幾個副詞可置于形容詞、不定冠詞等限定詞之前修飾名詞。 E.g. Shes quite a girl.He seemed to take rather a fancy to her. She is to

9、o young a girl to travel alone.Hes never again written so good a book since 1980.注意區(qū)別：注意區(qū)別：Hes never again written such a good book since 1980.注意：注意：so在修飾名詞時，順序應(yīng)為在修飾名詞時，順序應(yīng)為so+形容詞形容詞+冠詞冠詞+名詞；而名詞；而such在修飾名詞時，順序?yàn)樵谛揎椕~時，順序?yàn)閟uch +冠詞冠詞+形容詞形容詞+名詞名詞. 但如果但如果名詞前已有名詞前已有many/much和和little/few來修飾，則用來修飾，則用so.E.g.

10、 She ate so many chocolates during the afternoon that he began to feel sick.With _ left before Friday, it does no seem likely that we will make the deadline.A. so short timeB. such a short timeC. so short timeD. such short timeAnswer: B形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則 英語中形容詞和副詞有三種等級：原級，比較級及最高級。規(guī)

11、則形容詞和副詞變比較級和最高級的規(guī)則如下：v單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er和-est, 如：great-greater-greatestv單音節(jié)詞如以-e結(jié)尾，只加-r和-st, 如：brave-braver-bravestv閉單節(jié)單音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個輔音字母，須先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-er和-est，如：big-bigger-biggestv少數(shù)以-er, -ow, -ble結(jié)尾的雙單節(jié)詞，末尾加-er和-est，如：clever-cleverer-cleverest; narrow-narrower-narrowest; 以-y結(jié)尾的詞，如-y前是輔單字母，則變y為i，再加-er和-est, 如

12、：happy-happier-happiest.v其他雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞皆在前面加單詞more和most。如：difficult-more difficult-most difficult.形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則v以ly結(jié)尾的副詞的比較級和最高級采用more和most形式。如：happily-more happily-most happilyvOften的比較等級通常采用more和most形式。如： often-more often-most often形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的變化規(guī)則不規(guī)則形容詞和副詞的比

13、較級、最高級變化：vGood / well-better-bestvBad/badly-worse-worstvMany/much-more-mostvLittle-less-leastvFar-farther/further-farthest/furthest (注：farther和farthest表具體概念， further和furthest表抽象概念。)vOld-older/elder-oldest/eldest （注： elder和eldest可作定語，表示家庭中看見較大或最大。如：My elder brother is 3 years older than I. ）形容詞和副詞前如果

14、加less和least，表示“較不”和“最不”。形容詞和副詞比較級的用法形容詞和副詞比較級的用法原級As+原級+asHe is as tall as I.He likes her as much as he likes his sister.否定Not asas/not soasHe does not smoke so heavily as his brother.注：as后面的形容詞如作定語，而被定語修飾的名詞有不定冠詞a時，冠詞a須放在形容詞之后，如German is as difficult a language as English. I have never seen so beau

15、tiful a place as Guilin.形容詞和副詞比較級的用法形容詞和副詞比較級的用法 比較級用于兩者的比較，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：含有比較級的主句+連詞than引導(dǎo)的從句（從句中常省去意義上和主句相同的部分）如：There are more children in this school than in that one.The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.Mary is less clever than Jane.David drives faster than anyone I know.They speak less

16、 frequently but more correctly than we do.形容詞和副詞最高級的用法形容詞和副詞最高級的用法 最高級用于兩者以上的比較，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：定冠詞the+最高級+表示范圍的短語或從句（副詞的最高級可以沒有定冠詞the）。如：Peter is the oldest boy of them all.London is the biggest city in Britain.This is the best film that I have ever seen.He swims the best in Class One.形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法形容詞和副詞比較級的

17、特殊用法1. 用twice, three times等加asas結(jié)構(gòu)表示倍“幾倍數(shù)于”。例：New York is ten times as big as my home town.表示“幾倍于”還有下面的說法：New York is ten times the size of my home town.New York is ten times bigger than my home town.2. 可以用much, far, still, even, a little, no, any, a great deal, (by) far(顯然；得多)等狀語來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級.如：She

18、 sings far better than others.This is by far the most difficult.形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法3. 來自拉丁語的一些形容詞如senior, junior, prior, superior, inferior等本身就有比較含義，因此形式不變，后面跟to, 不跟than： He is several years senior to me. I have not met this man prior to today. They are superior in numbers to us. 形容詞和副詞比較級的

