專業(yè)英語課后習(xí)題

1、Unit12. Translate the following into Chinesematerials science 材料科學(xué) Stone Age 石器時代naked eye 肉眼 optical property 光學(xué)性能mechanical strength 機(jī)械強(qiáng)度 Bronze age 青銅時代integrated circuit 集成電路 thermal conductivity 導(dǎo)熱系數(shù) “Materials science" involves investigating the relationships that exist between the struct

2、ures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“材料科學(xué)”涉及到材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能之間的關(guān)系研究。相比之下，“材料工程”是在這些結(jié)構(gòu)性能的相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計(jì)材料的結(jié)構(gòu)以生產(chǎn)預(yù)定的一組屬性。 “

3、 Virtually” all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical. and deteriorative.“事實(shí)上”固體材料的所有重要特性可分為六個不同的類別：機(jī)械，電，熱，磁，光和變質(zhì)。 In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved i

4、n the science and engineering of materials. namely "processing" and "performance" .除結(jié)構(gòu)與特征外，材料科學(xué)和工程還包括另外兩項(xiàng)重要的研究內(nèi)容，即（材料的）加工與性能。 The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of m

5、aterials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程師與科學(xué)家越熟悉材料的結(jié)構(gòu)-性質(zhì)之間的各種相互關(guān)系以及材料的加工技術(shù)，根據(jù)這些原則，他或她對材料的明智選擇將越來越熟練和精確。 On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be ne

6、cessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在極少數(shù)情況下材料在具有最優(yōu)或理想的綜合性質(zhì)。因此，有必要對材料的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行權(quán)衡。3. Translate the following into English交又學(xué)科 interdisciplinary study 介電常數(shù) dielectric constant 固體材料 solid materials 熱容 heat capacity力學(xué)性質(zhì) mechanical property 電磁輻射 electromagnetism radiation 材料加工 materials proc

7、essing 彈性系數(shù)(模數(shù)) elastic modulus直到最近，科學(xué)家才終于了解材料的結(jié)構(gòu)要素與其特性之間的關(guān)系。It was no until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.材料工程學(xué)主要解決材料的制造問題和材料的應(yīng)用問題。Materials engineering is to solve the problem during th

8、e manufacturing and application of materials.材料的加工過程不但決定了材料的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時決定了材料的特征和性能.Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.材料的力學(xué)性能與其所受外力或負(fù)荷而導(dǎo)致的變形有關(guān)。Material mechanical properties is relative with its deformation coming from outside for

9、ce or load.Unit22. Translate the following into Chinesecomposite materials 復(fù)合材料 nonlocalized electrons 游離電子advanced materials 先進(jìn)材料 stiffnesses 剛性semiconductor 半導(dǎo)體 biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料 nanoengineered materials 納米工程材料 Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat,and ar

10、e not transparent visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金屬導(dǎo)電、導(dǎo)熱能力特別強(qiáng)，對可見光不透明;一個拋光的金屬表面具有光澤。 Ceramics, are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是典型的絕熱、絕緣體，

11、在對高溫和苛刻環(huán)境的抵抗力方面優(yōu)于金屬和高聚物。 Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.應(yīng)用于高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的材料有時候被稱為先進(jìn)材料。 Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an elect

12、ric field when their dimensions are altered.響應(yīng)外加電場(或電壓)，壓電陶瓷會膨脹和收縮;相反的，當(dāng)尺寸改變時，壓電陶瓷也會產(chǎn)生一個電場。 With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules form new structures and，thus，design

13、 new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (i. c., “materials by design”).隨著掃描探針顯微鏡的問世，這種顯微鏡允許觀察單個原子或者分子，使得操作和移動原子和分子形成新的結(jié)構(gòu)、基于簡單原子水平上設(shè)計(jì)新材料成為可能。3. Translate the following into English先進(jìn)材料 advaneced materials 陶瓷材料 ceramic materials高性能材料 high-perfomiance materials 黏土礦物 clay min

14、erals合金 alloys 移植 implant 玻璃纖維 glass fiber 碳納米管 carbon nanotube金屬元素有許多游離電子，金屬材料的許多性質(zhì)可直接歸功于這些電子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.許多聚合物材料是有機(jī)化合物，并具有大的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。Many of polymers are organic compounds , and

