微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)單詞教學(xué)內(nèi)容

1、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)單詞Aaccounting 會(huì)計(jì)accounting cost 會(huì)計(jì)成本accounting profit 會(huì)計(jì)禾 1 潤(rùn)adverse selection 逆向選擇allocation 配置allocation of resources 資源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧彈性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿羅不可能定理Assumption 假設(shè)asymetric information 非對(duì)稱性信息average 平均average co

2、st平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定價(jià)法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 資本平均產(chǎn)量average product of labour 勞動(dòng)平均產(chǎn)量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均總成本average variable cost 平均可變成本Bbarriers to entry 進(jìn)入壁壘base year 基年bilateral monopoly 雙邊壟斷benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 極樂點(diǎn)bounda

3、ry point 邊界點(diǎn)break even point 收支相抵點(diǎn)budget預(yù)算budget constraint 預(yù)算約束budget line 預(yù)算線budget set預(yù)算集Ccapital 資本capital stock資本存量capital output ratio 資本產(chǎn)出比率capitalism 資本主義cardinal utility theory 基數(shù)效用論cartel 卡特爾ceteris puribus assumption其他條件不變”的假設(shè)ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不變的需求曲線 Chamberlin model張伯倫模型

4、change in demand 需求變化change in quantity demanded 需求量變化change in quantity supplied 供給量變化change in supply 供給變化choice選擇closed set 閉集Coase theorem 科斯定理CobbDouglas production function 柯布一道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù)cobweb model蛛網(wǎng)模型collective bargaining 集體協(xié)議工資collusion 合謀command economy 指令經(jīng)濟(jì)commodity 商品commodity combination

5、商品組合commodity market商品市場(chǎng)commodity space商品空間common property公用財(cái)產(chǎn)comparative staticanalysis 比較靜態(tài)分析compensated budget line 補(bǔ)償預(yù)算線compensated demand function 補(bǔ)償需求函數(shù)compensation principles 補(bǔ)償原則compensating variation in income 收入補(bǔ)償變量competition 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)competitive market 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)complement goods 互補(bǔ)品complete informat

6、ion 完全信息completeness 完備性condition for efficiency in exchange 交換的最優(yōu)條件condition for efficiency in production 生產(chǎn)的最優(yōu)條件concave 凹concave function 凹函數(shù)concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不變產(chǎn)業(yè)constant returns to scale 規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變constraints 約束consumer 消費(fèi)者consumer behavior 消費(fèi)者行為consumer c

7、hoice 消費(fèi)者選擇consumer equilibrium消費(fèi)者均衡consumer optimization 消費(fèi)者優(yōu)化consumer preference 消費(fèi)者偏好consumer surplus 消費(fèi)者乘U余consumer theory 消費(fèi)者理論consumption 消費(fèi)consumption bundle 消費(fèi)束consumption combination 消費(fèi)組合consumption possibility curve 消費(fèi)可能曲線consumption possibility frontier 消費(fèi)可能性前沿consumption set 消費(fèi)集consumpti

8、on space 消費(fèi)空間continuity 連續(xù)性continuous function 連續(xù)函數(shù)contract curve 契約曲線convex 凸convex function 凸函數(shù)convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函數(shù)cost minimization 成本極小化Cournot equilihrium 古諾均衡Cournot model古諾模型Crossprice elasticity 交叉價(jià)格彈性Ddead weight

9、s loss 重負(fù)損失decreasing cost industry 成本遞減產(chǎn)業(yè)decreasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞減deduction 演繹法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲線demand elasticity 需求彈性demand function 需求函數(shù)demand price 需求價(jià)格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折舊derivative 導(dǎo)數(shù)derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentia

10、ted good 差異商品differentiated oligoply 差異寡頭diminishing marginal substitution 邊際替代率遞減 diminishing marginal return 收益遞減diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接稅discounting 貼稅、折扣diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 勞動(dòng)分工distribution th

