計算機專業(yè)英語2013影印版unit_5

1、Chapter 5 System Software5 System SoftwarelEnd users use application software to accomplish specific tasks. l最終用戶使用應(yīng)用軟件來完成特定的任務(wù)。lSystem software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details related to using a computer. l系統(tǒng)軟件與最終用戶，應(yīng)用軟件和

2、計算機硬件來處理和用計算機相關(guān)的大部分的技術(shù)細節(jié). 5 System Softwarelsystem software controls where a word processing program is stored in memorylHow commands are converted so that the system unit can process them and where a completed document or file is savedl系統(tǒng)軟件控制文字處理程序存儲在存儲器l命令如何被轉(zhuǎn)換，以便系統(tǒng)單元可以處理它們并在一個已完成的文件或文件被保存5 System

3、 SoftwarelNot a single programs but a collection or sys-tem of programs, these programs handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention.l不是一個單一程序而是一個集合或系統(tǒng)程序，這些程序處理數(shù)以百計的很少或沒有用戶干預(yù)的技術(shù)細節(jié)。5 System SoftwarelSystem software is not a single program. Rather it is a collection or a sy

4、stem of programs that handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention. l系統(tǒng)軟件不是一個單一的程序。相反，它是一個集合或程序系統(tǒng)可處理數(shù)百個技術(shù)細節(jié)，很少或沒有用戶干預(yù)干預(yù)。5 System SoftwarelFour kinds of systems programs are operating systems, utilities, device drivers, and language translators.l四類系統(tǒng)程序是操作系統(tǒng)、實用工具、設(shè)備驅(qū)動和語言翻譯程

5、序。5 System SoftwarelSystem software consists of four types of programs:lOperating System coordinates computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applicationsl操作系統(tǒng)操作系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)計算機資源，為用戶和計算機之間提供一個接口及運行程序。lUtilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resou

6、rces.l實用工具實用工具執(zhí)行與管理計算機資源相關(guān)的特定任務(wù)。5 System SoftwarelSystem software consists of four types of programs:lDevice drivers are specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer systeml設(shè)備驅(qū)動設(shè)備驅(qū)動是特殊的程序可以允許特別的輸入或輸出設(shè)備能夠與計算機系統(tǒng)其他部分進行通信。lLanguage trans

7、lators convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.l語言翻譯語言翻譯把把程序員編寫的編程指令轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機能夠理解和處理的語言。5.1 Operating SystemlAn operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical details related to using a computer.l操

8、作系統(tǒng)是一個程序集合，處理許多的和使用計算機相關(guān)的大部分技術(shù)細節(jié)。lIn many ways, an operating system is the most important type of computer program.l在許多方面，一個操作系統(tǒng)是計算機程序的最重要的一種。5.1 Operating SystemlOperating systems (software environments, platform) handle technical details.l操作系統(tǒng)（軟件環(huán)境、平臺）處理技術(shù)細節(jié)。5.1 Operating SystemlOperating systems

9、coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applications. Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.l操作系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)計算機資源，提供用戶和計算機之間的接口，并運行應(yīng)用程序。實用程序執(zhí)行有關(guān)管理計算機資源相關(guān)的具體任務(wù)。5.1 Operating SystemlDevice drives are specialized programs that

10、 allow particular input or output devices to communicate with rest of the computer system.lLanguage translators convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.l設(shè)備驅(qū)動器是特殊的程序，允許特別的輸入或輸出設(shè)備與計算機系統(tǒng)其他部分進行通信。l語言翻譯把程序員編寫的編程指令轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機能夠理解和處理的語言。5

11、.1.1 FunctionslEvery computer has an operating system and every operating system performs a variety of functions. l每臺計算機都有一個操作系統(tǒng)，每個操作系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行多種功能。5.1.1 FunctionslThese functions could be classified into three groups:lManaging resourceslProviding user interface: GUI vs. Character-based interface.lRunning