15、they have very large molecular structures.半導(dǎo)體材料的電性特征介于導(dǎo)電材料(如金屬、金屬合金)與絕緣體(陶瓷材料和聚合體材料)之間。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers).生物材料不能產(chǎn)生毒性，并且必須與人體組織互相兼容。Biomaterials mu

16、st not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit32. Translate the following into Chinesenaked eye 肉眼 transition elements 過渡元素mechanical property 力學(xué)性能 atomic number 原子序數(shù) elementary chemistry 基礎(chǔ)化學(xué) positively charged protons 帶正電的質(zhì)子 Metals behave differently than ceramics,an

17、d ceramics behave differently than polymers.金屬行為不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行為不同于高聚物。 The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The microstructure and macrostructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on me

18、chanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction.原子結(jié)構(gòu)主要影響材料的化學(xué)性能、物理性能、熱性能、電學(xué)性能、磁學(xué)性能、光學(xué)性能，微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)也影響這些性能但更主要影響材料的力學(xué)性能和化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率。 The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金屬的強(qiáng)度表明這些原子靠強(qiáng)鍵結(jié)合。 An element's atomic number indicates the number of positivel

19、y charged protons in the nucleus. The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus.元素原子序數(shù)表明原子核中帶正電的質(zhì)子數(shù)目。原子量表明原子核中有多少個質(zhì)子和中子。3. Translate the following into English微觀結(jié)構(gòu) microstructure 宏觀結(jié)構(gòu) macrostructure 化學(xué)反應(yīng) chemical reaction 原子量 atomic weight電荷平衡 balanced electric

20、charge 帶正電子的原子核 positively charge nucleus從我們呼吸的空氣到各種各樣性質(zhì)迥異的金屬，成千上萬種物質(zhì)均是由100多種原子組成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.事實(shí)證明金屬原子是通過很強(qiáng)的鍵結(jié)合在一起的。The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bon

21、ds.微現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)是指能夠通過顯微鏡觀察到的而不是用肉眼直接觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)；宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)是指可以直接用肉眼觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)。Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.原子核中質(zhì)子和中子的量的總和就是原子量。The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic w

22、eight of an atom.Unit42. Translate the following into Chinese phase transformation temperatures 相轉(zhuǎn)變溫度 specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity 熱導(dǎo)率 the melting point 熔點(diǎn)the acceleration of gravity 重力加速度 magnetic permeability 磁導(dǎo)率 An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of w

23、ater and sink if its density is greater that that of water. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. 物體密度比水輕時將漂浮在水面，密度比水大時將下沉。類似的，比重小于1的物體將漂浮，比重大于1的物體將下沉。 Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther a

24、part, resulting in a decrease in magnetic ux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that centrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called f

25、erromagnetic. 使磁力線相互分開，導(dǎo)致磁通量比真空小的材料被稱為反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相對磁導(dǎo)率大于1小于或等于10的材料被稱為順磁性材料；使磁通集中、相對磁導(dǎo)率大于 10的材料被稱為鐵磁性材料。 Certain ferromagnetic materials , especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have r that can range up to about 1000000. Diamagnetic materials have r less than one, but no kn

26、own substance has relative permeability much less than one. 某些鐵電材料，特別是粉末狀態(tài)或者疊層狀態(tài)的鐵、鋼、鎳合金，他們的相對磁導(dǎo)率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁導(dǎo)率小于1但是相對磁導(dǎo)率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于1的物質(zhì)還沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。 When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic: core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by r compared with the inductance of the same coil with an

27、air core. 當(dāng)順磁性或鐵磁性芯被插入到線圈中時，磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度是空氣芯時的r倍。3. Translate the following into English 相對密度 Relative density 沸點(diǎn) boling point 磁感應(yīng) magnetic induction 熱導(dǎo)率 Thermal conduction 玻璃轉(zhuǎn)變溫度 glass transition temperature 有色金屬 nonferrous metal線性熱膨脹系數(shù) linear coefficient of thermal expansion 單位體積質(zhì)量mass per any unit of vo

28、lume 化學(xué)性質(zhì)是用來描述一種物質(zhì)變成另外一種完全不同的物質(zhì)的性質(zhì).Chemical properties are those that describe how a substance changes into a completely different one. 相變是一種物理性質(zhì),并且物質(zhì)存在四種相: 固相,液相,氣相和等離子體.Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma. 當(dāng)溫度低于熔點(diǎn)時,聚合物的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)破

