初中英語語法精講精練(共46頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 David專題一 名詞一名詞的分類： 1.名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個體的實物，如：air。4）抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。二，名詞變復數(shù)：2 名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1） child-children f

2、oot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一個詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復數(shù)是the Bowmans。2） 單復同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數(shù)形式。如：a doll

3、ar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實為復數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4）

4、 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，physics等學科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States，the United Nations 應視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。d. 以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如："The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書。5） 表示由

5、兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clothes等，若表達具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一則建議。5. 定語名詞的復數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1)    &#

6、160; 用復數(shù)作定語。例如：sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)而定。 例如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。例如： goods train （貨車） arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件clothes br

7、ush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個五年計劃  專題二 冠詞一、 不定冠詞的用法：1、 泛指人或事物的類別，相當于any, 如: A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.2、 泛指某人或某物。 A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.3、 表one或every。 We w

8、ork 8 hours a day.I go home twice a month.4、 表示the same 的意思。 Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.5、 用在不可數(shù)名詞前a)（用在物質(zhì)名詞前）一種，一份 A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.b)（用在某些表示風、雨等的名詞前）It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling.There is a col

9、d wind this morning.c)（用在抽象名詞前）一種 That is a great disappointment.Its a pleasure to work with you.6、 （用在某些專有名詞前）某個叫的人，一張的畫，一個象的人等。I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00.He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.What a strange London they saw!Hes a living Lei Feng.7、 用于某些固定詞組中。 a few, a little, a good many

10、, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。8、 在元音音素開頭的名詞前應用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以發(fā)音為準，并非以元音字母而定。如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.二、 定冠詞的用法。1、 表特定的或上文提到的人或物。The boy likes the film.Shut the door, please. The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker

11、.2、 表示世界上獨一無二的東西。 the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）3、 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞或副詞最高級前。 the second, the tallest, the last, the first.4、 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家、黨派或組織機構(gòu)等的專有名詞前。the United States; the Peoples Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle

12、School; the department of Education.5、 用在某些建筑物名稱前。The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the Peoples Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。6、 用在江河海洋，山脈群島，海峽海灣等專有名詞前。The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan

13、 Straits, the Persian Gulf。7、 用在報紙、會議、條約等專有名詞前。the Peoples Daily（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement8、 用在方位名詞前，某些習慣短語中或結(jié)構(gòu)搭配中。on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm9、 用在形容詞前表一類人。 the

14、 poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.10、 用在雙方都知，不言而喻的名詞前。 Give me the book. Whos the man?11. 用在姓氏復數(shù)前表示一家人或夫婦二人。the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners12. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前泛指某類人或物(指整個一類)。The horse is a useful animal. The computer was invaded not long ago.13. 指世紀的年代。 in the 1890s或in the 18

15、90s14. 用在表示樂器的名詞前。 play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)15. 用在某國語言前，構(gòu)成the language的形式。The English language is very widely used all over the world.如果單用國家變來的語言名詞形式，則不用the。Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.16. 用于“論（或按）計”之類的意思。 He got paid by the hour. They sell the cl

16、oth by the meter.三零冠詞的場合。a) 專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名前一般不用冠詞。China, Johnson;Air is matter.Sound is invisible.b) 當名詞已被指示代詞、物主代詞、名詞所有格限制時。This book is good.I read my English book every day.c) 注：指示代詞和物主代詞亦不能并用。my that book, 應該說：that book of mine. 街名、廣場名、公園名前。 Wall Street. Tiananmen Square, Hyde Park.d) 省市、大

17、學名前。Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)e) 湖泊前一般不用冠詞。 East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lakef) 山峰前不用冠詞。 Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everestg) 月份、星期、節(jié)日、三餐飯的名詞前。March, Christmas, Sunday;Have you had lunch?Spring is the be

18、st season of the years.(但月份或季節(jié)被限定則須冠詞。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)h) 稱呼語，表示頭街或職務作賓補或同位語的名詞。Whats this, John?We made Li Hai monitor.i) 學科名、球類、棋類名詞六前。We like maths.They often play football.j) 泛指的復數(shù)名詞前。 Students must work hard at their lesson.K） 與by連用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名詞前。 by bus, by hand, by rad

