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1、何時(shí)用不定式何時(shí)用分詞和動(dòng) 名詞作者:日期:何時(shí)用不定式何時(shí)用分詞和動(dòng)名詞I .動(dòng)名詞和不定式做主語的相同點(diǎn)1 .不定式 短語和動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí),常常為了保持句子的平衡用i t來做形式主語,如:It is not e asy to le a rn Eng lish well. ?It is no use a s king him for he 1 p.2 .如果主語用了 不定式,表語和賓語也要用 不定式;主語用了動(dòng)名詞,表語和賓語也要用動(dòng)名詞,這在英語中 稱為 對(duì)稱性,如:?T o see is to b eliev e . = Seeing i s b e liev i n g .(眼見為實(shí))

2、85(?) I t is better to st ay h om e than _ A_ out. ?A . to g o B. going C. go D. gone ?n .動(dòng)名詞和不定式做主語的不 同點(diǎn)1 .不定式做主語常表示具體的某一動(dòng)作 ;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念時(shí), 多用動(dòng)名詞,如:92(?) _B_ i s a good form of exerc i se fo rboth youn g and old.?A . The wa 1kB . Wa lking C.To walkD. Walk ?2 .在"Th e r e/I t + be+ no use (good

3、/hel p/n eed)之后常用動(dòng)名詞做主語 ,而少用不 定式,如: ?It /T h ere is n ou se c r y ing ov e rthe spl i tmilk.?It /Th e re isno helptaki ng th is me d ici n e.但是如果該 句型中用了 f o r引出 不定式的邏輯主語,就只能用 不定式,如:? (9 3) There i s n o good for us t o d o that exerc i se. 3?. 不定式 可以和 when, where, how , what, whether 等連用,在 句子中做主語,賓語

4、和表語,而動(dòng)名詞則不能,如:?H ow to solve the p rob 1 em is a hot po t a to. ?Where to put the box s e ems hard t odec i d e . ?W h ether to do it hasn'tben deci d ed.Wh at to do next is up to you.時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及其基本用法 ?A.不定式1不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)有三種形式 :一般式,如,t0 wrie / to b e writtern進(jìn)行式,如,to bewri ting / to have a n writing完成式,如

5、,t o h aw w ri t te n /to h a v© been written2基本用法不定式的一般式,表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)也發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如:He seemto know this.(=It steathek now th is)?i hope to see yogghopthat I 11 se e y u a gin)Hedo es ' ti ik e to bel a ijg h e d at.(=t e doe s'ti ke t% t he is bei n g iaugh d at).不定式的進(jìn)行式 表

6、示不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 ,與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如W e n the mothernt ino theroo m th boy prette t o be sle epi 尸,th b oy pretended tha was sleepi.)I he rd th e e ng i is h s。ngbe ngs ng by him (=Ihe rd thath e n glis s。ng was eting sung byk.)懣.不定式的完成式,表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如 :I ame or ry to hav kepy0 u wait ng soi oil. (=

7、 I ams 0 rry tha i k ept yowa 1t ing sol o n g. ) ? avinbeen ell wn tten nguages=B caue ite ad been©w wr itte , B .分詞 1?只有現(xiàn)在分詞才有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)形式的變化。1 ng / beingpne?D完成式,如,h avn g done©the e Oo k wasran satednt o man y la一)現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)有兩種形式:一般式,如,do h av nge a n doe。2基本用法現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式 表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或

8、在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。如:Thdboys n d girlswent。sc hoosk gingand© nc 1 n g al a i oncthewa . ?They all jumped with jhc aring sth goodne ws. ?Th girl could n help c ryg ,& ingcr i ti c i zed i n the publ i c. ?現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生,常用 作時(shí)間狀語或原因狀語。如:Having done the work very well ,he was praise

9、d by the teacher.Hav i ng bee n s hot by a b ull e t, the man fe ll do w n dead.C. 動(dòng)名詞1?.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)有兩種形式: 一般式,如,w r it i ng / being wr i tt e n ;完成式, 如,h avi n g w r i 11 en / havin g been written 。 ?2 . 基本用法動(dòng)名詞的一般式不表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,但作具有狀語性質(zhì)的賓語時(shí),動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如 :?The t eac her is busy collecting th