29、壞,但其分子仍然在分子鏈上,從而形成一種柔軟性和柔順性材料.Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material. 在工程應(yīng)用中,滲透率通常用相對值而不是絕對值來表示.In engineering applications , permeability is o

30、ften expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .Unit52. Translate the following into Chinese the service life 服役期限 the longitudinal direction 縱向方向the transverse direction 橫向方向 dynamic or cyclic loading 動態(tài)或循環(huán)載荷the initial length of the material 材料的初始長度 elastic deformation 彈性形變plastic de

31、formation 塑性形變 localized deformation 局部形變The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material establish the service life that can be expected. 金屬的力學(xué)性質(zhì)決定了材料使用范圍，和服役期限。Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported

32、 can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. 因此，為了確定力學(xué)性質(zhì)，一般需要做大量實(shí)驗(yàn)，報(bào)道的值一般是平均值或者經(jīng)過計(jì)算的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的最小值。The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how, or if, a component will fail; and whether it will show warning signs before failure act

33、ually occurs.材料受載方式很大程度上決定了其力學(xué)性質(zhì)，同時也在很大程度上決定了零部件怎樣失效或者是否失效，以及在失效發(fā)生以前，是否會給出預(yù)警信號。However, a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes with distance perpendicular to the normal axis. 但是，承受彎曲載荷的棒其應(yīng)力分布狀態(tài)與垂直法線軸的距離有關(guān)。Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are l

34、ower than a critical stress called the yield strength. 低于一個被稱為屈服極限的臨界應(yīng)力時，材料僅僅發(fā)生彈性形變。3. Translate the following into English 實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品 test specimen 靜負(fù)荷 static loading作用力 applied force 垂直軸 normal axis工程應(yīng)變 engineering strain 臨界應(yīng)力 critical stress 屈服強(qiáng)度 yield strength 應(yīng)力面積 stress area應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線 stress-strain cur

35、ve通常,溫度低于室溫時,金屬合金的強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)降低,而延展性,破碎韌度和拉伸性能增強(qiáng).Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys，but a increase in ductility, fracture toughness and elongation.從材料的角度來說,應(yīng)力是一種在材料內(nèi)部所分布的力,它可以平衡所施加的負(fù)荷與其發(fā)生相互作用.From the perspective of what is happening wi

36、thin a material , stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. 工程應(yīng)變可定義為: 所施加方向上的材料的改變量與材料原始長度的比值.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the mat

37、erial .高強(qiáng)度和高延展性的材料比低強(qiáng)度和低延展性的材料的韌性高.A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility Unit62. Translate the following into Chinese Silicon single crystals 單晶硅 computed tomography scan 電子斷層掃描magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振顯像 the

38、 military industrial complex 軍工復(fù)合物Gross National Happiness 國民幸福指數(shù) the average population growth rate of the world 世界人口平均增長率 With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our, the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a differ by addressi

39、ng the needs of the world of tomorrow-needs in energy, transportation, food, recycling. and health. 隨著各種影響人類生存環(huán)境的社會問題的快速發(fā)展和逼近，材料科學(xué)與工程協(xié)會有責(zé)任，也有機(jī)會改變未來世界的需要一包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循環(huán)利用及健康。 Population is growing at much higher rates in the less developed countries in comparison to the average population growth ra

40、te of the world, which is l.4%. 1.4%欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4% 。 Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1. 7% annually until 2025, Which a faster rate than the world population growth rate.據(jù)預(yù)測，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增長率為1.7%，該數(shù)值超過世界人口增長率。 Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than

41、 nine times greater in developed regions than in less developed regions. 而且，發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人均能源消耗是欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的九倍多。3. Translate the following into English 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 grass domestic product 材料科學(xué)與工程 material science and engineering市場經(jīng)濟(jì) market economy 社會問題 social issue經(jīng)濟(jì)指數(shù) economic index 衛(wèi)生保健 market economy國民生產(chǎn)總值 gross nat

42、ional product 人口增長率 population growth rate 然而,隨著時間的變化,人類的革新與創(chuàng)造力,工程師滿足社會需求的能力和建立工程企業(yè)的精神是永恒不變的.However, some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineers ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering 我們可以看到醫(yī)學(xué),通信學(xué)和運(yùn)輸工業(yè)的革命