11、eory of marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率分配論duoupoly雙頭壟斷、雙寡duality 對(duì)偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 動(dòng)態(tài)分析dynamic models 動(dòng)態(tài)模型EEconomic agents 經(jīng)濟(jì)行為者economic cost經(jīng)濟(jì)成本economic efficiency 經(jīng)濟(jì)效率economic goods 經(jīng)濟(jì)物品economic man 經(jīng)濟(jì)人economic mode 經(jīng)濟(jì)模型economic profit 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)economic region of production 生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域economi

12、c regulation 經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)節(jié)economic rent 經(jīng)濟(jì)租金exchange 交換economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)exchange efficiency 交換效率economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)exchange contract curve 交換契約曲線economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思圖exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契約線Edgeworth model埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率參數(shù)elasticity 彈性elastic

13、ity of substitution 替代彈性endogenous variable 內(nèi)生變量endowment 稟賦endowment of resources 資源稟賦Engel curve 恩格爾曲線entrepreneur 企業(yè)家entrepreneurship企業(yè)家才能entry barriers 進(jìn)入壁壘entry/exit decision 進(jìn)出決策envolope curve 包絡(luò)線equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡條件equilibrium price 均衡價(jià)格equilibrium quantity 均衡產(chǎn)量eqity 公平equ

14、ivalent variation in income 收入等價(jià)變量excesscapacity theorem 過度生產(chǎn)能力定理excess supply 過度供給exchange 交換exchange contract curve 交換契約曲線exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原則existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium總體均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生變量expansion paths 擴(kuò)展徑expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expe

15、cted value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost顯性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost外部成本external economy 夕卜部經(jīng)濟(jì)external diseconomy 夕卜部不經(jīng)濟(jì)externalities 外部性FFactor要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市場(chǎng)factors of production 生產(chǎn)要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply要素供給fallacy of composition 合成謬誤final goods最終

16、產(chǎn)品firm 企業(yè)firms ' demacurve for labor 企業(yè)勞動(dòng)需求曲線firm supply curve 企業(yè)供給曲線first-degree price discrimination第一級(jí)價(jià)格歧視 first order condition 一階條件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)flow流量fluctuation 波動(dòng)for whom to produce 為誰(shuí)生產(chǎn)free entry 自由進(jìn)入free goods 自由品，免費(fèi)品free

17、 mobility of resources 資源自由流動(dòng)free rider搭便車，免費(fèi)搭車function 函數(shù)future value 未來(lái)值Ggame theory對(duì)策論、博弈論general equilibrium 總體均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入補(bǔ)償需求曲線Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之謎Gini coefficient 吉尼系數(shù)goldenrule 黃金規(guī)則goods貨物government failure 政府失敗government regulation 政府調(diào)控grand utility possibility

18、 curve 總效用可能曲線grand utility possibility frontier 總效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 異質(zhì)產(chǎn)品Hickskaldor welfare criterion ?？怂挂豢柖喔＠麡?biāo)準(zhǔn)homogeneity 齊次性homogeneous demand function 齊次需求函數(shù)homogeneous product 同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品homogeneous production function 齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生產(chǎn)human capi

19、tal 人力資本hypothesis 假說(shuō)Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)implicitcost 隱性成本ncome 收入ncome compensated demand curve ncome constraint 收入約束 ncome consumption curve 收入消費(fèi)曲線 ncome distribution 收入分配 ncome effect 收入效應(yīng) ncome elasticity of demand 需求收入彈性 ncreasing cost industry 成本遞增產(chǎn)業(yè) ncreasing returns to scal

20、e 規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增 nefficiency 缺乏效率 ndex number 指數(shù) ndifference 無(wú)差異 ndifference curve 無(wú)差異曲線 ndifference map 無(wú)差異族 ndifference relation 無(wú)差異關(guān)系 ndifference set 無(wú)差異集 ndirect approach 間接法 ndividual analysis 個(gè)量分析 ndividual demand curve 個(gè)人需求曲線 ndividual demand function 個(gè)人需求函數(shù) nduced variable 弓 I 致變量 nduction 歸納法 ndust

