國際商務(wù)專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照

1、1 .全球化世界貿(mào)易組織:(WorldTradeOrganization)國際貨幣基金組織:(InternationalMonetaryFund)關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定：(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)世界銀行:(WorldBank)國際貿(mào)易:(internationaltrade)對夕卜直接投資:(foreigndirectinvestment)對夕卜直接投資存量:(stockofforeigndirectinvestment)外國企業(yè):(multinationalenterprise)國際企業(yè):(internationalbusiness)2 .政治經(jīng)濟(jì)中的

2、國家差異政治經(jīng)濟(jì)：(politicaleconomy)政治體制：(politicalsystem)集體主義;(collectivism)社會主義者:(socialists)共產(chǎn)主義者:(communists)社會民主主義者:(socialdemocrats)私有化:(privatization)個人主義:(individualism)民主:(democracy)極權(quán):(totalitarianism)市場經(jīng)濟(jì):(maeketeconomy)計戈U經(jīng)濟(jì):(commandeconomy)法律體系:(legalsystem)普通法:(commonlaw)大陸法:(civillawsystem)宗教法

3、:(theocraticlawsystem)合同法:(contractlaw)貝才產(chǎn)權(quán):(propertyrights)私下行為:(privateaction)公共行為:(publicaction)反海外腐敗法:(ForeignCorruptPracticesAct)知識產(chǎn)權(quán):(intellectualproperty)專禾ij:(patent)版權(quán):(copyrights)商標(biāo):(trademarks)產(chǎn)品安全法:(productsafetylaws)產(chǎn)品責(zé)任：(productliability)3 .政治經(jīng)濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展人均國民收入:(grossnationalincome)購買力平價:(p

4、urchasingpowerparity)人文發(fā)展指數(shù):(HumanDevelopmentIndex)創(chuàng)新:(innovation)倉1J業(yè)者:(entrepreneurs)放松管制:(deregulation)第一進(jìn)入者優(yōu)勢：(first-moveradvantages)后進(jìn)者優(yōu)勢:(late-moverdisadvantages)政治風(fēng)險:(politicalrisk)經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險:(economicrisk)4 .文化差異跨文化知識能力:(cross-culturalliteracy)價值觀:(values)準(zhǔn)貝U:(norms)社會:(society)社會習(xí)慣:(folkways)道德準(zhǔn)則

5、：(ethics)社會結(jié)構(gòu):(socialstructure)群體:(group)社會階層:(socialstrata)社會流動性:(socialmobility)等級制度:(castesystem)階級制度:(classsystem)階級意識:(classconsciousness)宗教:(religion)倫理體系:(ethicalsystems)關(guān)系:(relationship)聯(lián)系:(connection)權(quán)禾ij距離:(powerdistance)個人主義:(individualismversus)集體主義:(collectivism)不確定性規(guī)避:(uncertaintyavoid

6、ance)男性主義和女性主義:(masculinityversusfemininity)儒家動力:(confuciandynamism)種族中心主義:(ethnocentrism)5 .國際商務(wù)倫理商業(yè)倫理:(businessethics)倫理策略:(ethicsstrategy)社會責(zé)任:(socislresponsibility)倫理困境:(ethicaldilemmas)組織文化:(organizayioncultural)文化相對論:(culturalrelativism)道德論者:(righteousmoralist)非道德論者:(nativeimmoralist)實用主義倫理:(u

7、tilitarianapproaches)權(quán)利理論:(rightstheories)公正分配:(justdistribution)無知之幕:(veilofignorance)道德公約:(codeofethics)利益相關(guān)者:(stakeholders)6 .國際貿(mào)易理論自由貿(mào)易:(freetrade)新貿(mào)易理論:(nwetradetheory)重商主義:(mercantilism)零和博弈:(zero-sumgame)絕對優(yōu)勢:(absoluteadvantage)規(guī)模報酬率:(constantreturnstospecialization)要素稟賦：(factorendowments)規(guī)模經(jīng)