12、 applications: multitasking這些功能可分為三組：l資源管理l提供了用戶界面：GUI與字符界面。l運行應(yīng)用程序：多任務(wù)5.1.1 FunctionslFunctions include managing resources, providing a user interface (most newer operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI), and running applications (multitasking allows switching between different app

13、lications stored in memory).l功能包括管理資源，提供一個用戶界面用戶界面（大多數(shù)新操作系統(tǒng)使用一個圖形用戶界面，圖形用戶界面，或GUI），并且運行應(yīng)用程序（多任務(wù)處理多任務(wù)處理使存儲在內(nèi)存的不同應(yīng)用程序之間能夠切換）。5.1.2 FeatureslStarting or restarting a computer is called booting the system. l啟動或重新啟動計算機被稱為啟動系統(tǒng)。lWarm boot the computer is already on and you restart if without turning off th

14、e power. restart, rebootlCold boot-starting a computer that has been turned off is called a Cold boot l熱啟動-電腦已經(jīng)開啟，然后你點擊重新啟動，不關(guān)閉電源。重啟，重啟l冷啟動-電腦已經(jīng)關(guān)閉，啟動電腦被稱為冷啟動5.1.2 FeatureslYou typically interact with the operating system through the graphical user interface. Most provide a place, call the desktop, w

15、hich provides access to computer resources. l你通常通過圖形用戶界面與操作系統(tǒng)交互。大多數(shù)提供了一個地方，叫桌面，它提供了訪問計算機資源。5.1.2 FeatureslOperating systems have several features in common with application programs, includinglIconslPointerslWindowslMenuslDialog boxlHelp5.1.2 FeatureslMost operating systems store data and programs i

16、n a system of files and folders.l大多數(shù)操作系統(tǒng)將數(shù)據(jù)和程序存儲在系統(tǒng)文件和文件夾中。lUnlike the traditional filing cabinet, computer files and folders are stored on a secondary storage device such as your hard disk.l不同于傳統(tǒng)的文件柜，電腦上的文件和文件夾存儲二級存儲設(shè)備，如硬盤。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lBooting starts (cold) or restarts (warm) a computer s

17、ystem. The desktop provides access to computer resources. Common features include icons, pointers, windows, menus, dialog boxes, and Help. Data and programs are stored in a system of files and folders.l開機啟動開機啟動開始（冷）（冷）或重啟（熱熱）的計算機系統(tǒng)。桌面提供了訪問計算機資源。公共特性包括圖標(biāo)、指針、窗口、圖標(biāo)、指針、窗口、菜單、對話框菜單、對話框和幫助。幫助。數(shù)據(jù)和程序存儲在系統(tǒng)文件

18、文件和文件文件夾夾中。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lStarting or restarting a computer is called booting the system. There are two ways to boot a computer: a warm boot and a cold boot. A warm boot occurs when the computer is already on and you restart it without turning off the power. A warm boot can be accomplished i

19、n several ways.l啟動或重新啟動計算機稱為啟動系統(tǒng)啟動或重新啟動計算機稱為啟動系統(tǒng).啟動計算機的方法啟動計算機的方法有兩種：熱啟動和冷啟動。熱啟動時計算機上不關(guān)閉電源有兩種：熱啟動和冷啟動。熱啟動時計算機上不關(guān)閉電源并重新啟動它。熱啟動可以幾種方法來實現(xiàn)。并重新啟動它。熱啟動可以幾種方法來實現(xiàn)。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lFor example, in Windows XP, a running computer can be restarted by pressing a sequence of keys. Starting a computer that h

20、as been turned off is called a cold boot. l例如，在 Windows XP 中，可以通過一系列按鍵來重新啟動正在運行的電腦。啟動已關(guān)閉的計算機稱為冷啟動。5.1.3 CategorieslWhile there are hundreds of different operating systems, there are only three basic categories: embedded, network, or stand-alone. l雖然有上百種不同的操作系統(tǒng)，只有三個基本類別：嵌入式，網(wǎng)絡(luò)或單機。5.1.3 Categories（分類）