19、io, by air, by water.配套習題： 冠詞練習( )1.John is_university student. A.some B.any C.a D.an( )2.He gave my sister _useful book yesterday. A.an B.a C./ D.the( )3.I have_Uncle.He is good at mending TV stes. A.an B.a C./ D.the( )4.There is _“s”in the word“smile”. A.a B.an C.the D./( )5.Mr Smith always gives

20、me _hand when I am in trouble. A.a B.an C.the D./( )6.The cartoon “Mulan ”is_interesting film and_story happened in China. A.a;the B.an;the C.the;a D.an;a( )7.We often have sports after class,and I like to play_basketball. A.a B.an C.the D./( )8.-Wheres Xiao Ming?-Hes having_rest over there. A.a B.a

21、n C.the D./( )9.There is _“h”in the word“hour”. A.a B.an C.the D./( )10._earth we live on is bigger than_moon. A.The;a B.The;the C.An;a D.An ;the( )11.The scientists from_United States live in _Ninth Street. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D.the;/( )12.-Whats the matter with you?-I caught _bad cold and had

22、to stay in_bed. A.a;/ B.a;the C.a;a D.the;the( )13.John likes playing _football.But he doesnt lke playing _piano. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D. the;/( )14.She is one of _most popular teachers in this school. A.a B.the C./ D.much( )15.Tom has_high fever and his mother is looking after him. A.a B.the C.a

23、n D./( )16.This is a story about_oneeyed dog. A.a B. the C.an D./( )17.-Have you got_E-mail address?-Oh,yes,mine is . A.the B.an C.a D./( )18.We cant see _sun on a rainy day. A.a B.the C./ D.an( )19.The house in _front of the river is on _fire. A./;/ B.the;the C.the;/ D./;a( )20.-What color is_orang

24、e?-Its _orange. A.an,an B.an,the C.an,/ D./,the( )21.Every year_Mothers Day is on_second Sunday in May. A.the,the B./,the C.the,/ D./,/( )22.-Are you having _good time?-Yes,but Im feeling a little tired.I want to have_rest. A.a,/ B./,a C.a,a D.the,a( )23.We cant see _sun at _night. A.a,/ B.a,the C.t

25、he,/ D.the,the( )24.He is very rich.However,he often says_rich should help_poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/( )25._Great Wall is _longest wall in the world AA；a B.The；the CA；the DThe；a ( )26Bill is _ English teacherHe likes playing _ football Aa；the Ban；the Ca；Dan； 27 The museum is quite farIt w

26、ill take you half _hour to get there by _ busAan； Ban；a Ca； D； 28._Blacks are going to the park this Sunday.Why dont we go for_walk? A.A,a B.An,/ C.The,a D./,a29.He is very rich.However,he often says_rich should help_poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/30.Jane is_taller of the two. A.the B.a C.an D

27、./ 31_ woman over there is _popular teacher in our school AA；an BThe；a CThe；the DA；the 32Is he _ American boy ？ Aan Ba Cone D 33They passed our school _day before yesterday Aan Bone Ca Dthe 34Australia is _English-speaking country Aa Ban Cthe D 35There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 36This is

28、_ useful bookI've read it for _ hour 專題三 代詞一. 人稱代詞人稱代詞所有格稱為物主代詞。物主代詞分為兩類： 形容詞性的，如my, her, your, their等； 名詞性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受漢語影響，我們常犯以下兩種錯誤：1) 漏用代詞，主要是形容詞性的物主代詞，因為漢語中常常將它省略。例如：I have done my homework.（不能說 * I have done homework.）We clean our classroom every day.（不能說 * We clean class

29、room every day）二. 反身代詞1. “反身”用法反身代詞作句中賓語時，表示動作返回到主語本身。或者說，句子的主語和賓語是同一個人或物。例如： He hurt himself（作動詞賓語） Dick bought himself a new coat.（作間接賓語）I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介詞賓語） 2. 強調(diào)用法：反身代詞用作同位語時，在句中起強調(diào)作用，其位置也比較靈活。例如：I went to see the chairman myself（強調(diào)主語） We spoke to the mayor himself（強調(diào)賓語）The mayor