8、濟(jì):(economiesofscale)國際收支賬戶:(balance-of-paymentsaccounts)經(jīng)常賬戶:(currentaccount)經(jīng)常賬戶赤字盈余:(currentaccountdeficitsurplus)資本賬戶:(capitalaccount)金融賬戶:(financialaccount)7 .國際貿(mào)易中的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)自由貿(mào)易:(freetrade)關(guān)稅:(tariff)從量稅:(specifictariffs)從價稅:(advaloremtariffs)補(bǔ)貼:(subsidy)進(jìn)口酉己額:(importquota)關(guān)稅配額:(tariffratequota)自愿出口

9、限制:(voluntaryexportrestraint)配額租金:(quotarent)國產(chǎn)化規(guī)定:(localcontentrequirement)行政管理貿(mào)易政策:(administrativetradepolicies)傾銷:(dumping)反傾銷政策:(antidumpingpolicies)抵消性關(guān)稅：(countervailingduties)幼稚工業(yè)論:(infantindustryargument)戰(zhàn)略貿(mào)易政策:(strategictradepolicy)8 .國際直接投資新設(shè)投資:(greenfieldinvsetment)流量:(flowofFDI)存量:(stocko

10、fFDI)對外直接投資:(outflowsofFDI)外來直接投資:(inflowsofFDI)固定資本形成總額:(grossfixedcapitalformation)折中理論:(eclecticparadigm)出口:(exporting)技術(shù)授權(quán):(licensing)內(nèi)部化理論:(internalizationtheory)不完善理論:(marketimperfectionsapproach)寡頭壟斷行業(yè):(oligopoly)多點競爭:(multipointcompetition)區(qū)位優(yōu)勢:(location-specificadvantages)外部性:(externalities

11、)國際收支賬戶:(balance-of-paymentsaccounts)經(jīng)常項目:(currentaccount)離岸生產(chǎn):(offshoreproduction)9 .區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化:(regionaleconomicintegration)自由貿(mào)易區(qū):(freetradearea)關(guān)稅同盟:(customsunion)共同市場:(commonmarket)經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟:(economicunion)政治聯(lián)盟:(politicalunion)貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造:(tradecreation)貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移:(tradediversion)執(zhí)行董事會:(executiveboard)監(jiān)管董事會:(

12、governingcouncil)最優(yōu)貨幣區(qū):(optionalcurrencyarea)10 .外匯市場夕卜匯市場:(foreignexchangemarket)匯率:(exchangerate)夕卜匯風(fēng)險:(foreignexchangerisk)夕卜匯投機(jī):(currencyspeculation)套息交易：(carrytrade)即期才匚率:(spotexchangerate)遠(yuǎn)期外匯:(forwardexchange)遠(yuǎn)期匯率:(forwardexchangerate)掉期:(currencyswap)套匯:(arbitrage)載體貨幣:(vehiclecurrency)一價定律:

13、(lawofoneprice)效率市場：(efficientmarket)應(yīng)用材料:(appliedmaterials)費雪效應(yīng):(Fishereffect)跟風(fēng)效應(yīng):(bandwagoneffect)效率市場：(efficientmarket)無效市場:(inefficientmarket)自由兌換:(freelyconvertible)對外可兌換：(externallyconvertible)不可兌換:(nonconvertible)資本外逃:(capitalflight)對等貿(mào)易:(countertrade)交易風(fēng)險:(transactionexposure)折算風(fēng)險:(translat

14、ionexposure)經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險:(economicexposure)提前策略:(leadstrategy)錯后策略：(lagstrategy)11 .國際貨幣體系國際貨幣體系:(internationalmonetarysystem)浮動?匚率:(floatingexchangerate)盯住匯率:(peggedexchangerate)管理浮動：(dirtyfloat)固定匯率:(fixedexchangerate)金本位制度：(goldstandard)黃金平價:(goldparvalue)貿(mào)易收支平衡:(balance-of-tradeequilibrium)管理浮動制度:(manag

15、ed-floatsystem)貨幣局制度:(currencyboard)貨幣危機(jī)：(currencycrisis)車艮行危機(jī):(bankingcrisis)外債危機(jī):(foreigndebtcrisis)裙帶資本主義:(cronycapitalism)道德風(fēng)險:(moralhazard)12 .全球資本市場共享方差:(sharedvariance)對沖基金:(hedgefunds)游資:(hotmoney)而寸心貨幣:(patientmoney)外國債券:(foreignbonds)13 .國際企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)略:(strategy)盈利能力：(prof計ability)投資資本收益率：(ROIC