21、ry 產(chǎn)業(yè) ndustry equilibrium 產(chǎn)業(yè)均衡 ndustry supply curve產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線 nelastic缺乏彈性的 nferior goods 劣品 nflection point 拐點(diǎn) nformation 信息 nformation cost 信息成本 nitial condition 初始條件 nitial endowment 初始稟賦 nnovation 創(chuàng)新 nput投入 nput output 投入一產(chǎn)出 nstitution 制度 nstitutional economics 制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) nsurance 保險(xiǎn) ntercept 截距 nterest

22、利息 nterest rate 利息率 ntermediate goods 中間產(chǎn)品 nternatization of externalities 外部性內(nèi)部化 nvention 發(fā)明inverse demand function 逆需求函數(shù)investment 投資invisible hand 看不見的手isocost line 等成本線，isoprofit curve等禾U潤(rùn)曲線isoquant curve 等產(chǎn)量曲線isoquant map 等產(chǎn)量族Kkinded demand curve彎折的需求曲線Llabour 勞動(dòng)labour demand 勞動(dòng)需求labour supply

23、勞動(dòng)供給labour theory of value 勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論labour unions 工會(huì)laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函數(shù)Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘數(shù)，land 土地law法則law of demand and supply 供需法lawofdiminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減法貝Ulawofdiminishingmarginalrateof substitution 邊際替代率遞減法則lawofdiminishingmarginalrateof technical substi

24、tution 邊際技術(shù)替代率law of increasing cost 成本遞增法貝Ulaw of one price 單一價(jià)格法則leader follower model領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者一跟隨者模型least cost combination of inputs 最彳氐成本的投入組合leisure 閑暇Leontief production function 歹U昂節(jié)夫生產(chǎn)函數(shù)licenses 許可證linear demand function 線性需求函數(shù)linear homogeneity 線性齊次性linear homogeneous production function 線性齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)

25、long run 長(zhǎng)期long run average cost 長(zhǎng)期平均成本long run equilibrium 長(zhǎng)期均衡long run industry supply curve 長(zhǎng)期產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線long run marginal cost 長(zhǎng)期邊際成本long run total cost 長(zhǎng)期總成本Lorenz curve 洛倫茲曲線loss minimization 損失極小化lump sum tax 一次性征稅luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)marginal 邊際的marginal benefit 邊際收益marginal cost邊際成本marg

26、inal cost pricing 邊際成本定價(jià)marginal cost of factor 邊際要素成本marginal period 市場(chǎng)期marginal physical productivity 實(shí)際實(shí)物生產(chǎn)率marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of capital 資本的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of 1abour 勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率marginal rate of substitution 邊替代率marginal rate of transformation 邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率m

27、arginal returns 邊際回報(bào)marginal revenue 邊際收益marginal revenue product 邊際收益產(chǎn)品marginal revolution 邊際革命marginal social benefit 社會(huì)邊際收益marginal social cost社會(huì)邊際成本marginal utility 邊際效用marginal value products 邊際價(jià)值產(chǎn)品market 市場(chǎng)market clearance 市場(chǎng)結(jié)清，市場(chǎng)洗清market demand 市場(chǎng)需求market economy 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)market equilibrium 市場(chǎng)均衡ma

28、rket failure 市場(chǎng)失敗market mechanism 市場(chǎng)機(jī)制market structure 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)market separation 市場(chǎng)分害Umarket regulation 市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)market share 市場(chǎng)份額markup pricing 力口減定價(jià)法Marshallian demand function 馬歇爾需求函數(shù)maximization 極大化microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)minimum wage 最低工資misallocation of resources 資源誤置mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟(jì)model模型money 貨幣monopo

29、listic competition 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)monopolistic exploitation 壟斷錄哨 Umonopoly 壟斷，賣方壟斷monopoly equilibrium 壟斷均衡monopoly pricing 壟斷定價(jià)monopoly regulation 壟斷調(diào)控monopoly rents 壟斷租金monopsony 買方壟斷NNash equilibrium 納什均衡Natural monopoly 自然壟斷Natural resources 自然資源Necessary condition 必要條件necessities 必需品net demand 凈需求nonconve