19、特殊用法形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法4. 在比較等級中還有以下一些固定句型：vMore than 非常，不僅是，超過 E.g. They are more than glad to help. His flattery (奉承) is more than you can bear.vMorethan 與其說，不如說 E.g. Hes more mad than stupid.vNo more than 只有，只不過 E.g. He has no more than twenty yuan in his pocket.v vthe morethe more (less) 越越（不）E.g. Th

20、e more knowledgeable a man is, the more modest he will be. The more haste, the less speed.vMore and more 越來越E.g. I get more and more absorbed in the work here.vAll the better 更好 E.g. If you can fulfill the task two days ahead of time, all the better. 形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法形容詞和副詞比較級的特殊用法vSo much the better (

21、worse) 當(dāng)然更好（更糟） E.g. If you can make friends with her, so much the better.vFor better or (for) worse 好歹， 不管怎樣 E.g. Youll ring us up if theres any change, for better or worse.vAsascan be 極其 E.g. They are as unreliable as they can be.v as good as 幾乎已經(jīng)，實(shí)際已經(jīng)E.g. Everything was as good as settled.vSo (su

22、ch)as to 如此已致于E.g. He studies so hard as to pass the final examination.vSo (such)that 如此已致于 E.g. It rained so heavily that we cant go climbing.vSo/as far as 就.而言 E.g. As far as I am concerned, they can go when they like. 5. 表示”因此而更加。“，用all, so much, none等 +the +比較級， 這種結(jié)構(gòu)后不可在接than 從句 He told a lie ab

23、out it, and that makes his fault all the worse. She looks none the better for her holiday. (一點(diǎn)也不）vMillions of other stars are even _(big) and _(bright) than the sun. They look small only because they are much _ (far) away.vDo you think maths is one of _ (interesting) subjects?vYour aunt is _(fat) wo

24、man I have ever seen.vHe danced _ (badly) than any other boy in the group. His elder sister danced _ (well) of all.vThey all finished the work two hours _(early) than usual.biggerbrighterfartherthe most interestingthe fattestmore badlybestearliervThere are at least _ diamonds in the sea as on land.

25、A. five times more B. as many five times C. Five times as many D. as five times moreAnswer: CIt is hotter today than yesterday and I drink _ water than yesterday.A. less B. many more C. fewer D. much moreBeethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _ other musicians.A. Superior thanB. more sup

26、erior thanC. Superior toD. more superior toAnswer: DAnswer: C否定句否定句v直接否定直接否定v儲蓄否定儲蓄否定v部分否定部分否定v全部否定全部否定v轉(zhuǎn)移否定轉(zhuǎn)移否定v雙重否定雙重否定v局部否定局部否定v延續(xù)否定延續(xù)否定v不完全否定句不完全否定句知識點(diǎn)：知識點(diǎn)：直接否定直接否定特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)：v帶有否定詞帶有否定詞not, no, none, never, nowhere, nobody, nothing, neither, nor等。等。 E.g. No students came from the south.v帶有半否定詞帶有半否定詞

27、hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, little, few等。等。 E.g. I could hardly hear a word at that time.v帶有否定意義詞綴帶有否定意義詞綴(如前綴如前綴dis-, non-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-及及后綴后綴-less等等)。如。如dislike, unhappy, impossible等。等。 E.g. It is impossible for her to take his advice.含蓄否定含蓄否定特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)：v用名詞用名詞absence, denial, failure,

28、 ignorance, lack, refusal, reluctance, want(缺少缺少)等表示否定。等表示否定。 E.g. He was a failure as a doctor.v用形容詞或形容詞短語用形容詞或形容詞短語reluctant, absent, different, few, free from, ignorant, little等表示否定。等表示否定。 E.g. The article is free from serious errors.v“形容詞比較級形容詞比較級+than”結(jié)構(gòu)和最高級形式也可表示否定的含結(jié)構(gòu)和最高級形式也可表示否定的含義，常見的有義，常見的

29、有“er比較級比較級+than”, “more thancan”, “the last/ least”等形式。等形式。 E.g. He is the last person I want to see in the world. 含蓄否定含蓄否定v用介詞或介詞短語表示否定，如用介詞或介詞短語表示否定，如off, till, against, behind, without, past, above, beyond, beneath, instead of, except。 E.g. The computer is past repair. You have to get a new one.v

30、用動詞用動詞defy, deny, escape, fail, ignore, lack, miss, refuse, overlook, neglect等表示否定。等表示否定。 E.g. He always fails to keep his promise.v虛擬語氣的一些句子表示與現(xiàn)在或過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，這虛擬語氣的一些句子表示與現(xiàn)在或過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，這種肯定形式的句子所表示的意義往往是否定的。種肯定形式的句子所表示的意義往往是否定的。 E.g. I wish I could sing better.v肯定形式的修辭性疑問句可以表示否定的意義。肯定形式的修辭性疑問句可以表示否定的意

