2019-2020年高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)步驟化寫作增分第二步過句子關(guān)第二講句子如何寫美講義

1、2019-2020年高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)步驟化寫作增分第二步過句子關(guān)第二講句子如何寫美講義寫作時(shí)應(yīng)避免使用相同長度的相同句型，而應(yīng)注意句式的變化，如長短句結(jié)合，簡單句、復(fù)雜句和復(fù)合句并用，還可以使用簡化句等，這樣可以增加文章亮點(diǎn)。一、讓簡單句“靚”起來一擴(kuò)寫簡單句在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上充分利用形容詞、副詞、定語從句和狀語從句等來充實(shí)句子，讓句子體現(xiàn)作者較高的修辭意識(shí)。Heissleeping.Heissleepinginclass.（添加狀語）HeissleepingintheEnglishclass.（添加定語）HeissleepingsoundlyintheEnglishclass.（添加狀語）H

2、eissleepingsoundlyintheEnglishclasswhentheteachercallshisname.（添加when連接的狀語從句）He,whoattendedhisfriend'sbirthdaypartytillmidnightyesterday,issleepingsoundlyintheEnglishclasswhentheteachercallshisname.（添力口who引導(dǎo)的定語從句）注意：擴(kuò)寫句子時(shí)有一點(diǎn)很關(guān)鍵，即要明晰句子的主要成分，并搞清單詞的詞性，如：它是名詞還是動(dòng)詞，是形容詞還是副詞。二、讓句子“瘦”下來高級(jí)簡單句有些句子過于冗長，讓句子

3、顯得不夠簡潔，如果用單詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞等簡化句子，可使句子變得更加優(yōu)美。1用單詞簡化句子Ashewastiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.Tiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.2用介詞短語簡化句子Wewillnotfinishthetaskifyoudonothelpus.Withoutyourhelp,wewillnotfinishthetask.3用非謂語動(dòng)詞簡化句子 Marycamelate,whichmadeherteacherangry.Mary'singlatemadehe

4、rteacherangry. Becausehedidnotknowwhattodo,hehadtoasktheteacherforhelp.Notknowingwhattodo,hehadtoasktheteacherforhelp.4用并列結(jié)構(gòu)簡化句子Iamamusiclover.Jackisalsoamusiclover.BothJackandIaremusiclovers.三、交叉使用長句與短句在英語寫作中，過多地使用長句或過多地使用短句都不好，正確的做法是，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況在文章中交替使用長句與短句，使文章顯得錯(cuò)落有致，這樣不僅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章讀起來鏗鏘有力。例中午我們

5、在陽光下吃野餐。休息了一會(huì)兒后，我們唱歌的唱歌，跳舞的跳舞，還有的講故事、下棋，大家玩得很開心。一般句Atnoonwehadapicniclunchinthesunshine.Thenwehadashortrest.Thenwebegantoplayhappily.Wesanganddanced.Sometoldstories.Someplayedchess.優(yōu)秀句Atnoonwehadapicniclunchinthesunshine.Afterashortrest,wehadgreatfunsinginganddancing,tellingstoriesandplayingchess.四、

6、恰當(dāng)套用某些固定表達(dá)方式例1他太累了，不能再往前走了。一般句Hewasverytired.Hecouldn'twalkanyfarther.優(yōu)秀句Hewastootiredtowalkanyfarther.例2這部電影很有趣，老師和學(xué)生都很喜歡。一般句Thefilmwasveryinteresting.Boththeteachersandthestudentslikedit.優(yōu)秀句Thefilmwassointerestingthatboththeteachersandthestudentslikedit.例3你的兒子已經(jīng)長大，現(xiàn)在可以自己照顧自己了。一般句Yoursonisold.H

7、ecanlookafterhimselfnow.優(yōu)秀句Yoursonisoldenoughtolookafterhimselfnow.專題過關(guān)訓(xùn)練I句型轉(zhuǎn)化（改為高級(jí)簡單句）1WeknowofdifferentculturesbylearningEnglish.fLearningEnglishgivesusanaccesstoanexplorationofavarietyofcultures.2Itwasawholedaybeforewegottothetopofthemountainonfoot.Ittookusawholedaytogettothetopofthemountainonfoo

