2014高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解不同體裁閱讀方法記敘文

1、英語(yǔ)閱讀理解不同體裁閱讀方法記敘文不同體裁的文章，作者的寫(xiě)作手法不同，表達(dá)的方式千差萬(wàn)別。體裁不同，要求使用的閱讀方法也不一樣。因此，掌握不同體裁的文章的閱讀方法有助于我們提高閱讀效率、加深對(duì)文章的理解、提高閱讀速度。下面分別談?wù)動(dòng)洈⑽?、說(shuō)明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文的閱讀方法和技巧。第一節(jié)記敘文的閱讀方法記敘文講述的是發(fā)生在當(dāng)前或過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)事情的經(jīng)過(guò)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，記敘文就是講故事，包括人物或故事情節(jié)。常見(jiàn)的記敘文根據(jù)其用途可分為文學(xué)記敘文和說(shuō)明記敘文：文學(xué)記敘文以虛構(gòu)為主，如趣聞逸事、傳說(shuō)、寓言、傳奇故事、短篇小說(shuō)、科幻小說(shuō)等；說(shuō)明記敘文以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，包括歷史、傳記、新聞報(bào)道、日記等。無(wú)論哪一種記敘文

2、作者都要交代何人何時(shí)何地為什么、怎么樣、干了何事等等，這也就是我們常說(shuō)的5Wsand1H。這是我們?cè)陂喿x記敘文時(shí)要首先了解的，接著按照線索弄清事情的來(lái)龍去脈，就能理解整個(gè)故事。特別值得注意的是：記敘文的敘事順序有順敘和倒敘兩種，有時(shí)候作者為了吸引讀者會(huì)采用倒敘的方法，即不按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)敘述，而是從最重要、最能引人入勝的事件開(kāi)始，然后再回過(guò)頭來(lái)追敘故事的開(kāi)端和經(jīng)過(guò)。閱讀時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)從事情本身的發(fā)展去理解故事情節(jié)而不要只看事件在文中出現(xiàn)的先后位置。另外，講故事必定有其目的：或證明某一理論，或闡明某一概念，或贊美某種美德，或譴責(zé)某種罪惡等等。我們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)要通過(guò)作者的重要細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)聯(lián)系故事情節(jié)去領(lǐng)

3、會(huì)作者的意圖，對(duì)作者重墨潑就的細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。概括起來(lái)一句話：讀記敘文的關(guān)鍵是抓情節(jié)。抓住了故事情節(jié)，就理解了文章的脈絡(luò)，其他的就迎刃而解了。下面請(qǐng)閱讀一篇記敘文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情節(jié)。（05浙江卷A篇）CompassionisadesirewithinustohelpothersWitheffort,wecantranslatecompassionintoactionAnexperiencelastweekendshowedmethisistrueIworkpart-timeinasupermarketacrossfromabuildingfortheelderlyTheseo

4、ldpeopleareourmaincustomers,anditsnothardtolosepatienceovertheirslownessButlastSunday,oneagedgentlemanappearedtoteachmeavaluablelesson.Thisuntidymanwalkeduptomyregister（收款機(jī)）withaboxofbiscuits.Hesaidhewasoutofcash（現(xiàn)金），hadjustmovedintohisroom,andhadnothinginhiscupboards.Heaskedifwecouldlethimhavethefo

5、odontrust.Hepromisedtorepaymethenextday.Icouldnthelpstaringathim.Iwonderedwhatkindofpersonhehadbeentenortwentyyearsbefore,andwhathewouldbelikeifluckhadgonehisway.Ihadahurtinmyheartforthiskindofhumansoul,allaloneintheworld.ItoldhimthatIwassorry,butstorerulesdidntallowmetodoso.Ifeltstupidandunkindsayi

6、ngthis,butIvaluedmyjob.Justthen,anotherman,standingbehindthefirst,spokeup.Ifanything,helookedmorepitiable.Chargeittome,wasallhesaid.WhatIhadbeenfeelingwaspity.Pityissoftandsafeandeasy.Compassion,ontheotherhand,iscaringinaction.Ithankedthesecondmanbuttoldhimthatwasnotallowedeither.ThenIreachedintomyp