31、義。 E.g. Who cares about you? 部分否定部分否定v表示“全體”和“絕對”意義的代詞、形容詞或副詞，如all, both, complete, whole, every, everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly, usually, exactly, very, quite, totally等，它們與否定詞not連用構(gòu)成否定結(jié)構(gòu)時，表示部分否定，謂語的形式采用“not+謂語動詞”；有時也把否定詞移至句首。部分否定表示的意義是“不都”、“并非都”。 E.g. Your wife isnt wh

32、olly to blame. Such beautiful music is not heard quite often.vNot用來否定名詞、數(shù)詞等構(gòu)成部分否定。 E.g. Not many of us will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.v由and連接兩個對等的賓語、狀語或表語時，如果只否定對等部分后者，可用notand結(jié)構(gòu)表示部分否定。 E.g. The book is not interesting and instructive. 這本書有趣，但無教育意義。 全部否定全部否定v如果要表示全部否定“都不”、“全不”等意思，通常要把這些具有總括意義的詞(

33、如: all, everything, everyone, both)改為相應(yīng)的表示否定意義的詞，如: none, nothing, nobody, neither等。 E.g. None of these magazines are yours.v表示全稱意義的代詞、形容詞或副詞與帶有否定詞綴的詞連用表示完全否定。 E.g. All the workers are unkind to the new one.v虛擬語氣所表示的與事實(shí)相反，因此也可看作是完全否定式。 E.g. If I had left a little earlier, I would have arrived on tim

34、e.vNotor結(jié)構(gòu)和notnor結(jié)構(gòu)也表示全部否定。 E.g. He cannot sing or dance. / He cannot sing, nor dance. He _ in his saving account.vhas scarcely not any money leftvhas scarcely any money leftvhas scarcely no money leftvscarcely has no money leftAnswer: B_ he wrote on the blackboard were correct.vNone sentencevNone o

35、f the sentencesvNone sentencesvNo one sentenceAnswer: B轉(zhuǎn)移否定轉(zhuǎn)移否定v從句中的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動詞。1. 主句謂語動詞為think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy表示“相信”或“臆測”的動詞和表示“感知”的動詞appear, seem, feel (as if), look (as if)等時，從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動詞。 E.g. He didnt feel as if he was hurt.2. 否定原因狀語從句的not常常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語動詞。 E.g. I didnt

36、 go because I want to borrow things. (注：這種情況下的not否定到底是否定主句還是原因狀語從句須根據(jù)上下文判斷。)v對句子其它成分的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞。1. 否定賓語。E.g. I dont like both of the books.2. 否定狀語。E.g. Such a thing is not found everywhere.3. 否定主語。E.g. All books are not helpful.4. 否定表語。E.g. I am not feeling very well today. I _ pass the exam.vdont be

37、lieve he canvbelieve he cantvnot believe he canvbelieve not he can Answer: A雙重否定雙重否定v雙重否定的用法，一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)加強(qiáng)說話的語氣，一是為了表示委婉的陳述。表示雙重否定的詞和詞組常見的有nono (not) (不不), notwithout (不不), nobut(沒有不), neverbut (每必), neverwithout (每必), cant but+動詞原形(不能不, 禁不住), not (not, never)unless (沒有除非), notuntil (不不), not+含否定意義的詞綴的詞(

38、不是不)等. E.g. You cannot pass the exam without his help. I never look at her picture without thinking of the kindness she showed me. I couldnt help but cry when I heard such news. Whats done cannot be undone.No students are able to pursue nuclear science _ mathematics.vwith no solidlyvwithout a solid

39、grasp ofvwithout solidly grasping of vwith no grasping solidly ofAnswer: B局部否定局部否定vNot 否定形容詞或副詞。 E.g. I go fishing not very often. vNot, no修飾more, less, fewer等詞.在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,not, no修飾比較級的形容詞、副詞，構(gòu)成局部否定。No比not的否定效果更強(qiáng). E.g. Its no more than a mile to his home.v否定詞位于介詞短語中。 E.g. He answered me with not a momen

40、t hesitation.vNot置于不定式短語和動名詞短語之前對其進(jìn)行否定. E.g. We felt sorry for not finishing the work on time.vNotbut(不是而是)的否定結(jié)構(gòu) E.g. They want not your blame but your help.The students went on strike, but _.vNo the teachersvThe teachers notvNo the teachersvNot teachersAnswer: A延續(xù)否定延續(xù)否定v“否定+否定”的形式。為了加強(qiáng)否定語氣,后一句常用一個否