10、e stud ents ' exam papers .管 動(dòng)名詞的完成式在作具有狀語性質(zhì)的賓語時(shí),表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)彳之前已發(fā)生。如:?He was praised b y the teacher fo r hav ing done t h e work won d erfully.H e felt so sorry for not having been given the chance t o work in the company. 三、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的詞性特征和句法功能1 .不定式既有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞、形容詞、和副詞的句法功能,因此,不定式在句中作:主語、

11、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、獨(dú)立成分。2 .分詞即具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能,因此,不定式在句中作:表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、 定語、狀語、獨(dú)立成分。?3.動(dòng)名詞,顧名思義,既有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能,因此,動(dòng)名詞在句中作:主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語。四、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞句法功能用法的比較1 .從上面不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的詞性特征和句法功能中,我們不難看出它們?cè)诰渥又械淖饔眉扔休^多的 共性,又有稍微的差異:a.相同的句法功能:不定式、分詞都能作:表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、獨(dú)立成分;不定式、動(dòng)名詞都能作:主語、表語、賓語 ;不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞都能

12、作:表語、定語。?b.不同的句法功能:不定式可作:同位語。如:?Th at was her d e s i re, to go t o Ame r ica for furt h er s tud y a f t er f i nis h ing m i ddle school.2 .正確運(yùn)用好不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞?6 .不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)的比較。請(qǐng)看例句:M y job is to tea ch t he s tudents Eng 1 i sh. My job i s teach in g the st u dents Eng lish. ? My job i s i nteres

13、ting.I am i nte r e s t e d i n En g lis h . ?辨析:A.不定式與動(dòng)名詞作表語一般可以互換使用,在意義上沒有多大差別,且其形式差異較大,很容易把握,如上面例句的;現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞同形,在作表語時(shí),學(xué)生不易識(shí)別。分辨方法有三:a)分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)特征,回答how的問題;不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語則說明主語的內(nèi)容,回答 what 或 doing what 問題, 如:My job is in t eresting.(=How is my j o b? ) ; My j o b is teac h i ng ( to teach ) the stud e

14、nts En g lish. (=What is my job?); b )動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的句法 功能,也能做主語,我們不妨把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換成主語,如果句子成立,則是動(dòng)名詞作表語,否則是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語。如 :My job is t e ach i n g the stude n ts Eng 1 i shfTeachi ng t he s tud e n t s E n gl i sh i s my j o b.顯然句子是成立的,原句中的teac h ing是動(dòng)名詞;c)分詞具有形容詞的句法功能,那么,我們可以在作表語的分詞前加very ( ext r eme 1 y , f a irly )

15、等副詞,如果句子成立,則動(dòng)詞一ing形式作表語的是現(xiàn)在分詞。如上面例句:My j o b i s intere s ting.可改為:My job i s ve ry in t e resting.顯然句子是成立的,句中的interesting是現(xiàn)在分詞。?B.確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞作表語的方法有:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的某種特征;過去分詞作表語多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。情感動(dòng)詞的v.-i n g形式表示具有某種特征;情感動(dòng)詞的v.-ed形式多表示引起某種情感。一般地說,事物具有某種特征,而人才具有某種情感,因此,分詞作表語的句式可歸納為:a) Sb.+ be + v-ed ; b

16、) S th. +be+v ing.?如:a . I am v e ry exc i ted ; b . The new s i s very e x c itin g . ?但有一個(gè)詞例外,那就是 mi ssi n g 。例如 那個(gè)男孩不見了 ",我們不能說 "Theboy is miss ed .",而是 T he boy is mis 一 » sing.不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)的比較A.作前置定語現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動(dòng)名詞可以作前置定語,而不定式不能作前置定語。如 :璉 a deve lop i ng co u ntry , a develo

17、p ed c ou ntry ; b oil i ng wate r , b oil e d w a t er ; b uilding m a t er i a l s , a s wimming pool ; the s leep i n g boy , the com i n g new year。辨異的方法很簡(jiǎn)單:現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行的特點(diǎn),而過去分詞則具有被動(dòng)、完成的特點(diǎn)。例如, adevelopin g co untry = a country which is developing (發(fā)展中國(guó)家 );boiling w ater=w a ter whic h i s boilin