16、)利潤增長:(profitgrowth)價值創(chuàng)造:(valuecreation)運營:(operations)核心競爭力:(corecompetence)區(qū)位經(jīng)濟(jì):(locationeconomies)全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)：(globalweb)經(jīng)驗曲線:(experiencecurve)學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng)：(learningeffects)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì):(economiesofscale)普遍需要:(universalneeds)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化戰(zhàn)略:(globalstandardizationstrategy)本土化戰(zhàn)略:(localizationstrategy)跨國戰(zhàn)略:(transnationalstrategy)

17、國際戰(zhàn)略:(internationalstrategy)14 .國際企業(yè)的組織組織構(gòu)架:(organizationalarchitecture)組織結(jié)構(gòu):(organizationalstructure)控制系統(tǒng):(controlsystems)獎勵:(incentives)流程:(processes)組織文化:(organizationalculture)垂直差異化:(verticaldifferentiation)水平差異化:(horizontaldifferentiation)建立整合機(jī)構(gòu):(integratingmechanisms)國際分部:(intermationaldivisio

18、n)世界范圍的地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)：(worldwideareastructure)世界范圍的產(chǎn)品分部:(worldwideproductdivisionstructure)全球矩陣結(jié)構(gòu):(globalmatrixstructure)知識網(wǎng)絡(luò):(knowledgenetwork)個人控制：(personalcontrol)行政組織結(jié)構(gòu):(bureaucraticcontrol)產(chǎn)出控制：(outputcontrol)文化控制：(culturalcontrol)績效模糊:(performanceambiguity)15 .進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略和戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟:(strategicalliance)私營部門債務(wù):(pr

19、ivate-sectordebt)進(jìn)入時機(jī):(timingofentry)先入者優(yōu)勢:(first-moveradvantages)開拓成本:(pioneeringcosts)交鑰匙工程：(turnkeyproject)技術(shù)授權(quán)協(xié)議:(licensingagreement)技術(shù)授權(quán)協(xié)議:(cross-licensingagreement)特許經(jīng)營:(franchising)合資企業(yè):(jointventure)全資子公司:(whollyownedsubsidiary)16 .出口、進(jìn)口和對等貿(mào)易出口管理公司:(exportmanagementcompany)信用證:(letterofcredi

20、t)匯票:(draft)即期匯票:(sightdraft)遠(yuǎn)期匯票：(timedraft)提單:(billoflading)進(jìn)出口銀行：(Export-Import-Bank)對等貿(mào)易:(countertrade)易貨貿(mào)易:(barter)互購:(counterpurchase)抵銷:(offset)轉(zhuǎn)手貿(mào)易：(switchtrading)回購:(buyback)從價關(guān)稅:(advaloremtariff)委托代銷:(consignment)禁運:(embargo)全球配額:(globalquota)無形貿(mào)易壁壘:(invisiblebarrierstotrade)信用證:(letterofc

21、redit)重商主義:(mercantilism)201條款:(section201)17 .全球生產(chǎn)、外包與物流生產(chǎn):(production)物流:(cogistics)全面質(zhì)量管理:(totalqualitymanagement)六西格瑪:(sixsigma)最小效率規(guī)模:(minimumefficientscale)柔性制造技術(shù):(flexiblemanufacturingtechnology)精益生產(chǎn):(leanproduction)大規(guī)模定制:(masscustomization)柔性機(jī)器單元：(flexiblemachinecells)價值重量：(value-to-weight)全

22、球?qū)W習(xí):(globallearning)來源決策:(make-or-buydecisions)專業(yè)化資產(chǎn):(specializedasset)動態(tài)能力:(dynamiccapabilities)即時存貨：(just-in-time)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換:(electronicdatainferchange)18 .全球營銷與開發(fā)營銷組合:(marketing)市場細(xì)分:(marketsegmentation)集中零售體系:(concentratedretailsystem)分散零售體系:(fragmentedretailsystem)渠道長度:(channellength)獨占性的分銷渠道:(exclusivedistributionchannel)渠道質(zhì)量:(channelquality)源效應(yīng):(sourceeffects)原產(chǎn)國效應(yīng):(countryoforigneffects)噪聲:(noisy)推策略:(pushstrategy)拉策略：(pullstrateg