7、ocketandpaidforthebiscuitsmyself.Ireachedintomypocketbecausethesetwomenhadreachedintomyheartandtaughtmecompassion.解析：故事采用順敘的敘事方法，主要情節(jié)發(fā)展如下：Oneagedgentlemanbeggedmetohavethefoodontrustandpromisedtorepaythenextday.Itoldhimthestorerulesdidntallowmetodoso.Anothermanwantedmetochargethefoodtohim.Ipaidforth

8、ebiscuitsmyself.作者用第一人稱(chēng)講述自己親身經(jīng)歷的這段故事，讓人覺(jué)得親切可信，同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。作者說(shuō)自己通過(guò)這段故事學(xué)會(huì)了compassion（同情），事實(shí)上也是在號(hào)召讀者多伸出同情之手，共建和諧社會(huì)。抓住了故事的情節(jié)，了解了作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。再來(lái)做理解題，就容易多了。請(qǐng)看看下面幾道理解題：41Theagedgentlemanwhowantedtobuythebiscuits.ApromisedtoobeythestorerulesBforgottotakeanymoneywithhimChopedtohavethefoodfirstandpaylaterDcouldno

9、taffordanythingmoreexpensive42Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheoldgentleman?AkindandluckyBpoorandlonelyCfriendlyandhelpfulDhurtanddisappointed43Thewriteracteduponthestorerulesbecause.AhewantedtokeephispresentjobBhefeltnopityfortheoldgentlemanCheconsideredtheoldmandishonestDheexpectedsomeoneelsetop

10、ayfortheoldman44Whatdoesthewriterlearnfromhisexperience?AWealthismoreimportantthananythingelse.BHelpingothersiseasiersaidthandone.CExperienceisbettergainedthroughpractice.DObeyingtherulesmeansmorethancompassion.（參考答案：CBAB）【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十六】（05天津卷C篇）Thehousewasquietat5Am.andTimsmotherwasasleep.Onlythesoundof

11、thebigfreezerbrokethequiet.Heddreamtofthecavelastnight?Thepurring（輕微顫動(dòng)聲）ofthefreezerhadbeenthesea.Timpulledonasweaterandputsomeapplesintohisschoolbag.Itwastooearlyforbreakfast.Hedeatafterhedbeenthroughthecave,sittingontherocksandstaringattheseAHewishedhehadaproperpack.Hisschoolbagwouldhavetodo.Whate

12、lse?Sandwichesbuthismothermightwakeupifhestartedpullingoutbreadforsandwiches,shedwanttoknowwhyhehadtoleavesoearly.Hesettledforsomebiscuits,andleftanotestucktothetable.GonetoMichaelsBacktonight.Tim.Theskywashighandsoftandlightoutside,thoughthesunstillwasntup.Eventhehighwayupthehillwasquietashemadehis

13、waydownthestreet.Thewindfromtheseawasfreshandsweet.Thesandhillsstillbreathedheatfromyesterdayssun,thoughthetopofthesandwascool.Herandowntothebeachimpatiently,buttherewasnoone,justdrysanddancingintheearlywindandseabirdsmarchingupanddownwatchingthewaves.Thelightchangedsuddenly.Thefirstraysofsunlightst

14、retched（延伸）acrossthesea.ThesunwaspushingitswayovertheedgeoftheworldOverthefirstrocks,alongtothepoint.Timglancedback.Thebeachwasstillempty.Thesunsailedhigherinthesky.Hecouldseethecavenow,evendarkerinthemorninglight.Thesandturnedsilverthendarkgoldasthewaterflowedawayfromit.Hehadtoforcehimselftogoclose

15、r.Whywasitsomuchmoremysterious（神秘）now?Butitwouldbesillytogobacknowaftersomuchtrouble.Heneedntgoinalltheway43WhatdidTimdoatthebeginningofthestory?AHeleftthehousequietly.BHehadbreakfastathome.CHeleftanoteonthefreezer.DHeputasweaterinhisschoolbag.44Hesettledforsomebiscuits（inParagraph3）meansthatTim.Aha