18、g (正在滾開的水) ; a deve lop e d co untr y=a country which has develop ed(發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家);boiled wa t er=water which has been boiled(已滾開過的水)。現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞同形,但作前置定語時(shí),動(dòng)名詞表示所修飾的名詞的用途,例如,.buil d ing materia l s =m ateri als fo r building; a s w imming p o o 1 = a po o l f or sw imming ;而現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語時(shí),表示所修飾的名 詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,兩者是邏輯上的主

19、謂關(guān)系。例如,the sleep i n g boy=the boy who i s sleepin g ;the coming new yea r =the new year th at is coming 。 ?B.作后置定語 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都能作作后置定語,而動(dòng)名詞不作后置定語。先看例句: The problem to be discu s s e d at the m eet i ng i s ve ry important. The problem discuss e d d i scussed at the m eeti n g is very im p ortant.

20、 ? The pr o b 1 em bei n g discussed at the m e et i ng is very important. ?辨析:上面例句分別用不定式、 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作后置定語,是因?yàn)樗鼈兇嬖诓煌那闆r:不定式作定語,表示動(dòng)作正要進(jìn)行(未發(fā)生);現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行(正在發(fā)生);過去分詞作定語,表示動(dòng)作已完成(已發(fā)生) 。據(jù)此,我們可以把上面的例句還原為定語從句作定語的句子,這樣學(xué)生就更容易理解:? The pr o blem t o be discu ssed at the m e eting is very i m p o rtant. = T

21、he probl e m ( whic h is ) to b e discus se d at th e m eeti n g i s very i m por t a nt. ? The pro b lem d i scu s sed at the m e et i n g is ve r y i mport ant.= The prob lem (wh i ch was ) di s c us s ed at the meet i n g is very i m p o r t ant. The pr o blem bei n g discus s ed at the meeti n g

22、 is v e ry i m p or t a nt.= T he probl e m (which i s ) be ing discussed at the m e e ting is very i m portant.不定式、動(dòng)名詞做主語、賓語時(shí)的比較 ?A.做主語例句: T o read Engli s h a lou din the mo r n i ng is v e ry pr a ct i ca 1 . Reading E nglish aloud in th emorning is very pr a ct i cal . ?為了 保持句子的平衡 ,可用 it 作形式主語,所

23、以上面例句可寫成為:?-It is practical to read English al o ud in the morni n g . It i s p r actical r e a d ing Engl i sh aloud i n the morn ing . ?B . 作賓語 例句: H e wan t ed to hel p h i m out with h is E nglish. H e d o esn' t lik e bei n g laughed at. ? I e nj o y sin g ing English s o ngs . ?辨析:一般說來 不定式

24、與動(dòng)名詞做主語可以互換,其意義沒有多大的差別,但認(rèn)真分析起來,它們之間還是有一些差異的: a )不定式彳主語,一般表示的是具體的情況,而動(dòng)名詞做主語,一般表示一般性的情況。如:It is no use to ask h i m. He k nows n othin g about this matt er. ?It i s n o use aski n g h i m. He i s f o o lish.b .同樣,不定式彳賓語,一般表示的是具體的情況,而動(dòng)名詞作賓語,一般表示的是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:I like to sing and dan c e right now . I feel s

25、o please d t o k now that our football tea m h as won t he matc h. ?He has a goo d voice. He 1 ikes s i nging Eng 1 ish songs .不定式作賓語時(shí) :?a) 通常用于及物動(dòng)詞 wan t, hope, wish, need, prom i se, plan , p reten d , p r epare, fa i l, d etermine 等之后。如:I want to be proud of you. ?E i n stein once refused to spea

26、k on t h e radio for $1,0 0 0 a minute.b)如果作賓語的不定式又有自己的補(bǔ)語,則須用先行詞it作形式賓語,而將真正的賓語后置。如:We t hi n k it n e cess a ry to stu d y Eng lish we 1 l.We fee 1 ou r it o ur duty to hel p him.(c) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語 ,只有少數(shù)介詞如,but, except等后面才行。此時(shí)不定式可以帶 to,如果 介詞but, except等的前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 do, d o e s或d i d時(shí),不定式不帶t o.如:?I n v er