8、t.3Iwasn'tgoodatmunicatingwithothers,whichmademefeellonely.Notbeinggoodatmunicatingwithothersmademefeellonely.4Astimewenton,theclassarebeginningtoknowmebetter.fWith_time_going=on,_theclassarebeginningtoknowmebetter.5Theystayedinthecaveandhadnothingtoeat.Theystayedinthecave,withnothingtoeat.6Ithi

9、nkthathelpingthepoorisourduty.Ithinkitourdutytohelpthepoor.7. WetalkedaboutMr.Smithwhoisournewteacher.WetalkedaboutMr.Smith,our_new_teacher.8. Becausesheisworkinghard,sheisboundtorankfirstintheingexam.Workinghard,sheisboundtorankfirstintheingexam.9.Ifyouspeakmore,writemoreandreadmore,youcanimproveyo

10、urEnglishbeforeyouknowthem.By_speaking_more,_writing_more_and_reading_more,youcanimproveyourEnglishbeforeyouknowthem.10.Shanghai,whichisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina,isthemostdeveloped.Shanghai,one一of_the_biggest_cities_in_China,isthemostdeveloped.II.將下列句子改為高級(jí)句1. Heissokindthathecanhelpme.Heisso_kind

11、_as_to一help_me.(so.asto.)2. Whenhearrives,pleasegivemeanemail.Onarriving/hisarrival,pleasegivemeanemail.(ondoing/sth.)3.1 happenedtohavemethim.IthappenedthatIhadmethim.(Ithappenedthat)4.1 won'tbelievewhathesays.No_matter_what_he_says,Iwon'tbelieve.(nomatterwhat.)5.Shewalkedoutofthelabandmany

12、studentsfollowedher.Followedbymanystudents,_shewalkedoutofthelab.過去分詞短語作狀語)第2課時(shí)從內(nèi)容上意蘊(yùn)豐滿一、靈活改變句子開頭在通常情況下，英語句子的排列方式為“主語+謂語+賓語”，即主語位于句子開頭。但若根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)改變句子的開頭方式，比如使用倒裝語序或以狀語開頭等，就會(huì)增強(qiáng)文章的表現(xiàn)力。在寫作中，倒裝句型應(yīng)用比較廣泛，涉及的句型主要包括部分倒裝和全部倒裝。在寫作中，我們可以通過倒裝讓句子更高級(jí)。 Wecanhelptoconstructanenergysavingsocietyonlywithjointefforts.fO

13、nlywithjointeffortscanwehelptoconstructanenergysavingsociety. Henotonlymadeapromise,butalsohekeptit.fNotonlydidhemakeapromise,butalsohekeptit.1. “only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語”置于句首時(shí)，句子用部分倒裝。Onlyinthiswaycanwestudentsstudyhappilyandeffectively.（xx湖南高考滿分作文）只有用這種方法，我們學(xué)生才能愉快、有效地學(xué)習(xí)。2. none,neither,nor,not,never,hardl

14、y,little,seldom等否定詞，以及表示否定意義的介詞短語如atnotime,bynomeans等置于句首時(shí)，句子用部分倒裝。Nosooner/Hardlyhadhefinishedhistalkthan/whenhewassurroundedbytheexcitedworkers.他剛一結(jié)束講話就被興奮的工人們圍了起來。3. 在so/such.that.結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)so/such.位于句首時(shí)，其后的句子用部分倒裝。SoclearlydoeshespeakEnglishthathecanalwaysmakehimselfunderstood.他說英語說得如此清晰，以至于別人都能聽懂。4.