30、x preference 4E 凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非線性定價(jià)nonrivalry 非對(duì)抗性nonprice competition非價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)nonsatiation 非飽和性non-zero sum game 非零和對(duì)策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利潤(rùn)normative economics 規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Oobjective function 目標(biāo)函數(shù)oligopoly寡頭壟斷oligopoly market 寡頭市場(chǎng)oligopoly model 寡頭模型opportu

31、nity cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本optimal choice 最佳選擇optimal consumption bundle 消費(fèi)束perfect elasticity 完全有彈性optimal resource allocation 最佳資源配置optimal scale最佳規(guī)模optimal solution 最優(yōu)解optimization 優(yōu)化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社會(huì))偏好NE序 ordinal utility 序數(shù)效用ordinary goods 一般品output產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)出output elasticity 產(chǎn)出彈性ou

32、tput maximization產(chǎn)出極大化Pparameter 參數(shù)Pareto criterion 帕累托標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改進(jìn)Pareto optimality 帕累托優(yōu)化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative 偏導(dǎo)數(shù)partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 專利pay off matrix收益矩陣、支付矩陣perceived demand curve 感覺至U的需求曲線perfect competition完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)perfect complement 完全互補(bǔ)品pe

33、rfect monopoly 完全壟斷perfect price discrimination 完全價(jià)格歧視perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全無(wú)彈性perfectly elastic 完全有彈性perfectly inelastic 完全無(wú)彈性plant size工廠規(guī)模point elasticity 點(diǎn)彈性positive economics 實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)post Hoc Fallacy 后此謬誤prediction 預(yù)測(cè)preference 偏好preference relation 偏好關(guān)系present value 現(xiàn)值pr

34、ice價(jià)格price adjustment model 價(jià)格調(diào)整模型price ceiling 最高限價(jià)price consumption curve 價(jià)格費(fèi)曲線price control 價(jià)格管制price difference 價(jià)格差別price discrimination 價(jià)格歧視price elasticity of demand 需求價(jià)格彈性price elasticity of supply 供給價(jià)格彈性price floor最低限價(jià)price maker 價(jià)格制定者price rigidity 價(jià)格剛性price seeker 價(jià)格搜求者price taker價(jià)格接受者pric

35、e tax從價(jià)稅private benefit 私人收益principal agent issues 委托一代理問題private cost私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人財(cái)產(chǎn)producer equilibrium 生產(chǎn)者均衡producer theory 生產(chǎn)者理論product 產(chǎn)品product transformation curve 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線product differentiation產(chǎn)品差異product group 產(chǎn)品集團(tuán)production 生產(chǎn)production contract curve 生產(chǎn)契約曲線produ

36、ction efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率production function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)production possibility curve 生產(chǎn)可能性曲線productivity 生產(chǎn)率productivityof capital 資本生產(chǎn)率productivityof labor 勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率profit利潤(rùn)profit function 禾U潤(rùn)函數(shù)profit maximization 禾U潤(rùn)極大化property rights 產(chǎn)權(quán)property rights economics 產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需

37、求曲線public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共選擇public goods 公共商品pure competition純粹競(jìng)爭(zhēng)rivalry對(duì)抗性、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)pure exchange 純交換pure monopoly 純粹壟斷Qquantity adjustmentmodel 數(shù)量調(diào)整模型quantity tax 從量稅quasi rent 準(zhǔn)租金Rrate of product transformation 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換率rationality 理性reaction function 反應(yīng)函數(shù)regulation 調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)控relative price 相對(duì)價(jià)格rent

38、 租金rent control規(guī)模報(bào)酬rent seeking 尋租rent seeking economics 尋租經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)resource 資源resource allocation 資源配置returns報(bào)酬、回報(bào)returns to scale 規(guī)模報(bào)酬revealed preference 顯示，性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲線revenue function 收益函數(shù)revenue maximization 收益極大化ridge line 脊線risk風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Ssatiation飽和，滿足saving儲(chǔ)蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity

39、稀缺法則second degree price discrimination二級(jí)價(jià)格歧視second derivative -階導(dǎo)數(shù)second order condition 二階條件service 勞務(wù)set集shadow prices影子價(jià)格short run 短期short run cost curve 短期成本曲線short run equilibrium 短期均衡short run supply curve 短期供給曲線shut down decision 關(guān)閉決策shortage 短缺shut down point 關(guān)閉點(diǎn)single price monopoly 單一定價(jià)壟斷s