30、 himself met us at the door.（緊隨主語之后） The mayor met us at the door himself.（在句末）三. 不定代詞1. 用some還是用any1) 一般說來，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如： There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me2. either與neithereither指“兩者之中任何一個”，neither指“兩者都不”通常與單數(shù)動詞連用。但在非正式英語中也可與復數(shù)動詞連用。例如： You've got two answ

31、ers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong3. nobody, no one, nothing和none nobody和no one指人，作單數(shù)，后面不能接of 短語,例如：NobodyNo one knows why she was late againnothing指物，作單數(shù)；none指人或物，作單救或復數(shù)均可。none既可用于可數(shù)名詞，也可用于不可數(shù)名詞, 例如：None of the money on the table is mine. 4. every與each every強調(diào)的是“全體”；each則強調(diào)的是具體“每一個”。例如：On eve

32、ryeach side of the square there were soldiers. 此外，each可作名詞性代詞，如：Each has two books.（each作主語） We each are satisfied with our own rooms.(each作同位語，常位于主語和謂語動詞之間，謂語動詞及代詞等應與主語一致。) We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位語時，也可置于句末。)5. other, the other和another1) other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其復數(shù)形式為

33、others。例如： There are other ways of doing this exercise Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.2) the other表示兩者之中的“另一個（人或物）”，其復數(shù)形式為the others，例如： He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.當other泛指“別人”時，前面

34、不加定冠詞： We must always be ready to help others.3) another表示不定數(shù)目中的“另一個或類似的下個（人或物）”，還可與數(shù)詞連用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：How about another cup of tea？ The strike may last another two weeks.6. one1) one只可用于指代可數(shù)名詞，其復數(shù)形式是ones。例如：If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table. What nice shirts！which oneones shal

35、l we buy？2) oneones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代詞以及a（n），own，several和名詞所有格后面。例如： His knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用 my one代替mine）They don't like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.（不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country） 但是，當oneones前面還帶有形容詞時，則例外。如：Have you any knives

36、？I need a sharp one. My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one3) thethisthat one與that： that可以指代不可數(shù)名詞，而one不能。如：The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. （that不能用the one取代） that后面常接of短語。例如：This dictionary is more expensive than that one.（that onethat dictionary. one一般不

37、省略）The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.（thatthe window，它后面有of短語，一般不用the one替代） 有時候the one和that可以互相取代，如： The gold ring is in that box - the one（that）with the key in the lock.4) one可以泛指人，相當于you，we，people，其所有格為one's。例如： One should do one'shis duty專題四 指示代詞和不定代詞1. 指示代詞 1. thi

38、s 和 these 表示在時間上或空間上較近的人或物；that 和those 表示在時間上或空間上較遠的人或物。如：This is a pen and that is a ruler.這是一支鋼筆，那是一把尺子 2.向別人介紹某個人時，要說“This is.”，介紹兩個人時，先用“This is.”介紹一個人，然后用“That is.”介紹另一個人。 如：This is my brother and that is my sister. 這是我哥哥 那是我妹妹 3.that 和those 還可以指前文中的事物，this 和 these 指下文中將要講到的事物。他們起一種承上或啟下的作用。 如：

39、I got up late,that's why I missed the bus. 我起床遲了，這就是為什么我沒趕上汽車。 4.one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不定） 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同類但不同個） 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。 I can't find my hat. I don&

40、#39; t know where I put it.（ 同一物） 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了2. 不定代詞不定代詞，即不指明代替某特定名詞或形容詞的代詞 1.常用不定代詞有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no

41、 one, none, everybody, everyone等 2.除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。I have no idea about it. 3.all 都，指三者以上。 all 的主謂一致：all的單復數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。 All goes well.一切進展得很好。 all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。 both都，指兩者。 4.neither兩者都不 a.neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但ne

42、ither nor 用作并列連詞，可與復數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。 either（兩者中任何一個）， neither （兩者都不）。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。 5. some 某些，一些，某個 1) 可與復數(shù)名詞及連用。2) 當做"某一"解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。You will be sorry for this some day.，你會后悔這件事的。注意： (1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。 (2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑問句中：說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。 you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如：Would y