41、定詞或詞組(如,not at all, not in the least等). E.g. Do you like tea? -No, not at the moment. vNor, neither, not (no) either引導(dǎo)的否定句.這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常采用倒裝. E.g. You havent finished your homework, neither have I / I havent either. vMuch less, still less引導(dǎo)的否定句。這兩個詞組往往用在否定句的后面,形成延續(xù)否定,其意義為“更不用說了” E.g. I have not even read t

42、he first page, still less finished the book.vLet alone, not to mention, not to speak of表示否定. E.g. I wont even thank him, let alone pay him.You have no class tomorrow. _.A. So do we.B. We dont too.C. We are too.D. Nor do we.正確答案：D不完全否定不完全否定v具有否定含義的副詞可與if, or連用，此時if, or常接一個副詞或代詞，對前面半否定詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充，表示讓步的概念，含義

43、為“即使” E.g. He does little or nothing in the office. 他在辦公室里簡直就沒有做事。“Did anyone sign your petition?” “Yes, we had a hundred signatures, _”A. if no moreB. if not moreC. if moreoverD. if not large正確答案：B在很多情況下，形式上的否定句表達(dá)的卻是肯定的含在很多情況下，形式上的否定句表達(dá)的卻是肯定的含義義. 這類句子有：這類句子有：vnot untiltill 直到才，只有才 E.g. People do no

44、t know the blessing of health until they lose it vnotlong before 很快就，不久就 E.g. It wasnt long before he told us about this affair.vCannottoo無論怎樣也不會過分，越越好 E.g. This cant be stressed too stronglyvtoonot to太 一定會不會不 E.g. He is too wise not to see the reasonvno soonerthan ，hardlyscarcelywhen 剛就 E.g. No soo

45、ner had he entered the office than the telephone rang v否定詞與比較級連用，表示肯定含義，意為最，極其。 E.g. I couldnt feel betterYou cant be _ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.vveryvquitevtoovsoAnswer: C省略句省略句知識點(diǎn)知識點(diǎn):v簡單句中的省略v并列句中的省略v復(fù)合句中的省略v特殊的省略結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句中的省略簡單句中的省略v名詞所有格所修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教學(xué)或上文已暗示或明

46、確指出過的事物時，常?？梢允÷浴?E.g. We can meet at Toms. I am thinking of going to the barbers.v在以what, how開頭的感嘆句中，常常可以省略句子的主語it和系動詞be。 E.g. What a wonderful victory （it is)!v如果主語是all one can do, the first (或only) thing to do, what one does to do等形式，作表語的動詞不定式用來說明上文do的內(nèi)容時，不定式符號to可以省略，也可不省略。 E.g. All you have to do

47、 is (to) go back to work.v在前面出現(xiàn)過的動詞在下文再次出現(xiàn)時，可以單獨(dú)使用動詞不定式符號to, 表示省略了一個不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 E.g. Will you play with them? -Well, Id love to (play with them). 簡單句中的省略簡單句中的省略v在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being和having been可以省略。 E.g. The work (having been) done, they went home on after another.v用so, not或其他 手段來替代上文或問句中的一部分或整個句意。 E.g. Can he

48、 do this work? -I think so. - Can you do the job? -I am afraid not.v在某些動作后的賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語中可將to be省略。 E.g. The film is thought (to be) very valuable. They found the answer (to be) correct. “Will you come?” “_”vIm gladvI should be glad tovYes, I amvIm glad to be comingAnswer: BHave you got a free evening

49、 next week? _, lets have dinner.vIf notvIf it notvIf sovIf it soAnswer: C并列句中的省略并列句中的省略v在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、四分句）往往可以省略與前句相同的一些成分。如果相同的成分是謂語動詞，可用助動詞替代之，也可將謂語動詞省略。 E.g. Jim came in September but Bob (came) in October. He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) Japanese as difficult. In our cla

50、ss boys like sports, while girls do not (like sports). She traveled abroad and _.vmy friend did toovneither did her friendvher friend did eithervher friend didnt eitherAnswer: A復(fù)合句中的省略復(fù)合句中的省略v在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句(即由when, while, as, if, till, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句)中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語相同，從句的主語可以省略，而從句的謂語動詞如果與主句之間的關(guān)系是主動的，即用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，如果是被動關(guān)系，即用過去分詞形式。從句中的謂語動詞如果是be動詞，也可省略。 E.g. If (he) working hard, he can pass the exam. He will not come un