21、（分類）lThree categories of operating systems arel三類操作系統(tǒng)是lEmbedded-used with handheld computers; operating system stored within device.l嵌入式的嵌入式的使用手持電腦；操作系統(tǒng)存儲在設(shè)備上。lNetwork (NOS) -controls and coordinates networked computers; located on the net-work server.l網(wǎng)絡(luò)（網(wǎng)絡(luò)（NOS）控制和協(xié)調(diào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計算機；位于網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器上。lStand-alone (des

22、ktop) -controls a single computer; located on the hard disk.l單機（桌面）單機（桌面）控制單個計算機；位于硬盤上。5.1.3 Categories（分類）（分類）lOperating systems are often called software environments or platforms.l操作系統(tǒng)通常稱為軟件環(huán)境或平臺。lTo effectively use computers, competent end users need to understand the functionality of system sof

23、tware, including operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers.l有效地使用計算機、有競爭的最終用戶需要懂得系統(tǒng)軟件的功能，包括操作系統(tǒng)、實用工具程序和設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序。Embedded operating systemlEmbedded operating systems are used for handheld computer and smaller devices like PDAs.l嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)用于手持計算機和更小的設(shè)備比如PDA。lThe entire operating system is sto

24、red within or embedded in the devices.l整個操作系統(tǒng)存儲在嵌入式設(shè)備。Embedded operating systemlThe operating system programs are permanently stored on ROM, or read-only memory, chips.l操作系統(tǒng)程序永久地存儲在ROM中，或只讀存儲器，芯片。lPopular embedded operating systems includelWindows CElWindows XPl流行的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)包括Windows CElWindows CElWind

25、ows XPNetwork Operating SystemlNetwork Operating Systems are used to control and coordinate computers that are networked or linked togetherl網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)用于控制和協(xié)調(diào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或連接在一起的計算機lNetwork operating systems are typically located on one of the connected computers hard disks. Called the network server, this computer

26、 coordinates all communication between other computers.l網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)通常位于連接計算機硬盤中的一個。稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器，這臺計算機協(xié)調(diào)與其他計算機之間的所有通信。Network Operating SystemlPopular network operating systems include lNetWarelWindows NT ServerlWindows XP ServerlUnixStand-alone Operating SystemlStand-alone operating systems, also called deskt

27、op operating systems, control a single desktop or notebook computer.l單機操作系統(tǒng)，也稱為桌面操作系統(tǒng)，控制一臺臺式機或筆記本電腦。Stand-alone Operating SystemlPopular desktop operating system includelWindowslMac OSlSome version of Unix5.1 Operating SystemlThe operating system is often referred to as the software environment or p

28、latform. l操作系統(tǒng)通常被稱為軟件環(huán)境或平臺。lAlmost all application programs are designed to run with a specific platform.lE.g. the standard version of AppleWorks is designed to run with Mac OS environment.l幾乎所有的應(yīng)用程序設(shè)計為在特定的平臺上運行。l例如。AppleWorks的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版被設(shè)計為在Mac OS環(huán)境中運行。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows, Mac OS, and Linux are o

29、perating systems commonly used by individuals.l在Windows，Mac OS和Linux是由個人常用的操作系統(tǒng)。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows（窗口操作系統(tǒng)）（窗口操作系統(tǒng)）lWindows is the most widely used operating system，is designed to run with Intel and Intel-compatible microprocessors. There are numerous versions of Windows. Windows XP is the

30、most widely used. Windows Vista is the next major version of Windows. It promises advanced system security, a three-dimensional workspace, and filtering capability.lWindows是使用最廣泛的操作系統(tǒng)，它被設(shè)計于與英特爾和英特爾兼容微處理器上運行。有許多窗口操作系統(tǒng)的版本。Windows XP是使用最廣泛的。Windows Vista是下一個窗口操作系統(tǒng)的主要版本。它承諾先進系統(tǒng)的安全性，一個三維的工作空間和過濾性能。5.1 Op

31、erating SystemlMicrosofts Windows is by far the most popular microcomputer operating system today with over 90 percent of the market. Because its market share is so large, more application programs are developed to run under Windows than any other operating system.l目前最流行的微機操作系統(tǒng)，微軟的目前最流行的微機操作系統(tǒng)，微軟的 W

