新視野大學英語第四冊第一單元SectionAppt

1、Love and logic:The story of a fallacyFOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISYDoing the right thing is not the problem. Knowing what the right thing is, thats thechallenge. Lyndon B. Johnson (36th US president)It is one thing to be clever and another to be wise. G

2、eorge R. R. Martin (American author)1UNIT 1UNITLove and logic: The story of a fallacyTo talk about love and logicTo further understand the textTo apply the phrases and patternsTo master the narrative essay writing skillASectionWarming-up Activities Text Study Language Application SummaryASectionWarm

3、ing-up Activities1. What do you know about logic? It is the use and study of valid reasoning; Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science; Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle; One of the classical trivium (三學科), the other two being grammar and rhetoric

4、; Divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.2. Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way? When it comes to making a choice, many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning; Males are more rational t

5、han females; Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one; Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others; It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability. Tell whether the conclusions after the word “There

6、fore” are true (T), false (F), or uncertain (U). Write your answer on the line before each statement.True or False 1. All odd numbers are integers (整數(shù)). All even numbers are integers. Therefore, all odd numbers are even numbers. 2. There are no dancers that arent slim and no singers that arent dance

7、rs. Therefore, all singers are slim. 3. A toothpick (牙簽) is useful. Useful things are valuable. Therefore, a toothpick is valuable. 4. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler. Therefore, pencils are more expensive than rulers. 5. Class A has a higher enrol

8、lment than Class B. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B. Therefore, Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.True or FalseFTTFF 6. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. There are more lemons in the basket than oranges. Therefore, the basket contains more apples than oranges. 7.

9、 Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus. Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car. Therefore, taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car. 8. All the tulips in Zoes garden are white. All the roses in Zoes garden are yellow. Therefore, all the flower

10、s in Zoes garden are either white or yellow.True or FalseTUU Logic is the use and study of valid . The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy, , and computer science.PhilosophicalreasoningTo be continuedmathematicsListen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the mi

11、ssing information.L o g i c w a s s t u d i e d i n s e v e r a l ancient , including India, China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium (三學科), which also in

12、cluded and rhetoric. civilizationsdisciplineTo be continuedgrammarListen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.Logic was further by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups (idea and ). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship betw

13、een temporalis and the (時間與意義). In the East, logic was developed by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains (耆那教徒).extendedproofTo be continuedimplicationListen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.Logic is often divided into three parts: reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive

14、 reasoning.inductiveListen to a short passage on logic, andfill in the missing information.Questions Previewing1. What is a fallacy? And how is it used?2. How many types of fallacy do you know?Logic and Fallacy1. What is a fallacy? And how is it used? An error in reasoning that renders an argument l

15、ogically invalid; By accident or design, logical fallacies are often used in debate or propaganda; To mislead people; To distract people from the real issue for the purpose of winning an argument.Logic and Fallacy2. How many types of fallacy do you know?Red Herring (轉移話題)Begging the Question (循環(huán)論證)S

16、lippery Slope (滑坡謬誤)Bandwagon (從眾謬誤)False Dilemma (偽兩難謬誤)False Cause (post hoc) (假因謬誤)Ad Hominem ( 人身攻擊)Appeal to Authority (訴諸權威)Dicto Simpliciter (絕對判斷)Hasty Generalization (草率結論)Ad Misericordiam (文不對題)False Analogy (錯誤類比)Logic and Fallacy Text StudyASectionWhat did the narrator do with his roomma

17、te Rob? (Para.1)They made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket, and Rob, in exchange, gives the narrator his girlfriend.Why did the narrator want to have Polly as his girl friend? (Paras. 2-3)Pretty, well-off, radiant;The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant

18、lawyer;Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms.The author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four “wh-” words: who, where, what, and why. “Who” refers to the narrator, his roommate Rob, and the beautiful girl Polly. “Where” refer

19、s to . “What” and “why” refer to what to do and why to do it: The narrator decides to make Polly “ ” because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer, he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.Part I Paras. 1_3a college campuswell-spoken After a day out with Polly, I drov

20、e her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway, where we could enjoy a perfect view of the . Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic, the first thing under our discussion is the fallacy .bannerluminous cityDicto SimpliciterParas. 4-8What is Dicto Simpliciter? Give an example. (Paras.