15、 as/though“盡管”Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalotaboutastronomy.雖然他是個(gè)孩子，但他知道很多天文學(xué)知識(shí)。5. were/should/had.“如果” WereIinhisposition,Iwouldn'tdoitthatway.如果我在他的位置上，我是不會(huì)那么做的。 Lookingback,IfeelIwouldn'tbeabletorideabikehadIlostheart.（xx福建高考書面表達(dá)）回顧以往，我感覺如果我失去了信心就學(xué)不會(huì)騎自行車。6. here,there,now,then,out,in,up,do

16、wn,onthewall,intheroom等表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或方位的副詞或介詞短語置于句首，且主語是名詞而不是代詞時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝。 Inthatpicture,aroundthetablewiththreebooksonitsitthreestudents.（xx上海高考滿分作文）在圖畫中，三個(gè)學(xué)生圍坐在桌子周圍，桌子上有三本書。 Foramomentnothinghappened.Thencamevoicesallshoutingtogether.有一段時(shí)間什么也沒發(fā)生，然后傳來了大家一起喊叫的聲音。二、合理使用省略句在英語中，為了避免重復(fù)而省去某些重復(fù)的部分，這種現(xiàn)象叫省略。合理恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

17、使用省略句，不僅可以使文章精練、簡潔，而且會(huì)使文章更具文采和可讀性。1祈使句中通常省略主語、謂語的一部分、表語等重復(fù)的部分。 (It)Soundslikeagoodidea.聽上去是一個(gè)好辦法。 一Areyouthirsty?Yes,Iam(thirsty)一一你口渴嗎？一一是的，我很渴。 Let'smeetatthesameplaceas(wemet)yesterday讓我們還在昨天的老地方見面。2兩個(gè)并列句中，后一個(gè)分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。Mybrotherisadoctorandmysisterinlaw(is)alawyer.我哥哥是醫(yī)生，我嫂子是律師。3. 在以wh

18、en,while,once引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句及以if,unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中和though,although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，如果從句中的主語與主句中的主語一致或者從句主語是it,且從句中含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句中可省去“主語+be”部分。 Unless(heis)invited,hewon'te.除非邀請(qǐng)他，否則他不會(huì)來。 If(itis)possible,I'mgoingtovisitsomenursinghomesinthecity.如果有可能的話，我將去探望市里的幾家敬老院。三、適當(dāng)運(yùn)用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)眾所周知，作文中出現(xiàn)過多的簡單句會(huì)讓人覺得單調(diào)乏味，句子與句子之

19、間的關(guān)系顯得松散；而文章中過多地出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句又顯得累贅，讀起來費(fèi)勁。而恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用非謂語動(dòng)詞對(duì)簡單句和復(fù)合句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，不僅顯得句式多樣，句子活潑，而且讀起來結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，言簡意明。(一)運(yùn)用非謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換簡單句寫作時(shí)，我們可以利用非謂語動(dòng)詞對(duì)兩個(gè)簡單句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，使其成為較高級(jí)的表達(dá)方式。轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)可采用“三步法”：示例第一步：寫出兩個(gè)簡單句。 Inthenewspaperofourschoolthereisacolumncalled“ForeignCultures". ItaimstointroduceAmericancustomsandthelifeofhighschoolstudents.第

20、二步：讓句作主句，用非謂語動(dòng)詞改寫句。第三步：讓句作定語，由于其動(dòng)詞aim與主語it之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語。Inthenewspaperofourschoolthereisacolumncalled“ForeignCultures"，aimingtointroduceAmericancustomsandthelifeofhighschoolstudents.（xx全國卷I滿分作文）試用上述方法轉(zhuǎn)換下面句子： Consequently,someviewersbegantoturnawayfromcinemas.Thisledtoaslowergrowth.Consequ

21、ently,someviewersbegantoturnawayfromcinemas,leadingtoaslowergrowth.（xx江蘇高考書面表達(dá)） Itcarriesarticlesabouttheculturesoftheirhomecountries.Theyarewrittenbyforeignfriends.Itcarriesarticleswrittenbyforeignfriendsabouttheculturesoftheirhomecountries.（xx全國卷I書面表達(dá)）（二）運(yùn)用非謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換復(fù)合句用非謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換復(fù)合句比轉(zhuǎn)換簡單句要容易一些，因?yàn)樾柁D(zhuǎn)換的一般