16、dtoleavethebiscuitsonthetable.BlikedbiscuitsbetterthansandwichesChadtotakebiscuitsinsteadofsandwichesDcouldonlyfindsomebiscuitsinthekitchen45WhatmadeitpossibleforTimtoseetheentrytothecave?ATheheightofthefirstrocks.BTheupsanddownsofthewaves.CThechangeinthepositionofthesun.DThevaststretchofthesunlitbe

17、ach.46WhishofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothestory?AThesealookedlikeapieceofgoldBSeabirdsflewawaywhenTimarrivedCTimwastheonlypersononthebeach.DTheskygotdarkasTimreachedthecave.47Inthestory,Timsmood（心情）changedfrom.AlonelinesstocrazinessBanxiousnesstoexcitementChelplessnesstohappinessDeagern

18、esstonervousness【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十七】（05上海卷B篇）Comein.Kim.Haveaseat,please.saidBillWilliams,themanager.ThiswasKimsfirstexperiencewithanassessment.Afteronlysixmonthshewasdueforaraiseifthisassessmentwassatisfactory.Kim,beganBillWilliams.Iamverypleasedwiththequalityofyourwork.Ihavenothingbutpraiseforyourdevotionan

19、dyourhardwork.Myonlyconcernisthatyouarenotactiveenoughinputtingforwardyoursuggestions.But,RepliedKim,Ihavealwayscompletedeveryassignmentyouhavegivenme.Mr.Williams.Iknowthat,Kim.Andplease,callmeBill.ButwhatIexpectisforyoutothinkindependentlyandintroducenewideas.Ineedmoreinputfromyoumorefeedbackonhowt

20、hingsaregoingIdontneedayesman.Younevertellmewhatyouthink.Youjustsmileasthougheverythingisfine.But,saidKim,Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.Imnotaskingyoutotellmewhattodo,butwhatyouthinkwecoulddo.Tomakesuggestions.IemployedyoubecauseIrespectyourexperienceinthi

21、sfield,butyouarenotcommunicatingyourthoughtstome.Yes.IseeImnotaccustomedtothis,butIwilltrytodoasyousay,BillGood,then,Iexpecttohearmorefromyouatstaffmeetingsoratanyothertimeyouwanttodiscussanideawithme.Yes,ofcourse.ThankyouMr.WillBill.69Kimisthesortofemployeewho.AdoesnotspeakouthisownideasBisnotdevot

22、edtothejobClaughstoomuchoverworkDcannotfinishhisworkontime70Thewordpresumptuousinthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto.AfullofrespectBtooconfidentandrudeClackinginexperienceDtooshyandquiet71Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat.AKimhasbeeninvitedtotakechargeofthestaffmeetingsBthemanagerappreciatesthosew

23、hojustdowhathetellsthemtodoCthemanagerispleasedwithKimshardworkandhissuggestionsDKimislikelytohaveahighersalaryifhecanpasstheassessment【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十八】（06安徽卷B篇）PeoplefellinlovewithElizabethTaylorin1944,whenshestarredinNationalVelvet-thestoryofVelvetBrown,ayounggirlwhowinsfirstplaceinafamoushorserace,Atfir

24、st,theproducersofthemovietoldTaylorthatshewastoosmalltoplaythepartofVelvet.However,theywaitedforherforafewmonthsassheexercisedandtrainedandaddedthreeinchestoherheightinfourmonths!HeractinginNationalVelvetisstillconsideredthebestbyachildactress.ElizabethTaylorwasborninLondonin1932Herparents,bothAmeri

25、cans,hadmovedthereforbusinessreasons.WhenWorldwarIIstarted,theTaylormovedtoBeverlyHills,California,andthereElizabethstartedactinginmovies.Afterhersuccessasachildstar,Taylorhadnotroublemovingintoadult（成人）rolesandwontwiceforBestActress:Butterfield8（1960）andWhosAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?（1966）Taylorsfame（名聲）andpopularitygaveheralotofpowerwiththemovieindustry,soshewasabletodemandveryhighpayforhermovies.In1963,shereceived$1millionforherpartinCleopatrathehighestpayreceivedbyanystarupt