21、9-11)An unqualified, too simple generalization;One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise.What is Hasty Generalization? Give an example. (Paras. 12-15)An unqualified, too simple generalization;One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise.What is

22、Ad Misericordiam? Give an example. (Paras. 16-21)Appealing to ones sympathy instead of answering the question directly;One example: A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.What is False Analogy? Give an example. (Paras. 22-25)W

23、rong inference;Making an analogy between two situations that are altogether different;One example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.Part II Paras. 4-25The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by givin

24、g her lessons in logic. Altogether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical , namely, Dicto Simpliciter, , Ad Misericordiam, .Hasty GeneralizationFalse AnalogyfallaciesWhen the narrator asks Polly to be his girlfriend, Polly refutes his first argument “We make a pretty good couple” as “ ” a

25、nd his second argument “You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good” as “ ”.Hasty GeneralizationFalse AnalogyParas. 26-32 When the narrator asks Polly to be his girl friend, Polly refutes his third argument “Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you” as “ ” and his fourth argume

26、nt “You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life” as “ ”.Ad MisericordiamDicto SimpliciterParas. 33-37What happened at last? (Paras. 38-43)Polly refused to be the girlfriend of the author;Full disclosure;Polly liked Rob in leather;She told Rob to make the pact with

27、 the author so that he could have the jacket.Part III Paras. 26-43 When asked to be the narrators girl friend, Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by making that she is dating the narrator simply because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order

28、to get his .logical fallaciesfull disclosureleather jacketThe narrator and Rob make a deal: the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly. (Para. 1)Polly needs to be made more intelligent. (Para. 3)Introduction to the storyPolly has some basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.(Para. 2)Why log

29、ic is important (Para. 4-8)The first logical fallacy taught to Polly: Dicto Simpliciter (Paras. 9-11)IntroductionBody (Development of the story) The second logical fallacy taught to Polly: Hasty Generalization (Paras. 12-15) The third logical fallacy taught to Polly: Ad Misericordiam (Paras. 16-21)T

30、he fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly: False Analogy (Paras. 22-25)IntroductionBodyThe climax and end of the story (Pollys refutation and the final disclosure)“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.”False Analogy. (Paras. 31-32)“Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without yo

31、u.” Ad Misericordiam. (Paras. 33-35)“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life.”Dicto Simpliciter. (Paras. 36-37)Climax of the story: Polly refuses to be the narrators girlfriend. (Paras. 38-43) “We make a pretty good couple.”Hasty Generaliza-tion. (Paras. 26-30

32、)Introduction BodyClimax & EndLove and logic: The story of a fallacy My roommate Rob made a with me that hed give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket. And I agreed. Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a lawyer like myself. She was pretty, well-off, and radiant. S

33、till, I want to dispense her enough to make her “well-spoken”. pactpearls of wisdomTo be continueddogged, brilliant So I tried my best to teach her such logical as Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Ad Misericordiam, and False Analogy. After five nights of diligent work, I actually made a out

34、of Polly. She was an at last. fallacieslogiciananalytical thinkerTo be continued When I asked her to develop our relationship into a one, however, she my arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her! And she refused my proposition by making full : She liked Rob in leather, therefore, she ha

35、d told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have my .romanticrefuteddisclosurejacket1. In exchange for 作為對的交換2. Set a date for 為定日期3. Appeal to 喚起；吸引4. make/draw an analogy between 在之間作類比5. Make sth. out of sb./sth. 使變成6. Give sb. the axe 拋棄（戀人）；解雇7. Be dripping with 滿是作為對作為對的交換的交換(revolut