27、y c ol dwinter weat her a co 1 d blo o d e d creatur eh a s n o c hoice but to lie down and sleep. ? Y es terday afternoon h e did n othing but l i e i n bed slee ping. ?有些及物動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞 作賓語,這樣的及物動(dòng)詞不多,主要是: mind , a d m it, a d v i se vo i d, fa c e, en j o y , fin ish, excuse, im a gine, esc ape, i nc

28、lu de, k ee p, p a r d on, prac t i ce, risk, miss, stand (忍耐,忍受), d e n y , sug g est , giv e up, put off, can ' h elp (禁不住), set abou t, prevent, pr eve n t sb . fro m , object to (反,in s ist on 等。如:?Th e boy i n s i sted on goi ng to Beijing with hi s fat her for a tour. ?T he g irldidn't

29、 mind being left alone at home. ?有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語可用不定式,也有可用動(dòng)名詞,可分兩種情況:a)意義基本一樣,如 like, lo v e, hate, begin, start, continue, ceas e, attempt, afford, p refer, delay,om i t,n e glect, propo se,等。如:?Ma rx st ar tedworking(=to wor k )h ardto im p rovehi sEngl ish.The Eins t ci n 'socdnotafford topayfor (=

30、 p a y i n gfor) the e d u c a tion that youn g Al b ertneed ed .?但是,如果begin與start本身為進(jìn)行式時(shí),后面要接不定式,不接動(dòng)名詞。如:H e i s begin n i n g to see his mista k e s.b)意義明顯不同,主要有以下幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。(a ) rem e mb e r (forget, regre t ) + t o v. 表示不定式的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。rem e mber (forget, regre t ) + v.- i ng 表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生。試比較:P 1 ease re m

31、emb e r to c 1 o s e t he door when you l e ave.I regr e t to te 1 1 yo u t h at h e will not com e to the pa r ty.I r emem b er m c et i n gher some where befo r e . ?(b) m e an+ to v.意為:打算;想要;有的意圖?m e an + v.-in g 意為:意味著; 意思是;就是?試比較:I d i dn' t men to hur t your fee ling . ? L earning wellEngl

32、i s h d o es not me a n j ust work i nghard in a class. ? (c) stop + to v.意為:停下來做謀事。 ?stop + v.-ing意為;停止做謀事 。?試比較:?Th e y st o p ped to talk .(= stop ped what they were d oing i n or d e r to talk.)The student s stoppe d tal k ing wh e n th e teacher cam ei nto the classro o m.(d) try + t o v .意為: 設(shè)

33、法;想法;試圖 ?try + v. - ing 意為:試著 ;試試看試比較: ?Ever s i nce he came to this school, he tried to work hard at all his subj e cts . She tr ied re a ding, but that could not m ake herforget all her tro u ble.(e) st h .want ( need, re quire ) + to be v. ed 意為:需要; 該s t h.w a nt( need, r e quir e ) + v.-in g 意為:

34、需要 試比較:?My w a t ch neede d to be rep a ir e d. thou g ht over) .T ho s e young trees wi 1 l r equi r e looking 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的比較 的句式,如:-;該(動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義)?T h e mat t er wa n t s t h i n kin g o v er.(=to beafte r(=tob e loo k e d afte r ).?A.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語?不定式作賓補(bǔ)是比較常用H e asked me to help him wi t

35、h his E n glish.The te ach e r encour a gedus to make g reater progre s s . ?但用不定式作賓補(bǔ)要注意下面兩種情 況:a)不定式在感覺性動(dòng)詞 ,如 see, hear , wat c h, n otice, ob s e rve, f eel, f ind 等動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞 make, l e t, have之后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),不定式的小品詞 to應(yīng)省去。如: ? I saw him g o upstairs t h i s mornin g .The teache r m akes m e w rite a com p os

36、ition a week. ?但上面的句子在改為被動(dòng)語太時(shí),to不能省去。如:?一 H e was s een to go ups t air st h is m orni n g.?一 Weare mad eto write a co m posi t i on a week by the teach er. ?b)某些及物動(dòng)詞, 如 ag r e e,emp 1 oy, 1 ea d , re f use,decide ,prom i se,ex cu se,in s is t , p r event, s ug g est, ar range等之后不能用不定式作其賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如句子 我