40、lope斜率social benefit 社會(huì)收益social cost社會(huì)成本social indifference curve 社會(huì)無(wú)差異曲線social preference 社會(huì)偏好social security 社會(huì)保障social welfare function 社會(huì)福利函數(shù)socialism 社會(huì)主義solution 解space空間stability 穩(wěn)定性stable equilibrium 穩(wěn)定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克爾貝格模型static analysis 靜態(tài)分析stock存量stock market 股票市場(chǎng)strategy 策略subsidy

41、 津貼substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效應(yīng)substitution parameter 替代參數(shù)sufficient condition 充分條件supply供給supply curve供給曲線supply function 供給函數(shù)supply schedule 供給表Sweezy model斯威齊模型symmetry 對(duì)稱性symmetry of information 信息對(duì)稱Ttangency 相切taste興致technical efficiency 技術(shù)效率technological constraints 技術(shù)約束technologica

42、l progress 技術(shù)進(jìn)步technology 技術(shù)third degree price discrimination第三級(jí)價(jià)格歧視total cost總成本total effect 總效應(yīng)total expenditure 總支出total fixed cost總固定成本total product 總產(chǎn)量total revenue 總收益total utility 總效用total variable cost 總可變成本traditional economy 傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)transitivity 傳遞性transaction cost 交易費(fèi)用Uuncertainty 不確定性u(píng)niquen

43、ess 唯一性u(píng)nit elasticity 單位彈性u(píng)nstable equilibrium不穩(wěn)定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函數(shù)utility index效用指數(shù)utility maximization 效用極大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲線utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue價(jià)值value judge價(jià)值判斷value of marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量?jī)r(jià)值variable cost可變成本variable input 可變投入variables 變量ve

44、ctor 向量visible hand 看得見的手vulgur economics 庸俗經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Wwage 工資wage rate工資率Walras general equilibrium瓦爾拉斯總體均衡Walras's law瓦爾拉斯法則Wants需要Welfare criterion 福利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Welfare economics 福利經(jīng)學(xué)Welfare loss triangle福利損失三角形welfare maximization福利極大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零彈性zero homogeneity 零階齊次性zero economic prof

45、it 零禾U潤(rùn)中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)單詞Optimal choice 最優(yōu)選擇Indifference curve 無(wú)差異曲線Utility function 效用函數(shù)Derivative 導(dǎo)數(shù)Differential 微分Partial derivative偏導(dǎo)數(shù)Implicit function隱函數(shù)Utility （label）效用（標(biāo)記）Marginal Rate of Substitution 邊際替代率（MRS）Exponent 指數(shù)Cobb-Douglas Preferences柯布一道格拉斯偏好Monotonic Transformation 單調(diào)變換Numerator 分子Denom

46、inator 分母MRS is independent of the utility representation邊際替代率與表示的方法無(wú)關(guān)Coefficient 系數(shù)Unknown parameters未知參數(shù)Absolute value 絕對(duì)值Slope斜率Marginal utility itself has no behavioral content 邊際效用本身并沒有行為方面的內(nèi)容Algebraic 代數(shù)的Natural log自然對(duì)數(shù)Quasilinear utility 擬線性效用 Quasilinear Preferences 擬線性偏好Constant 常數(shù)Perfect S

47、ubstitutes完全替代Perfect Complements完全互補(bǔ)Intuitive 直觀的Intersect 相交Construct a utility function 構(gòu)造效用函數(shù)Rule out 排除Compelling令人信服的An operational criterion 可操作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Cardinal utility基數(shù)效用Geometrically幾何學(xué)地Composite function 復(fù)合函數(shù)First derivative 一階導(dǎo)數(shù) second 二階Infinite 無(wú)限多種Ordinal utility 序數(shù)效用Consumer preferences 消