36、ionary predecessors/shed blood/sacrifice ones life)In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations, our revolutionary predecessors shed their blood and even sacrificed their precious lives. in exchange for短語逆譯短語應用為了給后代換來一個和平的環(huán)境，我們的革命先烈們拋頭顱、灑熱血。意群提示為為定日期定日期(to achieve success/rather

37、 than)In order to achieve success, one had better start immediately rather than set dates for his/her efforts.set a date for短語逆譯短語應用要想取得成功，最好馬上開始努力，不要推三推四。意群提示喚起；吸引喚起；吸引(boast/research library)This university boasts many world-famous experts, professors, and the worlds best research library, therefo

38、re, it appeals to students and researchers from all over the world.appeal to短語逆譯短語應用這所大學擁有許多世界知名的專家、教授以及世界上最好的研究圖書館，因此吸引了來自世界各地的學子和研究人員。意群提示在在之間作類比之間作類比(require great efforts/reach the top)We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain: both of them require great efforts before yo

39、u can reach the top.make/draw an analogy between短語逆譯短語應用我們經(jīng)常把學習和登山進行類比：兩者在你達到巔峰之前都需要付出巨大的努力。意群提示使使變成變成(military academy/young cadets) The aim of the military academy is to make qualified officers out of the young cadets after four years study and training.make sth. out of sb./sth.短語逆譯短語應用這所軍校的目標是經(jīng)過四

40、年的學習與訓練將這些年輕的軍校生變成合格的軍官。意群提示拋棄（戀人）；解雇拋棄（戀人）；解雇(play away/upon graduation) If you continue playing your precious college years away, success will give you the axe upon graduation.give sb. the axe短語逆譯短語應用如果你繼續(xù)浪費寶貴的大學時光，畢業(yè)時你將一事無成。意群提示滿是滿是(words and actions/vulgarity and rudeness) Though the beautiful l

41、ady is dripping with jewels, her words and actions are dripping with vulgarity and rudeness.短語逆譯短語應用這位漂亮的女士盡管渾身珠光寶氣，言行卻低俗無禮。意群提示be dripping with 1. If sb. could do , sb. just might do 用于表達“假設”2. Sb. never/seldom do . Instead, sb. do 用于表達“強調” 3. Look at , look at . Can you do ?用于表達“對比”如果我能夠讓我所申請的頂尖律師

42、事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢獲勝。原句譯文原句譯文逆譯練習逆譯練習If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.句型提煉句型提煉If sb. could do , sb. just might do 句型提煉句型提煉應用提示應用提示用于表達 “假設”。句型句型應用應用( make the best

43、 of/dream of)典型例句如果你能好好利用現(xiàn)有的一切而不是幻想你所沒有的，你很可能已經(jīng)取得巨大的成功了。意群提示If you could make the best of what you have instead of dreaming of what you dont have, you just might have already achieved great success.這個人根本沒有回答老板的問題，而只是在博取老板的同情。原句譯文原句譯文逆譯練習逆譯練習The man never answered the bosss question. Instead he appea

44、led to the bosss sympathy.句型提煉句型提煉Sb. never/seldom do . Instead, sb. do 句型提煉句型提煉應用提示應用提示 用于表達“強調”。 句型應用句型應用(public servant/ take advantage of/privileges and authorities)典型例句一些人民公仆從不為人民服務，而只是利用手中的特權、職權最大程度地為自己謀取私利。意群提示Some of our public servants never serve the people, instead they take advantage of

45、their privileges and authorities to seek personal interests to the maximum extent.看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。再看看羅伯，一個肌肉發(fā)達的蠢材，一個有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他？”原句譯文原句譯文逆譯練習逆譯練習Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular i