22、是從句部分，這時(shí)只需要判斷用何種非謂語動(dòng)詞，再把握好時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)即可，所以只需兩步。示例第一步：寫出復(fù)合句。Sinceyouhaverealizedthatyourtimeislimited,you'llhavetostudyforyourgoalswithoutangerorhesitation.第二步：把since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)換為非謂語動(dòng)詞，realize與you之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示完成，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作狀語。Havingrealizedthatyourtimeislimited,you'llhavetostudyforyourgoalswithoutange

23、rorhesitation.（xx安徽高考滿分作文）試用上述方法轉(zhuǎn)換下面句子：BecauseIthoughtthathissolutionmightbewrong,Icarefullyanalyzedtheproblemandtriedtoworkitoutinadifferentway.Thinking=that_his_solution_might_be_wrong,Icarefullyanalyzedtheproblemandtriedtoworkitoutinadifferentway.(xx湖北高考短文寫作)2019-2020年高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)第1部分基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考點(diǎn)ModulelEu

24、rope課時(shí)訓(xùn)練外研版必修I單句語法填空1An(agree)withtheemployerswasfinallyreached.2Whenhewrites，healwayskeepsadictionaryhand.3Therearemanybooksonhisbookshelf,(range)fromChineseliteraturetoforeignliterature.4. (situate)neartherailwaystationandairport，thishotelenjoystheconvenienceoftransportation.5. thelongterm，receivi

25、ngagoodeducationisveryimportant.6HemovedtoJi'naninxxand(live)thereeversince.7Thebuilding(face)theriverislikelytobedestroyedbytheflood.8Asweallknow，atthefootofthemountain(lie)avillage.9Radio，television，newspapers，magazinesandsoonareknownthemassmedia.10Doyouacceptopinionsoppositeyours?答案1.agreemen

26、t2.at3.ranging4.Situated5In6.haslived7.facing8.lies9.as10.toII單句改錯(cuò)(每句僅1處錯(cuò)誤)1NeitherTomnorsheareinfavorofthesuggestion.2Facingwithasuddenjobloss，wouldyouconsideritafailure，oranopportunityforanewstartinyourcareer?3Thegallery，locatinginthecenterofthecity，isthelandmarkofthecity.4Sometimesnewmarketsandne

27、wtechnologiesgohandbyhand.5Imethimlastautumnandhadn'tseenhimeversince.6Mydaughterreadsalotofbooks，rangefromcontemporarynovelstoancientpoems.答案l.areis2.FacingFaced或去掉with3.locatingflocated4.byin5.hadn'tfhaven't6.rangefrangingIII課文改寫短文改錯(cuò)ParisisthecapitalandlargestcityofFrance，situatingonth

28、eRiverScene.TheEiffelToweristhefamoussymbolforParis.TheLouvreisalsolocatedinPari，sthatisfamousforitsrestaurants，cafesandtheatres.BarcelonaisthesecondlargercityofSpainandissituatedinthenortheastcoast.TheChurchoftheSagradaFamiliesisoneofBarcelona'smostfamouslandmark.FlorenceisItaliancitybecamefamo

29、usbecauseoftheRenaissance.Eachyea，raboutamilliontouristscametoseetheartgalleries，churchesandmuseumsinFlorence.Athens，thecapitalofGreece，isknowntothebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.答案ParisisthecapitalandlargestcityofFrancesituating_,'ontheRiversituatedScene.TheforEiffelToweristhefamoussymbolfPari

30、s.TheLouvreisalsolocatedthatinParis,'isfamousforitsrestaurants,cafesandtheatres.BarcelonaisthewhichlargerinsecondcityofSpainandissituatethenortheastcoast.TheChurchoflargeston,landmarktheSagradaFamiliesisoneofBarcelonasmostfamous.Florenceislandmarks一-became一.一,一Italiancity'1famousbecauseofthe