37、爸爸希望我將來當(dāng)工程師”如果譯文是 “My farther hopes me t o be an engineer in th e futur e ."那么就錯(cuò)了。正確的譯文應(yīng)是:"My farther wishes (expect s) m e to b e an e ngineer i n th e future. 或;“My far ther hopes that I will be an en gineer in the future.” B.現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語也是比較常用的句式,如:I heard hi m s i ng

38、ing E n gl i sh so ng s . ?H i s E n glis h was poor .He c o ul d hard 1 y m a ke himself understood.?學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié):不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都能作賓補(bǔ),正確使用它們的方法是:首先確定它們與邏輯主語即句子的賓語之間的關(guān)系,如果邏輯主語是它們動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,則用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。不定式表示動(dòng)作已完成,側(cè)重工作的全過程,而現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;如果邏輯主語是它們動(dòng)作的承受者,則應(yīng)用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如:I o f t en he a rd h imsing E ngli s h songs. ?

39、I hear d him singing En glish songs. ?Iofte n h eard En g 1 ish son gs sung by him. ?不定式、分詞作狀語時(shí)的比較A.不定式可修飾動(dòng)詞和形容詞,表示原因、目的和結(jié)果。a)作修飾動(dòng)詞的原因狀語。如:The whole nation was in d eep sor r ow to learn of Pr e mier Zhou Enl a i ' s deat ?He laughed to think of his s tupid son. ?b)作修飾動(dòng)詞的目的狀語。如:H e w e nt to buy

40、 an En g lish dictionary in the bookstore. 不定式作目的狀語如果放在句子之前,則更為正式一些,語氣也較重。如:To be a t e a c he r o f t he people, one mus t fi r st be their pup i l. ?c)作修飾動(dòng)詞的結(jié)果狀 語。不定式做Z果狀語,表示一種沒有預(yù)料到的情況或結(jié)果,須放在被修飾動(dòng)詞的后面,如:?H e wo ke up tofind th at he was lying i n the ho s pital.有時(shí)為了進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)預(yù)料不到的語氣,在表示結(jié)果的不定式前還可加on ly,如

41、:?H e we nt to s ee himo nly to fi n d him ou t .d)作修飾表語形容詞的狀語。尤其要注意的是,此時(shí)作修飾表語形容詞狀語的不定式常用主動(dòng)形式,表示被動(dòng)的含義。如:My chai r is c o mforta b le to sit on.Eng 1 ish is ve r y difficult to l e arn well.?B.分詞可作多種狀語,用法比較活躍。?a)作時(shí)間狀語(相當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語從句 工如:?H a vi n g fin i she d hi s homework, hewent to be d . (=Afte r he h a

42、d fi n is h ed h i s h omew o r k,.) (When) heated,i c e will turn into w ater. (=When it is heated,.) ?b)作原因狀語(相當(dāng)原因狀語從句),如:?Be i ng a Party member, I sh ould take t he lea d . (=As I am a P arty m e mber,.)G reatly i n spi r e d bytheteac her' swords, h emade u phism ind to work e v en harder.(

43、=Beca u se he was greatly ins pired bythe teac her' s <wrds, .)?c)作方式、伴隨或附加說明狀語,如: ?Fill e d fo r themoment w ith extraordin ary s t re n gth,he raise d himse 1 f complete 1 y.H e stood t h ere waiting for a bu s .Her e for the fo u r ve r y d iffic u l t y ears they w orked e v ery mome n t

44、that they c o ul d sp are, weighing and b o i li n g and measur i n g and calculati n g and t hi n ki n g. d)作條件狀語(相當(dāng)條件狀語從句),如:Give n so m e m ore tim e , she w i ll do w ork eve n better. (= I f she is giv e n some more t i me, . .) ?Playing all day, yo u will waste your v aluable time. (=If you play al l da y , . ) ? e )作結(jié)果狀語,如:?He dropped th e g 1 ass, bre aking it in to pieces.有時(shí)在表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在分詞之前還可加o n ly,表示預(yù)料之中的情況,如 :?He went t o see him la s t n igh t only finding h im st udying . He wa s always w orki n g ha rd!f) 作程度

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