46、diot, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”句型提煉句型提煉Look at , look at . Can you do ?句型提煉句型提煉應用提示應用提示 用于表達“對比”。句型應用句型應用(tall buildings/war stricken areas/poor straw sheds)典型例句看看我們，住著高樓大廈，穿著耐克、阿迪，吃著麥當勞、肯德基，喝著百事和可樂。再看看那些戰(zhàn)亂

47、地區(qū)的難民們，躲在破爛不堪的草棚里，沒穿、沒吃、沒喝。我們怎么還能抱怨我們的生活呢？意群提示Look at us, living in tall buildings, wearing Nike and Adidas, eating McDonalds and KFCs, drinking Pepsis and Colas. Look at the refugees in the war stricken areas, sheltering in poor straw sheds, having almost nothing to wear, to eat and to drink. How c

48、an we complain about our lives? 她已經(jīng)是“光彩照人”了。但我能夠施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”。 a. “Radiant” she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”. (Para.3, L1)我們可以成為很好的一對兒。 b. We make a pretty good couple. (Para.29, L1)畢竟你不需要吃掉整個蛋糕才知道它好不好。 c. After all, you dont have to

49、eat a whole cake to know its good. (Para.4, L6)再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。 d. A few more false steps would be my doom. (Para.33, L2)我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒。 e. I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. (Para.38, L1)看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。 f. Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with

50、an assured future. (Para.42, L1-2)再看看羅伯，一個肌肉發(fā)達的蠢材，一個有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。 g. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from. (Para.42, L2-3)1. What logical fallacy is included in the story itself? Why do you think so?2. What does the story tell us about love? And what

51、 does it tell us about smart people?3. Can you think of a logical fallacy youhave committed? Why is it a fallacy and what caused it? The story itself includes the fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. The narrator assumes that all girls would be happy to date a boy whose future is somewhat guaranteed. Theref

52、ore, Polly, a beautiful and wealthy young girl, would certainly fall in love with him “an ingenious student” and “a man with an assured future”, rather than Rob “a muscular idiot”. However, to the narrators surprise and disappointment, Polly chooses Rob in the end because Rob is fashionable and cool

53、.1. What logical fallacy is included in the story itself? Why do you think so?2. What does the story tell us about love? And what does it tell us about smart people? Love is blind. It is ridiculous to use logic to deal with love; Smart people sometimes can make wrong judgments; Smart people are some

54、times too arrogant and overconfident; Smart people may fall victims to their own smartness. Yes, certainly. Actually, logical fallacies are very common in our everyday life. I myself commit logical fallacies very often, too. For example, when I first met my roommate in college, I felt very surprised

55、 when he told me he didnt like noodles. I asked, “People in the north of China like eating noodles. You are from the north, why dont you like noodles?” Here I committed the logical fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. I falsely asserted that all people in the north should like noodles, and there should be n

56、o exception to this premise.3. Can you think of a logical fallacy you have committed? Why is it a fallacy and what caused it? What do you know about the difference between Chinese and western patterns of thinking? Western pattern of thinking tends to be more logical than the Chinese one;Chinese inte

57、gral pattern of thinking: man and nature are regarded as an integral whole;Nature-man Oneness, the unity of Heaven and Earth, Nature and Man, Male and Female, Yin and Yang; Instead of using logical argumentation of conception-judgment-reasoning, Chinese are used to forming a picture in the mind by i

58、magination and use of intuitive experiences;Western analytical pattern of thinking: man and nature are separate;Man against nature, separation between subjective world and objective world;Viewing the objective world with objective and sober scientific attitudes;Exploring nature by means of logic and

59、 reason;Grasping the nature of a thing through its phenomena;Use of logical concepts. Q: What truly is logic in our life?Watch a video clip and discuss some question.Video Watching Back What truly is logic in our life?Logic is the use and study of valid reasoning. It is important to the development

60、of human civilization, especially in the field of philosophy, mathematics, and sciences. Thanks to Aristotle, the study of logic became one part of the classical trivium, which also included grammar and rhetoric. And ever since then, it has been a useful tool for human beings to quest the world.to be co