31、Renaissance.Eachyear,aboutamillionbecomingcame-一一一一-touriststoseetheartgallerieschurchesandmuseumsinFlorence.AthenscometothecapitalofGreece,isknownthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.asW.單元考點(diǎn)作文串記一、根據(jù)提示翻譯句子1. 倫敦位于泰晤士河畔，既是英格蘭的首府又是聯(lián)合王國的首都。（situated）2. 倫敦具有多元化的種族、文化和宗教。（range）3. 在古代，它一度是世界上最大的城市。（ancient

32、）4. 現(xiàn)在它作為旅游目的地而聞名于世，因?yàn)樗鼡碛斜姸嗟木包c(diǎn)、美術(shù)館和博物館。(beknownas，becauseof，gallery)5. 大本鐘是倫敦的象征。(symbol)6.1908年，倫敦承辦了第四屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)。從那時(shí)以來，又承辦了兩屆。(eversince)答案1.LondonisthecapitalofbothEnglandandtheUnitedKingd，omsituatedontheriverThames.2.Ithasawiderangeofpeoples，culturesandreligions.3.Inancienttimes，itoncebecametheworld&#

33、39;slargestcity.4. Nowitisknownasatouristdestinationbecauseofnumerousscenicspots，galleriesandmuseums.5. BigBenisthesymbolofLondon.6.In1908，Londonheldthe4thOlympicGames.IthasheldanothertwoOlympicGameseversince.二、加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞，連句成篇【參考范文】LondonisthecapitalofbothEnglandandtheUnitedKingdo，msituatedontheriverT

34、hames.Ithasawiderangeofpeoples，culturesandreligions.Inancienttimes，itoncebecametheworld'slargestcity.Nowitisknownasatouristdestinationbecauseofnumerousscenicspots，galleriesandmuseums.BigBenisthesymbolofLondon.In1908，Londonheldthe4thOlympicGames.IthasheldanothertwoOlympicGameseversince.V.閱讀理解Eart

35、h'snextsuperpowerThefollowingcountrieshavebeensittingonhiddentalents.Andnowthey'reabouttofly.NIGERIA（尼日利亞）Nigeriasaysitpumpsoutasmuchoilastheothertwooilproducingcountries,KuwaitandIraq.AllthisoiliscyclingcashintotheNigerianeconomyandcreatingextremelyrichbusinessmen.AnalystssaythatifNigeriaca

36、nimproveitsschoolsandtechnology,itcouldballoonintotheworld's13thlargesteconomyby2050,rightbetweenTurkeyandItaly.Ifthatreasonisnotenoughforoptimism,Nigeria'spresidentalsohasthesunniestnameofanyworldleader:GoodluckJonathan.VIETNAMAsagriculturehasgivenwaytoindustry,unemploymentinVietnamhasdropp

37、ed.What'sVietnam'strick?It'sreadytowork.Othercountries'laborersaren'tascheapastheyusedtobe,whichmakesVietnamarelativebargainforpaniesthatneednewfactoriesabroad.However,thecountryhasalmostnorailroads,itshighwaysareinpoorcondition,anditslargestcityhasjustoneairport,whichwasbuiltbef

38、oretheVietnamWar.Sowhat'stheuseofproducingexportreadygoodsifthere'snoconvenientwaytoshpithem?Thegoodthingis,however,officialsarewideninghighways,buildinganewairportandsoon.CHILE（智利）Pipes,puters,motors,andyourmicrowaveallhaveonethinginmon:They'remadewithcopper銅）.Coppermakestheworldgoround

39、.AndluckyfoChile,it'sgotaboutathirdoftheplanet'scoppersupply.Itjustneedsawaytodigitupandthegovernmentispouringmoneyintothecountry'smines.【語篇解讀】本文是應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了三個(gè)極有希望成為下一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國的國家。1. WhichcountrywillNigeriabeexpectedtofollowinrespectoefconomyby2050?A.Kuwait.B.Iraq.C.Turkey.D.Italy.答案C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)N