32、indows 今天超過今天超過 90的市場份額。的市場份額。l由于其市場份額是如此之大，越來越多的應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)由于其市場份額是如此之大，越來越多的應(yīng)用程序開發(fā) Windows 下運行，相比其他任何操作系統(tǒng)。下運行，相比其他任何操作系統(tǒng)。5.1 Operating SystemlMicrosofts Windows is by far the most popular microcomputer operating system today with over 90 percent of the market. Because its market share is so large, more

33、 application programs are developed to run under Windows than any other operating system.l目前最流行的微機操作系統(tǒng)，微軟的目前最流行的微機操作系統(tǒng)，微軟的 Windows 是今天超是今天超過過 90的市場份額。的市場份額。l由于其市場份額是如此之大，越來越多的應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)由于其市場份額是如此之大，越來越多的應(yīng)用程序開發(fā) Windows 下的運行速度比其他任何操作系統(tǒng)。下的運行速度比其他任何操作系統(tǒng)。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows comes in a variety of dif

34、ferent versions and is designed to run with Intel-compatible microprocessors such as the Pentium IV. For a summary of Microsofts desktop operating systems. lWindows 自帶的各種不同版本，設(shè)計為運行在英特自帶的各種不同版本，設(shè)計為運行在英特 爾兼容的微處理器，如奔騰爾兼容的微處理器，如奔騰 IV。微軟的桌面操作系統(tǒng)的。微軟的桌面操作系統(tǒng)的小結(jié)。小結(jié)。5.1 Operating SystemlMac OS（蘋果操作系統(tǒng)）（蘋果操作系統(tǒng)）

35、lMac OS is an innovative, powerful, easy-to-use operating system; designed to run with Macintosh computers. One of the latest versions, Tiger, has many powerful features including Spotlight, an advanced search tool, and Dashboard Widgets, a collection of specialized programs. The next version is Leo

36、pard, with Boot Camp, which allows appropriately equipped Apple computers to run both Mac OS and Windows XP.l蘋果操作系統(tǒng)蘋果操作系統(tǒng)是一個創(chuàng)新的、強大的、容易使用的操作系統(tǒng)；設(shè)計在Macintosh計算機上運行。其中一個最新的版本： Tiger ，有許多強大的功能包括聚光燈聚光燈，一個先進的搜索工具和儀表板小工具儀表板小工具，一個專門的程序的集合。下一個版本是Leopard ，使用訓(xùn)練營訓(xùn)練營，允許適當(dāng)配備蘋果計算機同時運行蘋果操作系統(tǒng)和Windows XP。5.1 Operating

37、 SystemlUNIX and Linux（UNIX和和Linux）lUNIX was originally designed to run on mini-computers in network environments. Now, it is used by powerful microcomputers and servers on the Web. There are many different versions of UNIX. One version, Linux, is one of the most popular and powerful alternatives to

38、 the Windows operating system.lUNIX最初設(shè)計微型計算機在網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境里運行?，F(xiàn)在，它用于通過在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上強大的微型計算機和服務(wù)器。有許多不同的UNIX版本。其中一個版本，Linux是最流行的和強大的替代Windows的操作系統(tǒng)之一。5.1 Mobile Operating SystemMobile operating systemlAndroidlBlackBerry OSliOSlWebOSlWindows phone 75.2 UtilitieslIdeally, microcomputers continuously run without problems.

39、However, that simply is not the case.l理想情況下，微型計算機連續(xù)運行沒有問題。然而，并非如此。lUtilities are specialized programs designed to make computing easier. l實用程序是特殊的程序設(shè)計為使計算更簡單。5.2 UtilitieslThere are hundreds of different utility programs. The most essential are:lTrouble shooting or diagnostic programlAntivirus progr

40、amslUninstall programslBackup programslFile compression programsl有數(shù)百種不同的實用程序。最重要的是：有數(shù)百種不同的實用程序。最重要的是：l故障排除和診斷程序故障排除和診斷程序l防病毒程序防病毒程序l卸載程序卸載程序l備份程序備份程序l文件壓縮程序文件壓縮程序5.2 UtilitieslUtilities make computing easier. The most essential are troubleshooting (diagnostic), antivirus, uninstall, backup, and file