43、ou like some coffee?b.在中表示確定的意義時，如：If you need some help，let me know.c.some位于主語部分, Some students haven't been there before. 6. none 無人或無 不定代詞none的含義和all相反，和no one，not any同義，但其用法相當于名詞，在句子中一般作主語或賓語。它代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單、復數(shù)皆可。例如： none of the problems is /are easy to solve這些問題沒有一個

44、是容易解決的。（作主語， 代替可數(shù)名詞） 7.every 和each1)every 強調(diào)全體的概念， each強調(diào)個體概念。 Every student in our school works hard.我們學校的學生都很用功。 Each student may have one book.每個學生都可有一本書。2)every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個)，each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個)。3)every 只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of

45、the boys has to take one.4)every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； each 和not連用表示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。 Each man is not honest.這兒每個人都不誠實。. 8.one/another/the other1) 泛指另一個用another。2) 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個用one，另一個用the other。3) 一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one，另一個用one (another)，第三個可用the other，a third。4) 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the

46、others。5) 泛指別的人或物時，用others當在一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部時，也用others。 9.Many，much都意為"許多"， many + 可數(shù)名詞，much + 不可數(shù)名詞。How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left?10. few, little, a few, a little(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞 a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點few / little為否定含義，沒有多

47、少了 He has a few friends.他有幾個朋友。 He has few friends.他幾乎沒有朋友。We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。 There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了 專題五 形容詞和副詞1. 形容詞1.定義 用來描寫或修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)2.用法：1. 作定語。例如：This is a old house. 2. 作表語. 例如：I am sorry to hear that . 3.作賓語補足語。例如：She made her mother angry.3.某些形容詞前加

48、上定冠詞the，可以代表一類人或東西，可以用作主語，賓語等。做主語時當復數(shù)看待。例如：（1） The old are looked after well. (2) We should help the poor.二.副詞1.定義 用來修飾動詞，形容詞，其他副詞以及全句。2.用法：1. 作狀語。例如：(1)They work hard.(副詞修飾動詞) (2) They are quite right(副詞修飾形容詞) (3) He park the car very easily.(副詞修飾副詞) (4) Unfortunately, he was out .(副詞修飾整個句子)三.形容詞和副

49、詞的比較級和最高級變化 單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞(1) 一般在詞尾加er ，est。 hard-harder-hardest great-greater-greatest(2) 以字母e結(jié)尾的加r，st。 nice-nicer-nicest(3)重讀閉音節(jié)詞末尾只有一個輔音字母時，雙寫輔音字母，再加er，est. big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fattest thin-thinner-thinnest(4)多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在其前加more，most. interesting-more interesting-most interesting carefully

50、-more carefully-most carefully quickly-more quickly-most quickly happily-more happily-most happily表示"較不."和"最不."時，可用less和leastdifficult-less difficult-least difficult beautiful-less beautiful-least beautiful （5） 部分特別詞的變化：good-better-best well- better-best bad/ill-worse-worst many/

51、much-more-most little-less-least far-farther/further-farthest/furthest old-older/elder-oldest/eldest4. 用法： 1. 兩者之間的比較用比較級: (1) He runs faster than his friend. (2) Who is younger,Tom or John? 2. 三者或三者以上之間進行比較用最高級 (1) She is the most beautiful girl in her class . (2) Which is the biggest,the sun,the m

52、oon or the earth?3. 比較級前可以用much,a little,even,still,a lot來修飾 如； Our school is much more beautiful than your school.4.在一些含有比較級的句子里，常用that或those來代替前面所提到的詞。如：(1) The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai . (2) The boys in our class are more than those in your class. 5.形容詞比較級前加the或“比較級and比較

53、級”表示“越來越.”(1)The more ,the better . 越多越好 (2) The busier he is ,the happier he feels. 他越忙越感到開心 (3)The weather is getting colder and colder. 天氣變得越來越冷6. 副詞的最高級可以不用定冠詞the，如：The boy writes most carefully in his class.五.原級比較：1.結(jié)構(gòu).as +原級+as.（前者與后者一樣）； .not as/so +原級+as.（前者不如后者那么.）如：(1) The coat is as old as that one. (2) The weather in Beijing is not as/so hot as that in Shanghai . 2.原級的特殊用法：1.表示“是.的幾倍”