40、IGERIA部分中的itcouldballoonintotheworld's13thlargesteconomyby2050,rightbetweenTurkeyandItaly,可知答案為C。2. What'stheproblemVietnamisfacing?A.Itdoesn'thavemoneytobuildnewfactories.BItspeopledon'thaveenoughfoodtoeat.CItissufferingfromtheVietnamWar.DItstransportsystemisverypoor.答案D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)VIET

41、NAM部分中的thecountryhasalmostnorailroads,itshighwaysareinpoorcondition,anditslargestcityhasjustoneairport,whichwasbuiltbeforetheVietnamWar.Sowhat'stheuseofproducingexportreadygoodsfthere'snoconvenientwaytoshipthem可以看出，越南的交通系統(tǒng)非常落后。3WhatwillChiledependontogetdeveloped?AHightech.BNaturalresources.

42、CInvestmentsfromothercountries.DThegovernment'sgoodadministration.答案B推理判斷題。根據(jù)CHILE部分中的Coppermakestheworldgoround.AndluckyforChile,it'sgotaboutathirdoftheplanet'scoppersupply可知，銅在當(dāng)今社會(huì)非常重要，而智利的銅礦資源約占世界銅礦資源的三分之一。由此可推測，智利的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要依靠自然資源。"閱讀七選五Howmuchmoneydoyoureallyneedtobehappy?Somanyofu

43、sworklong,hardhourstoprovideforourfamiliesandchildrenoftenlonghoursawayfromhome,maybetakingonextrajobsattimesorhopingtogetaraiseinanefforttomakeourlivesricherfinancially._1_Butisthereapointatwhichtryingtoearnextramoneycanbecounterproductive?IntheSundayReviewofTheNewYorkTimes,ElizabethDunnandMichaelN

44、ortonattempttoanswerthisquestion._2_Peoplewhoearnagoodlivingareoftenhappierthanpeoplewholiveinpoverty.Havingextramoneycancertainlyimprovethequalityofourlifebyprovidingextrafoodandobjects.Butthetruthisthatearningadditionalinewillactuallynotleadtoextrahappiness，onceyouhavealreadyattaineda“fortablestan

45、dard”whereyouhavewhatyouneedtofunctionandbecontent._3HereintheU.S.,thestandardfallsaround$75，000.Researchersfoundthathigherfamilyineswererelatedtobettermoodsonadaytodaybasis.However,thepositiveeffectsofmoneyhadnoeffectonpeople'shappinessandmoodsafteralevelof$75，000wasattained._4_Beyondastrongwor

46、kethie(道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn))，orthedesiretoexcelandpetewithothers,itappearsthatourideasaboutmoneyandhappinesshavegonewrong.DunnandNortonexplainthattheideathatlifewouldbehappierwithdoublethesalarydidnottranslateintoanymeasurablehappiness._5_Peoplewhoearned$5,000wereonly9percentmorecontentthanthosemaking$25，000.AThenw

47、hydoweworksohard?BWhatwedowithourmoneyisimportant.CTwicethemoneydidnotleadtotwicethehappiness.DItseemssomanyofusjustaren'tcontentwithwhatwehavenow.ETherecertainlyisarelationshipbetweenyoursalaryandhappiness.FThe“fortablestandard”canbequitevariablebasedonwhereyoulive.GPeoplewhospendmoneyonothersr

48、atherthatnhemselvesarehappierinthelongrun.【語篇解讀】本文是議論文。文章論述了錢與快樂不成正比。1. DD項(xiàng)與上文的oftenlonghoursawayfromhome.richefinancially相呼應(yīng)。2. EE項(xiàng)是針對(duì)第一段所提問題的回答；下文Peoplewhoearnagoodlivingareoftenhappierthanpeoplewholiveinpoverty進(jìn)一步說明了E項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容。3. FF項(xiàng)與上文的fortablestandard相呼應(yīng)；下文HereintheUS.，thestandardfallsaround$75,000是對(duì)F項(xiàng)的舉例說明。4