41、 compression.l實用工具使計算機更簡單。最必不可少的是排除故障（診斷的）、反病毒程序、卸載軟件、備份和文件壓縮。5.2 UtilitieslWindows Utilities（窗口實用工具）（窗口實用工具）lSeveral utility programs are accessible from the System Tools menu including Backup, Disk Cleanup, and Disk Defragmenter (eliminates unnecessary fragments; tracks are concentric rings; secto

42、rs are wedge-shaped).l幾個實用工具程序是可以訪問的，通過系統(tǒng)工具菜單，包括備份、磁盤清理備份、磁盤清理和磁盤碎片整理程序磁盤碎片整理程序（消除不必要的碎片；磁道磁道是同心環(huán)；分區(qū)分區(qū)是楔形的）。5.2 UtilitieslUtility Suites（實用工具套件）（實用工具套件）lUtility suites combine several programs into one package. Computer viruses are dangerous programs. One Button Checkup integrates sev-eral Norton ut

43、ilities.l實用工具套件實用工具套件將幾個程序合并到一個包中。計算機病毒病毒是危險的程序。一鍵檢查一鍵檢查合并了幾個諾頓實用工具。5.3 Device DriverlEvery device, such as a mouse or printer, that is connected to a computer system has a special program associated with it. l每一個設(shè)備，比如鼠標(biāo)或打印機，連接到一臺和特殊程序相關(guān)的計算機系統(tǒng)。lThis program, called a device driver or simply a driver

44、, works with the operating system to allow communication between the device and the rest of the computer system.l這個程序，稱為設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序或僅僅一個驅(qū)動程序，與操作系統(tǒng)一起使用，使設(shè)備和計算機系統(tǒng)的其余部分進行通信。5.3 Device DriverlEach time the computer system is started, the operating system loads all of the device drivers into memory.l每次計算機系統(tǒng)啟動

45、時，操作系統(tǒng)加載所有設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序到內(nèi)存中。5.3 Device DriverlDevice drivers (drivers) allow communication between hardware devices. Add Printer Wizard gives step-by-step guidance to install printer drivers. Windows Update automates the process of updating device drivers.l設(shè)備驅(qū)動器（驅(qū)動器）設(shè)備驅(qū)動器（驅(qū)動器）能夠與硬件設(shè)備進行通信。添加打印機安裝向?qū)砑哟蛴C安裝向?qū)?/p>

46、提供一步接一步的指導(dǎo)安裝打印機驅(qū)動程序。Windows更新更新自動更新設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序的過程。KEY TERMSlAdd a Device Wizard lAndroidlAntivirus program lBackgroundlBackup and RestorelBackup programlBlackBerry OSlBoot CamplBootinglChrome OSKEY TERMSlAdd a Device Wizard 添加設(shè)備向?qū)Android 安卓 lAntivirus program 防病毒程序lBackground 背景，后臺lBackup and Restore 備份

47、恢復(fù)lBackup program 備份程序lBlackBerry OS 黑莓OSlBooting 啟動lChrome OS Chrome操作系統(tǒng)KEY TERMSlCold bootlComputer support specialistlDashboard WidgetslDesktoplDesktop operating systemlDevice driverlDiagnostic programlDevice driverlDiagnostic programlDialog boxKEY TERMSlCold boot 冷啟動lComputer support specialist

48、電腦支持專家lDesktop 桌面lDesktop operating system 桌面操作系統(tǒng)lDevice driver 設(shè)備驅(qū)動lDiagnostic program 診斷程序lDialog box 對話框KEY TERMSlDisk CleanuplDisk DefragmenterlDriverlEmbedded operating systemlFilelFile compression programlFolderlForegroundlFragmentedlgesturesKEY TERMSlDisk Cleanup 磁盤清理lDisk Defragmenter 磁盤碎片整理程序lDriver 驅(qū)動lEmbedded operating