43、給我們生活帶來的變化.We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine , telecommunications, and transportation industries. 18%的世界人口缺少安飲用水,幾乎40%缺少環(huán)境衛(wèi)生設(shè)施.Eighteen percent of the word' s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no ac

44、cess to sanitation. 材料與社會是互相聯(lián)系的,并且我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為材料科學(xué)工程的發(fā)展與影響人類生存條件的全球社會問題存在緊密的聯(lián)系,這是唯一理性的看法.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE - research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit72.Translate th

45、e following into Chineseconduction bands 導(dǎo)帶 alkali metals 堿金屬atomic radius 原子半徑 overlap of orbital energies 軌道能量重疊the ion lattice 離子晶格 solid solution 固溶體 In chemistry, a metal is defined as an element that readily loses electrons to form dive ions and forms metallic bonds between other metal atoms.化

46、學(xué)上，金屬被定義為這樣一種元素：容易失去電子行程正離子、容易和其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。 The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is thought to he the primary reason for malleability of metal.金屬鍵的無方向性被認(rèn)為是金屬延展性的主要原因。 Crystals with covalent bond can only be deformed by breaking the bonds between at-thereby resulting in fragmentation of the

47、crystal.共價鍵晶體只有打破原子間價鍵才能發(fā)生形變，因此導(dǎo)致了晶體破碎。 Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, contain more than ten elements.為了一些高性能場合應(yīng)用，如噴氣式發(fā)動機(jī)，特殊設(shè)計(jì)的合金可以包含10種以上元素。3.Translate the following into English離域電子 delocalized electrons 電子結(jié)構(gòu) electrical structure堿土金屬 alkali-earth

48、metals 化學(xué)電池 electrochemical cell核電荷 nuclear charge 導(dǎo)電性 electrical conductivity金屬有時被描述為由游離電子團(tuán)包圍的正離子晶格。Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.通常地，金屬其有良好的導(dǎo)電性和導(dǎo)熱性，其有金屬光澤，密度較大，并且其有在壓力下變形而不會斷裂的能力。Metals in general have superior electric

49、and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving. 合金是指兩種或兩種以上的元素形成的固溶體混合物，其中主要組分為全屬.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.不同比率的金屬結(jié)合成為合金可以改變純金屬的性質(zhì)，從而產(chǎn)生所需要的性能.Combining diffe

50、rent ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit82. Translate the following into Chinesehigh-performance alloy 高性能合金 mechanical strength 機(jī)械強(qiáng)度single crystal alloys 單晶合金 oxidation and corrosion resistance 抗氧化腐蝕性precipitation strengthening

51、 沉淀強(qiáng)化 crystalline lattice 晶格Superalloy development has relied heavily on both chemical and process innovations and has been driven primarily by the aerospace and power industries.超耐熱合金的發(fā)展高度依賴于化學(xué)和工藝的革新、主要由航空和能源工業(yè)推動。Creep resistance is dependent on slowing the speed of dislocations within the crystal

52、structure抗蠕變依賴于在晶體結(jié)構(gòu)中降低位錯移動速度。The historical developments in superalloy processing have brought about considerable increases in superalloy operating temperatures.超耐熱合金加工技術(shù)的歷史發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了超耐熱合金使用溫度的巨大提高。Single-crystal superalloys (SC superalloys) are formed as a single crystal using a modified version of the

53、 directional solidification technique, so there are no grain boundaries in the material.單晶超耐熱合金材料是以一種單晶體狀體態(tài)而形成的，這種單晶體是應(yīng)用一種修正的定性凝固技術(shù)被制造出來的，因此單晶超耐熱合金材料中沒有晶界。3. Translate the following into English面心立方晶休結(jié)構(gòu) Face centered cubic crystal structure 渦輪入口溫度 turbine inlet temperature金屬材料 Metallic material 相穩(wěn)定性

54、 phase stability核反應(yīng)堆 Nuclear reaction 納米粒子的合成synthesis of nanoparticles典型的超耐熱合金具有奧氏體的面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。.Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.根據(jù)超耐熱合金的性質(zhì)，超耐熱合金的產(chǎn)品可以在高溫和腐蝕環(huán)境中得到應(yīng)用。Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties.超耐熱合金主要用于航空工業(yè)、潛水、核反應(yīng)堆、軍用發(fā)動機(jī)等方面。The largest applications of superalloys are the following: aerospace, submarines, nu