48、費(fèi)者偏好The magnitude of the utility function is only important insofar as it ranks the different consumption bundles. 效用函數(shù)的數(shù) 值，在對(duì)不同消費(fèi)束進(jìn)行排序時(shí)才有意義。Well-behaved Preferences : 1. monotonicity 2. convexity Concave preferences 凹偏好 Segment 段Bads厭惡品Neutrals中性商品Satiation 燃足 satiation point or bliss pointDiscrete

49、 Goods 離散商品Fractional 分量的局部的Commodity 商品Procedure 步驟Indifference curves cannot crossAxioms公理Three axioms about consumer preference :1. complete 完備性公理 2. reflexive 反身性公理 3. transitive傳遞性公理Consumption bundles 消費(fèi)束Strictly preferred 嚴(yán)格偏好的Vertical change 垂直變換Vertical and horizontal axis y 軸和 x 軸The numer

50、aire 計(jì)價(jià)物Taxes subsidies rationing 稅收 補(bǔ)貝占 配給Quantity tax 從量稅Value tax 從價(jià)稅or valorem taxesQuantity subsidy valorem subsidyLumpsum tax or subsidy 總額稅 總額補(bǔ)貝占Budget constraint 預(yù)算約束Shift rotate parallel 移動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)平行Infinitive 不定式Monopolist 壟斷者Competitive market 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)Equilibrium 平衡Optimization 最優(yōu)化Demand and Supply

51、 curveExogenous 夕卜源的 Exogenous variable 夕卜生變量Endogenous 內(nèi)源的 Endogenous variable 內(nèi)生變量Reservation price 保留價(jià)格Comparative statics 比較靜態(tài)分析Allocate 配置The discriminating monopolist價(jià)格歧視壟斷者Revenue 收益Rent control房租管制Excess demand 超額需求Ability to pay principle (of taxation )(稅收的)支付能力原則按照納稅人支付能力確定納稅負(fù)擔(dān)的原則。納稅人支付能力依

52、據(jù)其收人或財(cái)富來(lái)衡量。這一原則并不說(shuō)明某經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況較好的人到底該比別人多負(fù)擔(dān)多少。Absolute advantage（in international trade ）（國(guó)際貿(mào)易 中的）絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) A國(guó)所具有的比B國(guó)能更加有效地（即單位投入的產(chǎn)出水平比較高等）生產(chǎn)某種商品的能力。這種優(yōu)勢(shì)并不意味著A國(guó)必然能將該商品成功地出口到B國(guó)。因?yàn)锽國(guó)還可能有一種我們所說(shuō)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)或曰比較禾U益（comparative advantage ）。Accelerator principle加速原理解釋產(chǎn)出率變動(dòng)同方向地引致投資需求變動(dòng)的理論。Actual,cyc1ical , and structual budg

53、et 實(shí)際預(yù)算、周期預(yù) 算和結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)算 實(shí)際預(yù)算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份實(shí)際記錄的赤字或盈余。實(shí)際預(yù)算可劃分成結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)算和周期預(yù)算。結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)算假定經(jīng)濟(jì)在潛在產(chǎn)出水平上運(yùn)行，并據(jù)此測(cè)算該經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的政府稅入、支出和赤字等指標(biāo)。周期預(yù)算基于所預(yù)測(cè)的商業(yè)周期（及其經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)）對(duì)預(yù)算的影響。Adaptive expectations 適應(yīng)性預(yù)期 見預(yù)期（expectations ）。Adjustable peg可調(diào)整釘住一種（固定）匯率制度。在該制度下，各國(guó)貨幣對(duì)其他貨幣保持一種固定的或曰 釘住的”匯率。當(dāng)某些基本因素發(fā)生變動(dòng)、原先匯率失去合理依據(jù)的時(shí)候，這種匯率便不時(shí)地趨于凋整。在1944 1971年期間，世界各主要貨幣都普遍實(shí)行這種制度，稱為布雷頓森林體系A(chǔ)dministered （or inflexible ） prices 管理（或非浮動(dòng)）價(jià)格 特指某類價(jià)格的術(shù)語(yǔ)。按照有關(guān)規(guī)定，這類價(jià)格在某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)、在若干種交易中能夠維持不變。（見價(jià)格浮動(dòng)，priceflexib